
Class 
Book 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



FLORA OF 
PENNSYLVANIA 



BY 

THOMAS CONRAD PORTER, D.D., LL.D. 

Late Professor of Botany in Lafayette College 



Edited 
With the Addition of Analytical Keys 

BY 

JOHN KUNKEL SMALL, Ph.D. 

Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of the 
New York Botanical Garden 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 

1903 



f%A 



iTHlr ".' . -A.;y Of I 

CONGRE3S, 

1 NOV i^ t9Cl)^- 

* COPY B. 



Copyright, 1903 
By SAMUEL A. MARTIN 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



PRESS OF 

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY 

LANCASTER, PA, 



PREFACE. 

Dr. Portkr began the collecting and study of the plants of 
Pennsylvania about the year 1836 and continued both, essen- 
tially without interruption, until his death in 1901. He per- 
sonally explored nearly every part of the State ; but the infor- 
mation thus obtained represents only a portion of the data 
recorded on the following pages. His connection with several 
colleges in Pennsylvania for a period of over fifty consecutive 
years gave him a wide acquaintance with intelligent persons 
throughout the State, and those interested in plants, more espe- 
cially the students who came under his influence, did all in their 
power to enlarge his collection of specimens, so that his State 
Flora might ultimately be essentially perfect. Thus, through 
personal exploration and the enthusiastic cooperation of others 
for a period of over sixty years, the herbarium upon which this 
Flora is based contains plants brought together from all of the 
sixty-one counties of Pennsylvania. 

Professor Porter's ambition to make his list of Pennsylvania 
plants complete led him to defer printing it from time to time. 
So averse was he to giving his work to the public before the 
list of native plants was complete, that when death overtook 
him in his eightieth year, the work which he had endeavored 
to make perfect remained unpublished. However, the manu- 
script was nearly completed many years ago and was left with 
most of the more recent discoveries properly recorded. Being 
so earnestly interested in the botany of Pennsylvania and de- 
siring that others might ultimately have the benefit of his 
studies, he made provision for its publication in his will. 

After the author's death, at the request of his executor, Pro- 
fessor S. A. Martin, I consented to edit the manuscript. I had 
long been intimately acquainted with Dr. Porter and with his 
work, and during frequent interviews, the flora of Pennsylva- 
nia and the form in which it should be published was often the 
main subject of conversation and discussion. Being thoroughly 
acquainted with the author's ideas, I can confidently say he 
would heartily subscribe to everything on the following pages. 

J. K. Small. 
New York, Atigust 15, 1903. 



NOTE. 

In this Flora analytical keys formed by the contrasting of 
diagnostic characters precede the families, genera and species, 
and a key to the orders precedes the main body of the work. 
A description and a figure is cited for each species ; for exam- 
ple, " Man. p. 469 " refers to a description on page 469 in Brit- 
ton's Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada, 
while " II. Fl. /. 1753'' refers to a figure in Britton & Brown's 
Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States, Canada 
and the British Possessions. Following the known geograph- 
ical distribution of each species, is recorded its distribution 
within the State, outlined by counties, as it was known to the 
author. The outline map of Pennsylvania was drawn for this 
work by Mr. Benj. H. Smith, who has also kindly read part of 
the proof. 



CONTENTS. 

Outline Map of Pennsylvania . , Frontispiece 

Key to the Orders ... vii 

Flora 1-342 

Index of English names . 343 

Index of Eatin names . 358 



KEY TO THE ORDERS. 

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigmas wanting. 

Class I. Gymnospermae. 
Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary) : stigmas present. 

Class 2. Angiospermae. 

1. GYMNOSPERMAE. PAGE. 
A single order in our range. Order Pinales. i 

2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Cotyledon i : stem endogenous : leaf-blades typically with primary or 

secondary veins parallel. Subclass i. Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons typically 2 : stem exogenous (with rare exceptions) : leaf- 
blades netted-veined. Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. 
1. Monocotyledones. 
Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere 
scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. 
Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes). 
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pandanales. 4 
Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. 
Fruit baccate : endosperm present. Order Arales. 72 
Fruit drupaceous : endosperm wanting. Order Naiadales. 5 
Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated, bracts (scales 

or glumes). Order Graminales. ii 

Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually coroUoid. 
Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Order Alismales. 9 

Gynoecium of united carpels. 
Endosperm mealy. Order Xyridales. 74 

Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous. 
Ovary, and fruit, superior. 
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Order L,iliales. 76 

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe. 

Order Arales. 72 
Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior. 
Endosperm present and usually copious. 

Order Amaryllidales. 88 
Endosperm wanting. 
Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious : aquatic plants. 

Order Hydrocharitales. 10 
Flowers irregular, perfect : terrestrial or epiphytic plants. 

Order Orchidales. 90 
2. Dicotyledones. 

A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers oijiiglans (Juglandaceae). 
a. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers, 
b. Herbs. 

c. Flowers mainly perfect. 

vii 



viii KEY TO THE ORDERS 

Seeds solitary in each carpel or cavity of the ovary : endosperm 
present. 
Flowers spicate : styles wanting^ : stigmas sessile. 

Order Piperales. 98 
Flow^ers axillary : styles present. 

Callitrichaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting. 

Podostemaceae in Order Rosales. 15? 
cc. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Geraniales. 192 

bb. Trees or shrubs : flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous. 
Fruit i-seeded : seeds without tufts of hairs. 
Ovules I or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads. 
Pistillate flowers without a calyx : ovule erect and orthotropous. 

Order Myricales. 102 
Pistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous. 
I,eaf -blades simple. 
Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales. 103 
Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Gentianales. 245 

Ivcaf-blades compound : fruit a samara. 

Oleaceae in Order Gentiamales. 245 
Ovules many : flowers aggregated into dense heads. 

Hamamelidaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs. 

Order Salicales. 98 
aa. Calyx present at least in the staminate or the perfect flowers. 
Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments, or ament-like spikes, 
lycaf-blades simple : ovule pendulous and anatropous. 

Pistillate flowers separate at maturity : fruit a nut or an achene. 

Order Fagales. 103 
Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits ; fruit drupe-like. 

Artocarpaceae in Order Urticales. 108 
lycaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous. 

Order Juglandales. 102 
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. 
d. Ovary superior. 

Gynoecium of i or several and distinct carpels : stigma and style 
solitary. 
Carpel solitary. 
Style lateral and oblique. 

Phytolaccaceae in Order Chenopodiales. i i 
Style axile, erect. 
Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a 
calyx-tube. 
Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants. 

Order Urticales. 108 
Flowers solitary in axils : aquatic plants. 

Ceratophyllaceae in Order Ranales. 131 
Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. 
Stamens borne under the gynoecium. 

Nyctaginiaceae in Order Chenopodlales. 118 
Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx- 
tube. Order Thymeleales. 219 
Carpels several. 



KEY TO THE ORDERS IX 

Stamens inserted below the ovary. 

Families in Order Ran ALES. 131 
Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium, 

Rosaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels : stigmas or styles 2 or 
several. 
Ovary, by abortion, i-celled and i-ovuled. 
I^eaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae), 

Ord'er Polygonales. 113 
r^eaves estipulate, or if stipules are present they are not sheath- 
ing. 
Trees or shrubs. 
Anthers opening by slits : ovary not seated in a hypan- 
thium. Ulmaceae in Order Urticales. 108 
Anthers opening by hinged valves : ovary seated in an 
accrescent hypanthium. 

I^auraceae in Order Thymeleales. 219 
Herbs or vines. 
lycaves with stipules. 
Stipules herbaceous : inflorescence spicate or racemose : 
leaf-blades palmately veined. 

Cannabinaceae in Order Urticales. 108 
Stipules scarious or hyaline : inflorescence cymose : 
leaf-blades pinnately veined. 

Families in Order Chenopodiales. 118 
lyeaves without stipules. 
Stigmas entire. Order Chenopodiales. 118 

Stigmas 2-cleft. Kuphorbiaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. 
Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the 
perfect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers. 
Herbs. 

Flowers perfect. 
Ovary several-celled. 
Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile capsule, 
the carpels terminal on the receptacle. 

Families in Order Chenopodiales. 118 
Fruit of several carpels lateral on the receptacle, each 
carpel circumscissile. 

Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Ovary 1-2-celled. 
Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8 : ovary i-celled. 

Order Chenopodiales. 118 
Stamens tetradynamous : ovar3- 2-celled. 

Brassicaceae in Order Papaverales. 143 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

Ovules with the raphe towards the axis of the gynoe- 
cium. Euphorbiaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Ovules with the raphe away from the axis of the gynoe- 
cium. Buxaceae in Order Sapindales. 201 
Trees or shrubs. 
Gynoecium 5-carpellary, the carpels nearly distinct. 

Buettneriaceae in Order Malvales. 208 



X KEY TO THE ORDERS 

Gynoeciuin 2~4-carpellary, the carpels united. 

Oleaceae in Order Gentianales. 245 
Stamens perigrynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of 
a hypanthium or a disk. 
Fruit a samara. Families in Order vSapindales. 201 

Fruit not a samara. 
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like : shrubs or trees. 

Order Rhamnales. 206 
Fruit a capsule : herbs. Order Aristolochiales. 112 

dd. Ovary inferior. 
Flowers not in involucrate heads. 
Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like. 
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with 

them, or fewer. Cornaceae in Order Umbellales, 225 

Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, 
or twice as many. 
Styles present. 
Ovules erect. Order Santalales. hi 

Ovues pendulous. Families in Order Myrtales. 220 

Styles wanting : stigmas sessile. 

Haloragidaceae in Order Myrtales. 220 
Fruit a capsule. 
Sepals as many as the ovary- cavities or one-half as many. 
Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavi- 
ties in the ovary, or irregular. 

Order Aristolochiales. 112 
Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the 

ovary. Order Myrtales. 220 

Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2). 

Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. 

Ambrosiaceae in Order Campanulales. 298 
AA. Corolla present, 
e. Petals distinct, at least at the base. 

Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. 
Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. 
Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Flowers not in monoecious heads. 
Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulents. 

Order Ranales. 131 
Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 

Crassulaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very 

small in some Saxifragaceae). Order Rosales. 157 

Carpels several and united, 
f . Ovary superior, 
g. Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle, 
h. Stamens numerous, 
i. Sepals imbricated. 

Calyx deciduous. Order Papaverales. 144 

Calyx persistent. 
Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid. 

Rutaceae in Order Geranl^les. 192- 



ke;y to the orders xi 

styles or stig-mas united into a disk. 
Petals and sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades : 

aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales. 131 
Petals and sepals few : leaves with pitcher-like organs : 
bog- plants. 

Sarraceniaceae in Order Sarraceniales. 157 
ii. Sepals valvate. 

Stamens with distinct filaments. 

Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales. 143 
Stamens with united filaments. Order Malvales. 208 

bb. Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. 
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. 
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. 

Berberidaceae in Order Ranales. 131 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. 
Flowers monoecious. 

Euphorbiaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Flowers perfect. 
Stigmas or styles distinct. 

Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales. 118 
Stigmas or styles wholly united. 

Plumbaginaceae in Order Primulales. 243 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or 
more, sometimes twice as many. 
Stamens 6 : petals 4 : sepals 2 or 4. 

Families in Order Papaverales. 143 
Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens 
more, usually twice as many as the sepals and petals. 
Ovary i -celled. 

Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. 

Families in order Chenopodiales. 118 
Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. 
Stigmas 2-cleft. 

Droseraceae in Order Sarraceniales. 157 
Stigmas entire. 
Stamens with united filaments and no staminodia. 

Families in Order Malvales. 208 
Stamens with distinct filaments. 
Staminodia present. 

Parnassiaceae in Order RosaleS. 157 
Staminodia wanting. 

Families in Order Parietales. 210 
Ovary several-celled. 
Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. 

Asclepiadaceae in Order Gentianales. 245 
Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. 
Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. 
Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Families in Order Geraniales. 192 
Anthers opening by pores. 

Polygalaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Stamens with distinct filaments. 
Anthers opening by pores. 

Families in Order Ericales. 235 



Xll KEY TO THE ORDERS 

Anthers opening by slits. 
Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous, 

or united by pairs. Order Geraniales. 192 

Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither 
cleft nor foliaceous. 
Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order Gentianales. 245 
Stamens more than 2. 

lycaves with compound blades. 

Families in Order Geraniales. 192 
Leaves with simple blades. 
Ovule solitary in each carpel. 
Styles distinct : ovule pendulous. 

Families in Order Geraniales. 192 
Styles united : ovule erect or ascending. 

Ivimnanthaceae in Order Sapindales. 201 
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 
Flowers irregular : stamens united at the 
top or converging. 
Placentae axile. 

Balsaminaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Placentae pariental. 

Violaceae in Order Parietales. 210 
Flowers regular : stamens neither united 
nor converging at the top. 
Carpels not circumscissile at maturity. 
Placentae parietal. 

Cistaceae in Order Parietales. 210 
Placentae axile or central. 
Styles distinct. 

Elatinaceae in Order Parietales. 210 
Styles united. 

Tiliaceae in Order Malvales. 208 
Carpels circumscissile at maturity. 

Penthoraceae in Order Rosales. 157 
gg. Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium 
(perigynous or hypogynous). 
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. 
Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct : ovules and 

seeds many. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales. 157 

Styles united. Order Rhamnales. 206 

Stamens as many as the petals and alternate w4th them, or 
more or many. 
Styles distinct. 
Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity. 

Saxifragaceae and Iteaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Upper part of the ovaries united. Order Sapindales. 201 

Styles united. 
Hypanthium flat or obsolete ; disk fleshy. 
Plants without oil-glands in the bark. 

Order Sapindales. 201 
Plants with oil-glands in the bark. 

Families in Order Geraniales. 192 



KEY TO THE ORDERS Xlll 

Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or 

inconspicuous. Order Myrtales. 220 

ff. Ovary inferior, 
j. Stamens numerous. 

Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endog- 
enous stems. Nymphaeaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating 
stigmas : land-plants with exogenous stems. 
Styles distinct. Families in Order Rosales. 157 
Styles united. 
Shrubs or trees ; not succulents, sometimes woody vines. 
Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary. 

Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary. 

Families in Order Myrtales. 220 
Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like, succulents. 

Order Opuntiales. 219 
jj. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. 
Styles wanting : stigmas sessile. 

Haloragidaceae in Order Myrtales. 220 
Styles present. 
Styles distinct. 

Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a capsule 
or a fleshy many-seeded berry. 
Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order Rosales. 157 
Fruit circumscissile. 

Portulacaceae in Order Chenopouiales. 118 
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a drupe or 

2-5 more or less united achenes. Order Umbellales. 225 
Styles united, or single. 
Plants without tendrils. 
Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium, or ad- 
nate to it. 
Anther-sacs opening by pores. 

Vacciniaceae in Order Fricales. 235 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. 

Ovule solitary in each cavity of the ovary. 

Order Umbellales. 225 
Ovules several in each cavity. 

Families in Order Myrtales. 220 
Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free, 

Hydrangeaceae in Order Rosales, 157 
Plants with tendrils. 

Herbs : fruit a pepo : leaf-blades palmately veined, 

Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales, 298 
Shrubby vines : fruit drupaceous, separating into nut- 
lets : leaf -blades pinnately veined. 

Rhamnaceae in Order Rhamnales. 206 
ee. Petals more or less united, 
k. Ovary superior. 
1. Stamens free from the corolla. 

Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order Rosales, 157 



XIV KEY TO THE ORDERS 

Gynoecium of several united carpels, 
m. Filaments united. 
Stamens diadelphous. 

Fumariaceae in Order Papaverales. 144 
Stamens monadelphous. 

Anther-sacs opening by slits. 

Oxalidaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Anther-sacs opening by pores. 
Calyx and corolla very irregular. 

Polygalaceae in Order Geraniales. 192 
Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order Ericales 235 
mm. Filaments distinct. 

Styles wanting or very short : stigmas sessile. 

Ilicaceae in Order Sapindales. 201 
Styles elongated. Families in Order Ericales. 235 

11. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. 

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, 
or twice as many more. 
Ovary i-celled. Order Primulales. 243 

Ovary several-celled. 
Upper portion of the ovaries distinct. 

Crassulaceae in Order Rosales. 157 
Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order Ebenales. 245 

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with 
them, or fewer. 
Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis. 
Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels. 
Shrubs or trees : ovules and seeds few. 

Ilicaceae in Order Sapindales. 201 
Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants : ovules and 

seeds numerous. Families in Order Polemoniales. 252 
Gynoecium of 2 carpels. 
Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. 

Families in Order Gentianales. 245 
Carpels united. 
Ovary i-celled, with central placentae. 

Order Gentianales. 245 
Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if i-celled with parie- 
tal placentae. 
Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3. 

Order Gentianales. 245 
Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite 
each other. 
Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases. 

Spigeliaceae in Order Gentianales. 245 
I^eaves with no traces of stipules. 

Order Polemoniales. 252 
Corolla scarious, veinless : fruit a pyxis. 

Order Plantaginales. 288 
kk. Ovary inferior. 
Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. 
Stamens 10 : anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 

Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales. 235 



KEY TO THE ORDERS xv 

Stamens 5 or fewer : anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits. 

Order Campanulales. 298 
Stamens adnate to the corolla, 
n. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules : calyx 
unmodified, at least not a pappus. 
Plants tendril-bearing. 

Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales- 298 
Plants not tendril-bearing. 

Ovules mainly pendulous from a basal placenta : plants 

parasitic. Order Santalales. hi 

Ovules variously borne, but not pendulous from a basal 

placenta : plants not parasitic. Order Rubiales. 289 

nn. Ovary with one fertile cavity. 
Ovules numerous on a basal placenta. 

Primulaceae in Order Primulales. 243 
Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal. 
Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. 

Order Valerianales. 297 
Flowers in involucrate heads. 

Families in Order Campanulales. 298 



FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA 



Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA 

Sekd-bearing Plants 

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigma wanting. 

Class I. Gymnospermae. 
Ovules and seeds borne in a closed cavity (ovary): stigma present. 

Class 2. Angiospermae. 

CI.ASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Order 1. FINALES. 

Pistillate flowers several, with carpellary scales, these sometimes bracted : fruit 

a cone, either dry or berry-like. Fam. i. Pinaceae. 

Pistillate flowers solitary, without carpellary scales : fruit drupaceous or baccate. 

Fam. 2. Taxaceae. 

Family i. PINACEAE Lindl. Pink Family. 
Carpellary scales with bracts : ovules inverted : buds scaly : wing accompanying 
the seed a portion of the carpellary scale. 
Leaves several together, surrounded by a sheath at the base : cones maturing 

the second year. i. Pinus. 

Leaves solitary or clustered, without sheaths : cones maturing the first year. 
Cones drooping : bracts shorter than the scales. 
Leaves 4-sided, spreading : anther-sacs opening lengthwise. 

2. PiCEA. 
Leaves flat, apparently 2-ranked : anther-sacs opening transversely. 

3. TSUGA. 
Cones erect or spreading : bracts longer than the scales. 

Leaves persistent, solitary : cone-scales deciduous. 4. Abies, 
Leaves deciduous, clustered: cone-scales persistent. 5. Larix. 
Carpellary scales without bracts : ovules erect : buds naked : wing of the seed, 
when present, part of the testa. 
Plants monoecious : cones with dry merely imbricated scales. 
Cones elongated : scales not peltate : seeds winged at both ends. 

6. Thuja. 
Cones nearly globose : scales peltate : seeds slightly winged. 

7. ChamaecypariS_ 
Plants dioecious : cones with fleshy and coalescent scales. 

8. JUNIPERUS. 

1. PINUS L. 
A. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages : leaves in 
5's. I. P. Sirobus. 

1 1 



2 PINACEAE 

B. Cone-scales with dorsal usually spine-armed appendages : leaves mostly in 
2's or 3's. 
lyCaves 2 together in each sheath. 
Appendages of the cone-scales with obsolete spines : bark smooth except 

when old. 2. P. resinosa. 

Appendages of the cone-scales with well-developed spines : bark rough 
or furrowed 
Cones 4-7 cm. long, slender, conic, 
lycaf-sheaths over i cm. long. 3. P. echinata. 

lycaf-sheaths less than i cm, long. 4. P. Virginiana. 

Cones 10-13 cm. long : stout, ovoid. 5. P. pungens. 

Leaves 3 together in each sheath. 

Cones narrow, conic, much longer than thick. 3. P. echinata. 

Cones ovoid, globose or depressed when old. 
Upper cone-scales with incurved spines, the lower with recurved : base 

of cone rounded. 5. P. pungens. 

Upper and lower cone-scales with straight spines : base of cone flat. 

6. P. rigida. 

1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine. (Man. p. 31 ; I. F./. no.) Often 
forming dense forests, or scattered in rocky soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ind. 
and la. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Hunting- 
don ; Montour ; Erie ; Tioga ; Dei^aware ; Luzerne ; York ; Ai.- 
LEGHENY. Common in the mountainous regions. 

2. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. (Man. p. 31 ; L F./. ///. ) In 
woods, Newf. to Man., Mass., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Hunting- 
don ; Luzerne ; Wayne. 

3. Pinus echinata MilL YeIvLOW Pine- (Man. p. 32 ; I. F./. 116.) 
In sandy soil, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and "1^^.— Pennsylvania : Lancas- 
ter, Manheim ; Columbia, Berwick. 

4. Pinus Virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. (Man. p. 32 ; I. F./. 115-) 
In sandy soil, N. Y. to Ind., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; York ; Allegheny. 

5. Pinus pungens Michx. f. Table Mountain Pine. (Man. p. 32 ; 
I. F.y. iiyA In rocky soil, N. J. to Pa., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : 
Blair ; Huntingdon ; Mifflin ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Schuyl- 
kill ; York. 

6. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. (Man. p. 33 ; I. F./. iig.) In 
dry sandy or rocky soil, N. B. to Ont., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Hunting- 
don ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Luzerne , Schuylkill ; Delaware ; York. 

2. PICEA Link. 
Leaves merely green : sterigmata pubescent. i. P.Mariana. 

Leaves glaucous : sterigmata glabrous. 2. P. brevifolia. 

1. Pioea Mariana (MilL) B.S.P. Black Spruce. (Man. p. 34; I. 
F.y. 122.^ In rocky or stony soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. J. and 
Minn., and in the mountains to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Cen- 
tre ; Cambria ; Lackawanna. 



PINACEAB o 

2. Picea brevifolia Peck. (Man. p. 34; I. F./. I22°-.) Pai^K Spruce. 
In deep forests, swamps and bogs, Ont. to Mich., Vt. and Pa. — Penn- 
sylvania : MONROK; PiKK. 

3. TSUGA Carr. 

1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. Hkmi.ock. (Man. p. 34; I. F. /. 
124.) In stony or rocky soil, N. S. to Minn., Del., Ga., Ala. and Wis.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuyi.kii,i. ; Hunting- 
don ; DeivAware ; Franki^in ; Chester ; Lancaster ; IvAcka wanna ; 
Tioga ; York ; Ai.i,egheny. Common throughout the State. 

4. ABIES Mill. 

1. Abies balsamea (ly.) Mill. Bai^sam Fir. (Man. p. 35 ; I. F. 
f. 126.) At high altitudes southward, Newf. and Lab. to the N. W. Terr., 
Mass., Pa., Va. (in the mountains) and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Mon- 
roe ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Sui,i,ivan. 

5. LARIX Adans. 
1. Larix larioina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. (Man. p. 33; I. F. 
f. 120.) In swampy woods and in lake regions, Newf. to the N. W. 
Terr., N. J., Ind. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Centre, Bear 
Meadows ; Carbon ; Lackawanna ; Pike. 

6. THUJA L. 
1. Thuja oocidentalis L. White Cedar. (Man. p. 36 ; I. F./. 129.) 
In wet soil and on river banks, N. B. to Man., N. J. along the mountains 
to N. C, 111. and lAinn.— Pennsylvania : Generally escaped from culti- 
vation, but not definitely known in the native state. 

7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. 
1. Chamaeoyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Southern White Cedar. 
(Man. p. 36 ; I. F./. 130.) In swamps, mostly near the coast, Mass. to 
Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

8. JUNIPERUS L. 

Leaves subulate, spreading- on the mature branches : aments axillary ; pistil- 
late with smaller scales at the top. i. J. communis. 

Leaves scale-like, appressed on the mature branches : aments terminal ; pistil- 
late with larger scales at the top. 2. J. Virginiana. 

1. Juniperus communis L. Juniper. (Man. p. 36 ; I. F./. /j/.) 
On dry hills N. S. to Br. Col., N. C, Neb. and N. lA^^,— Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Dei^aware ; 
Bucks. 

2. Juniperus Virginiana L- Red Cedar. (Man. p. 37 ; I. F./. /jj. ). 
In dry soil or swamps, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla., Tex. and Mex. Pennsylva- 
nia: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Huntingdon; 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny. Common. 



4 SPARGANIACEAE 

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew Family. 
1. TAXUS L. 
1. Taxua Canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. 
(Man. p. 37 ; I. F./. /Jj). In rocky woods, Newf. to Man., N. J., Va. 
and la. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Wayne; Susquehanna; Bucks; 
Lycoming; Centre; Erie; Somerset; Chester, Black Rock; 
Blair ; Huntingdon ; Tioga. 

Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Cotyledon i : stem endogenous. Subclass i. Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons normally 2 : stem exogenous, with rare exceptions. 

Subclass 2. Dicotyledones. 

Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Order L PANDANALES. 

Flowers in elongated spikes : perianth of bristles : gynoecium stalked. 

Fam. I. Typiiaceae. 
Flowers in globose spikes : perianth of scales : gynoecium sessile. 

Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae. 

Family i. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cat-tail Family. 

1. TYPHA L. 

Spikes with the pistillate and staminate portions contiguous ; pistillate with- 
out bracklets : stigmas club-shaped or rhomboidal : pollen-grains in 4's. 

I. T. latifolia. 

Spikes with the pistillate and staminate portions separated ; pistillate with 
bractlets : stigmas linear : pollen-grains simple. 2. T. angustifoUa. 

1. Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. (Man. p. 39 ; I. F. 
f. 136.) In marshes, throughout N. A., except the extreme north. Also 
in Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Lehigh ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; 
Allegheny. Common throughout. 

2. Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-lEaved CaT-Tail. (Man. p. 39; 
I. F.y". 137.) In marshes, mainly along the coast, N. S. to Fla. Also in 
Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Philadelphia ; Lehigh ; Delaware. 

Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh. Bur-reed Family. 

1. SPARGANIUM L. 

Fruit sessile, obovoid or cuneate. i. 5. eurycarpurn. 

Fruit stipitate, fusiform or oblong. 

Inflorescence branching and compound. 2. 5. androcladum. 

Inflorescence simple, or the lower spikes merely peduncled. 
A. Pistillate spikes or some of the lower ones peduncled : upper leaves 
with sac-like bases and scarious margins. 3. 5. Americanum. 



ZANNICHELLIACEAK 5 

B. Pistillate spikes sessile : upper leaves not sac-like at the base nor scari- 
ous-margined. 
Pistillate spikes 10-16 mm. in diameter : staminate spikes 4-6. 

4. .S. simplex. 
Pistillate spikes 4-10 mm. in diameter : staminate spikes 1-2. 

5. 5. minimum. 

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-reed. 
(Man. p, 39; I. F. y. 138.) In marshes and along streams, Newf. to 
Br. Col., N. C, Mo. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lan- 
caster ; DeIvAware. 

2. Sparganium androcladum (Bngelm.) Morong. Branching BUR- 
rEED. (Man. p. 39; I. V.f. 139.) In swamps or shallow water, N. S. 
to Br. Col., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; 
Lancaster; Delaware; Franki^in ; Huntingdon; Bucks; Bed- 
ford ; Erie ; Jefferson. 

2a. S.'androcladum fluctuans Morong, ( Man. 'p. 40. ) — Monroe ; Sus- 
quehanna ; Wayne ; Centre, Bear Meadows; Schuyi,kii.i:, ; SOMER- 
SET ; FRANKt,IN. 

3. Sparganium Americanum Nutt. American Bur-reed. (Man. 
p. T038.) In low grounds or ponds, Ont. to Br. Col., Pa. and the Ind. 
Terr. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia. 

4. Sparganium simplex Huds. Simpi^e-STEmmed Bur-reEd, (Man. 
p. 40; I. F.y. 140.^ Along streams and ponds, Newf. to Br. Col., Pa., 
Mont, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Somerset. 

5. Sparganium minimum Fries. Small, Bur-rEED. (Man. p. 40 ; 
I. F./. 141.) In ponds and streams, N. B. to Man., Ore., N. J., Mich, 
and Utah. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

Order 2. NAIADALES. 

Gynoecium of distinct carpels : stigmas disk-like or cup-like. 

Earn. I. Zannichelliaceae. 
Gynoecium of united carpels : stigmas 2-4, slender. 

Fam. 2. Naiadaceae. 

Family i. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. Pondweed Family. 
Flowers monoecious : stamen i ; connective without an appendage : drupelets 

stipitate. i. Zannichellia . 

Flowers perfect : stamens 4 ; connectives with broad appendages : drupelets 

sessile, 2. Potamogeton. 

1. ZANNICHELLIA L- 

1. Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichellia. (Man. p. 50; I. F,y". 
178.) In fresh or brackish ponds, pools or ditches, nearly throughout 
N. A. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Chester; 
Luzerne. 

2. POTAMOGETON L. 
A. Stipules axillary and free from the rest of the leaf. 

a. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. 



6 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 

Submerged leaves without blades. 

Drupelets barely keeled : nutlets pitted. i. P. natans. 

Drupelets 3-keeled : nutlets not pitted. 2. P. Oakesianus. 

Submerged leaves with flat blades. 

Submerged leaves of 2 kinds, some with narrow blades, others with broad 
blades. 
Upper submerged leaves with broad blades ; lower with narrow blades. 

3. P. a?npii/olius. 
Upper submerged leaves with narrow blades ; lower with broad blades. 

4. P. pulcher. 
Submerged leaves all alike 

Blades of the submerged leaves linear or nearly so throughout. 
Blades the same breadth throughout, coarsely cellular-reticulated in 

the middle. 5. P. Nuttallii. 

Blades dilated at the base, without cellular reticulation. 

8. P. heterophyllus. 
Blades of the submerged leaves lanceolate. 
Leaves wuth petioled blades or the lower sometimes sessile. 
Upper leaves with petioled blades, the lower blades sessile. 

6. P. aipinus. 
All the leaves with petioled blades. 7. P. lonchites. 

I^eaves with sessile or subsessile blades. 9. P. Zizii. 

b. Plants with submerged leaves only. 

Plants without propagative buds and without glands. 
Leaf-blades several-many-nerved : 
Blades relatively broad, lanceolate to ovate, many-nerved. 
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so, acute or cuspidate. 

10. P. lucens. 
Leaf- blades meeting around the stem, obtuse. 11. P. perfoliatus. 
Blades relatively narrow, linear to oblong-linear, several-nerved. 

15. P.foliosus. 
Leaf-blades capillary or setaceous, i-nerved or nerveless. 

12. P. confervoides. 
Plants with either propagative buds or glands, or both. 
Propagative buds present : glands wanting. 
Leaf-blades 3-7-nerved, serriilate. 13. P. crispus. 

Leaf-blades with 3 main nerves and many delicate ones, entire. 

14. P. zosteraefolius. 
Propagative buds and glands both presto*:. 
Glands large and translucent : buds rare. 16. P. obtusifolius. 

Glands small, often dull : buds common. 17. P. pusillus. 

B. Stipules adnate to the leaf-blade or petiole. 
Plants with both submerged and floating leaves. 
Submerged peduncles as long as the spikes, clavate, often recurved. 

18. P. diver sifolius. 
Submerged spikes sessile or nearly so. 19. P. Spirillus. 

Plants with submerged leaves only. 
Drupelets not keeled or only obscurely so : leaf -blades setaceous. 

20. P. pectinatus. 
Drupelets strongly 3-keeled : leaf-blades linear. 21. P. Robhinsii. 

1. Potamogeton natans L. Common Fi^oaTingPondweed. (Man. 
p. 42; I. F. y. 142.) In ponds and streams, nearly throughout N. A. 



zannichelliaceae: v 

Also in Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Huntingdon^ 
Juniata River ; Lancaster ; Erie. 

2. Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins. Oakes' Pondweed. (Man. 
p. 42 ; I. F./. 143.) In still water, Anticosti to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe, Pocono Plateau. 

3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved PondweEd. 
(Man. p. 43 ; I. F. f. 144.) In lakes and ponds, Ont. to Br. Col., Conn., 
Ky. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks, Bristol. 

4. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed. (Man. p. 
43 ; I. F./. T43.) In slow streams or ponds, Me. to Mo. and Ga. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks, Bristol ; Franklin, Mer- 
cersburg. 

5. Potamogeton Nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht. NutTall'S Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 43 ; I. F. f. 146.) In ponds and streams, N. S. to Pa. and S. C. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna ; Northampton, Easton ; Ches- 
ter, Oxford ; Lancaster ; Clinton, Beaver Meadows ; Lycoming, Sus- 
quehanna River ; Warren; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Brie. 

6. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis. Northern Pondweed. (Man. p. 
43 ; I. F./. I4y.) In ponds, N. S. to Br. Col., N. J. and Calif. Also in 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming, Susquehanna River ; Huntingdon, 
Little Juniata River ; Lancaster, Susquehanna River. 

7. Potamogeton lonchites Tuckerm. Long-lEaved Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 43 ; I. F.y*. 148.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Wash., 
Fla. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Baston ; Lycoming; 
Delaware; Lancaster, Safe Harbor; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Hunt- 
ingdon, Alexandria. 

8. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Various-leaved Pond- 
weed. (Man. p. 44; I. F. f. ijo.) In still or flowing water, nearly 
throughout N. A. Also in Bu. — Pennsylvania : York, McCall's Ferry ; 
Lancaster ; Erie. 

8a. P. heterophyllus graminlfolius (Fries) Morong. (Man. p. 44.) — 
With the type. Erie, Presque Isle. 

9. Potamogeton Zizii Roth. Ziz's Pondweed. (Man. p. 44 ; I. F. 
/. isj.) In lakes and streams, Quebec to Mont., Fla. and Wyo. 
Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Crawford ; Brie, Presque Isle. 

10. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pondweed. (Man. p. 45; 
I. F. /. 154.) In ponds, N. S. to Calif., Fla. and Mex. Also in Eu.— 
Pennsylvania : Specimens apparently referable to this species have been 
collected in the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. 

11. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-i^eaved Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 45 ; I. F./ 156.) In ponds and streams, Newf. to Br. Col., Fla. 
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Dela- 
ware River ; Delaware; Lancaster, Susquehanna River; Dauphin, 
Susquehanna River; Lycoming, Susquehanna River; Huntingdon, 
Juniata River. 

11a. P. perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett. (Man. p. 45.) — North- 
ampton. Baston. 



8 NAIADACEAE 

12. Potamogeton confervoides Reichenb. Alga-i^ike Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 45 ; I. F.y". /J^. ) In cold mountain ponds, Me. and N. H. to 
N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: Carbon, Great Lake; Huntingdon, 
Alexandria. 

13. Potamogeton crlspus L. Curi.ed-lhaved Poxdweed. (Man. 
p. 46 ; I. F.y. i^g. ) In fresh, brackish, or even salt water, Mass. to Pa. 
and Va. — Penjisylvania : Lancaster, Conestoga Creek ; Northampton, 
Lehigh River and Bushkill Creek ; Huntingdon ; Ai^legheny ; Erie. 

14. Potamageton zosteraefolius Schum. Eel-grass Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 46 ; I. F./. 160.) In still or flowing water, N, B. to Ore., N. J. 
and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Susquehanna River. 

15. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Poxdweed. (Man. p. 46 ; 
I. F.y. 162.) In ponds and streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Fla. and Calif. — 
Penjisylz'ania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

15a. P. foliosus Niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. (Man. p. 46.) — 
Erie, Presque Isle. 

16. Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Bi.unt-leaved Pond- 
weed. (Man. p. 46 ; I. F. /. i6j.) In still water, Quebec to Minn,, 
W3'o. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton ; Lancaster ; 
Wayne. 

17. Potamogeton pusillus L. Smai^i, Pondweed. (Man. p. 47; I. 
F.y. 168.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. to Br. Col., Va., Tex. and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster. 

18. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesoue's Pondweed. 
(Man. p. 48 ; I. F.y 170.) In still water, Me. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon. 

18a, P, diversifolius multidentioulatus Morong, (Man, p. 48.) — 
Northampton, Easton (according to Morong), 

19. Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckerm. Spirai. Pondweed. (Man. 
p. 48 ; I. F.y ///. ) In ponds and ditches, N. S. to Minn., Va. and Neb. — 
Pennsylvafiia : Bucks. 

20. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennei.-i.Eaved Pondweed, (Man. 
p, 49 ; I. F. y ijs- ) Ici fresh, brackish or salt water, C. Breton to Br, 
Col,, Fla., Tex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Black Horse 
Tavern ; Dauphin ; Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Erie. 

21. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins' Pondweed. (Man. 
p. 49 ; I. F. y 775.) In ponds and lakes, N. B. to Ore., N. J., Pa. and 
Mich. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Lehigh River; Lancaster, 
Susquehanna River ; Erie. 

Family 2. NAIADACEAE Lindl. Naias Famii,y. 

1, NAIAS L. 

Leaf -blades linear : leaf-sheaths narrowly and obliquely rounded. 

I. N.flexilis. 
Leaf-blades filiform : leaf-sheaths auricled. 2. N. gracillima. 



AIvISMACBAE 9 

1. NaiasflexiUs (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Si^Endkr Naias. (Man. 
p. 51 ; I. F. f. 180.) In ponds and streams, nearly throughout N. A. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dei^awark ; Lancaster ; Hunting- 
don ; Chester. 

2. Naias gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. Thread -wke Naias. (Man. 
p. 51 ; I. F./. 182.) In ponds and pools, Mass. to Del. and Mo. — Penn- 
sylvania: Bucks, Bristol. 

Orders. ALISMALES. 

Petals nearly similar to the sepals : anthers long and narrow : carpels coherent, 

Fam. I. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 

Petals very different from the sepals : anthers short and thick : carpels not co- 
herent. Fam. 2, Alismaceae. 

Famii^y I. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Agardh. Arrow-grass Famii^y. 
Plants scapose : flowers many in an elongated spike or spike-like raceme. 

I. Triglochin. 
Plants caulescent : flowers few in a short, loose raceme. 2. Scheuchzeria. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN L. 
1. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrow-grass. (Man. p. 53 ; 
I. F.y". 186.) In bogs, or salt marshes, Lab. to N. J., Alaska and Calif. 
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. 

1. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria. (Man. p. 53; I. F./. 
187.) In bogs, Lab. to Br. Col., N. J., Wise, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : 
Pike ; Monroe ; Wayne ; Carbon ; Tioga ; Lycoming. 

Family 2. ALISMACEAE DC Water-pi.antain Famii.\\ 

Carpels in a ring on a flat receptacle. i. Alisma. 

Carpels crowded in many series on a convex or globose receptacle. 

2. Sagittaria. 
1. ALISMA L. 
1. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. (Man. p. 54 ; 
I. F. f. 188.) In mud or shallow water, nearly throughout N. A. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono ; Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon; Ali^egheny ; Fkanklin ; Brie. 

2. SAGITTARIA L. 

A. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers slender, ascending-, not reflexed. 
a. Leaf-blades sagittate. 
Beak of the achene erect, the tip sometimes recurved. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers shorter than their bracts. 

1. 5*. longirostra. 
Pedicels of the pistillate flowers longer than their bracts. 

2. 5". Engelmanniana. 
Beak of the achene lateral, horizontal, or oblique. 3. ^. latifolia. 



10 ELODIACEAE 

b. Leaf-blades entire, rarely'cordate. 

Filaments slender : leaf-blades seemingly pinnately veined. 

4. S. rigida. 
Filaments dilated : leaf-blades with veins distinct to the base. 

5. 5. graminea. 
B. Pedicels of the pistillate flowers stout, reflexed at maturity. 

6. 5*. subulala. 

1. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Long-beaked 
Arrow-head. (Man. p. 57 ; I. F./. /pj.) In swamps and along ponds. 
N.J. and Pa. to Ala. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Delaware. 

2. Sagittaria Engelmannlana J. G. Smith. Engelmann's Arrow- 
head. (Man. p. 57 ; I. V.f. 194.) In shallow water, Mass. to Pa. and 
Del. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; 
Philadelphia. 

3. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved Arrow-head. (Man. 
p. 57 ; I. F.y". /pj. ) In low grounds and shallow water, nearly through- 
out N. A. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Delaware; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Brie ; Alle- 
gheny. Common. 

3a. S. latifolia pubescens (Muhl.) J. G. Smith. (Man. p. 57.) — 
Northampton, Seidersville. 

4. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-eruiting Arrow-head. (Man. 
p. 58 ; I. F.y". 201.) In shallow water and swamps, Quebec to Minn., N. 
J., Tenn. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadel- 
phia ; Lancaster ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Bradford. 

5. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. (Man. 
p. 59 ; I. F.y. 204.) In shallow water or mud, Newf. to S. Dak., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; Northampton ; Del- 
aware ; Berks ; Erie. 

6. Sagittaria subulata (L.) Buchenau. Subulate Sagittaria. 
(Man. p. 59; I. F.y, 206.) In tidewater mud, N. Y. to Pa., Fla. and 
Ala. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware. 

6a. S. subulata gracillima (S. Wats.) J. G. Smith. (Man. p. 59.) — 
Bucks, Bristol. 

Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES. 

Family i. ELODIACEAE Dumort. Tape-grass Family. 
Staminate flowers with 9 stamens. i. Philotria. 

Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens. 2. Vallisneria. 

1. PHILOTRIA Raf. 

Leaf -blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-oblong. i. P. Canadensis. 

Leaf-blades narrowly linear. 2. P. angustifolia. 

1. Philotria Canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Water-weed. Ditch- 
moss. (Man. p. 60.) In ponds and streams, nearly throughout N. A. 
— Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Philadelphia; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 



GRAMINEAK H 

2. Philotria angustifolia Muhl. Si^EndeR Water- V^ eed. (Man. p. 
60; I. F. /. 207.) In shallow water, northeastern N. A, — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks, Pt. Pleasant. 

2. VALLISNERIA L. 

1. Vallisneria spiralis Iv. Tape-grass. Eei,-grass. (Man. p. 60; 
I. F.y. 208.) In quiet waters, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dau- 
phin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ali^egheny ; Erie. 

Order 5. GRAMINALES. 

Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with ununited margins : stems mostly hollow : 
fruit a caryopsis. Fam. i. Gramineae. 

Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins : stems mostly solid : fruit 
an achene. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae. 

Family i. GRAMINEAE Juss. Grass Famii^y. 

I. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 25, 27, 33, and 41 

of section B), naked, or enclosed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or im- 
mersed in the internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, i -flowered, or if 
2-flowered the lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales : rachilla 
not extending beyond the uppermost scale. 
Spikelets terete or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest : 
hilum punctiform. 
Flowering scale and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure 
than the thick-membranous to coriaceous empty scales. 
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in 

the upper, part of the same spike. Tribe I. MAYDEAF. 
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, the former perfect, 
the latter sometimes perfect, more commonly with a staminate flower, 
often empty or reduced to one or two scales, or occasionally wanting. 

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. 
Flowering scale, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to 
the empty scales, or frequently thicker and firmer, never hyaline and 
thin. 
Flowering scale and palet membranous. 

Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. 
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous, cartilaginous, or coriaceous, very 
different in color and appearance from the other scales. 

Tribe IV. PANICEAE. 
Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty scales none or rudimentary : 
hilum linear. Tribe V. ORYZEAE. 

II. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the rachilla hence articulated 
above them (below them in nos. 25, 27, ^3, and 41 and the spikelet fall- 
ing entire), i-many-flowered : frequently the upper scales are empty: 
rachilla often produced beyond the uppermost scale. 

A. Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or racemes, usually upon 
distinct and often long pedicels, 
a. Spikelets i-flowered. 
Empty scales 4 : palet i-nerved. Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE. 

Empty scales 2 (rarely i) : palet 2-nerved. 

Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE. 



12 GRAMINEAE 

b. Spikelets 2-raany-flowered. 
Flowerinjf scales usually shorter than the empty ones, the awn dorsal 

and usually bent. Tribe VIII. AVENEAE. 

Flowering: scales usually longer than the empty ones, the awn terminal 
and straight, rarely dorsal, sometimes wanting. 

Tribe X. FESTUCEAE. 
B. Spikelets in two rows : 
On one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes or racemes. 

Tribe IX. CHLORIDEAE. 
On opposite sides of an axis which is often articulated, forming equilateral 
spikes. Tribe XI. HORDEAE. 

Tribe I. MAYDEAE. 
Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick rachis. 

I. Tripsacum. 

Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE. 
Spikelets alike, perfect. 2. Eriaxthus. 

Spikelets not alike, the sessile perfect, the pedicellate imperfect or wanting. 
Inflorescence of spike-like silky racemes. 3. Andropogon. 

Inflorescence paniculate. 
Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 

4. Sorghum. 
Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 5. Sorghastrum. 

[Tribe III. ZOYSIEAE. 
A single genus is our range. 6. Nazia. 

Tribe IV. PANICEAE. 

A. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. 
Empty scales 2. 

Spikelets ovate to orbicular, usually obtuse, rarely acute. 

7. Paspalum. 
Spikelets lanceolate, acute to acuminate. 8. Syntherisma. 

Empty scales 3. 
Empty scales not awned. 
Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which are usually whorled 

or approximate. 8. Syntherisma. 

Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the latter never whorled, com- 
monly distant. 10. Panicum. 
Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. 9. Echinochloa. 

B. Spikelets involucrate. 

Involucre of numerous bristles. 11. Chaetochloa. 

Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 12. Cenchrus. 



Tribe V. ORYZEAE. 
Spikelets monoecious. 13. 
Spikelets perfect. 14. 


ZlZANIA. 
HOMALOCENCHRUS. 


Tribe VI. PHALARIDEAE. 
Third and fourth scales awnless. 15, 
Third and fourth scales awned on the back. 16. 


Phalaris. 
Anthoxanthum. 



Tribe VII. AGROSTIDEAE. 
A. Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely embracing the 
grain, or at least firmer than the empty scales. 



GRAMINEAE 13 

Rachilla not extending beyond the palet. 
Flowering- scale awned. 

Flowering scale 3-awned. 17. Aristida. 

Flowering scale i-awned. 
Awn twisted. 18. Stipa. 

Awn not twisted. 
Flowering scale narrow : awn persistent. 21. Muhlenbergia. 
Flowering scale broad : awn deciduous. 19. Oryzopsis. 

Flowering scale awnless. 20. Milium. 

Rachilla extending beyond the palet. 22. Brachyelytrum. 

B. Flowering scale usually hyaline or membranous at maturity, at least more 
delicate than the empty ones: grain loosely enclosed. 
Inflorescence a spike. 

Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty scales, hence decid- 
uous entire. 25. Alopecurus. 
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty scales which are 
therefore persistent. 
Flowering scales slightly exceeding the empty ones. 

23. Heleochloa. 
Flowering scales much shorter than the empty ones, 

24. Phleum. 
Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. 

Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp 

opening readily when mature. 26. Sporobolus. 

Grain permanently enclosed in the flowering scale and palet : pericarp ad- 
herent. 
Spikelets readily falling off entire when mature. 27. Polypogon. 
Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent, 

Palet i-nerved and i-keeled : stamen i. 28. Cinna. 

Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled : stamens 3, 
Flowering scale bifid, delicately awned on the back : rachilla pro- 
longed into a short bristle. 32. Apera, 
Flowering scale entire : rachilla not prolonged into a bristle. 
Flowering scales naked at the base, 29. Agrostis. 
Flowering scale with long hairs at the base. 
Flowering scale and palet thin-membranous. 

30. Calamagrostis. 
Flowering scale and palet chartaceous. 

31. Ammophila. 
Tribe VIII. AVKNKAK, 

Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole, 33, HoLCUS. 

Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the flowering scales deciduous. 
Spikelets 2-flowered : rachilla not prolonged, 34, Aira. 

Spikelets 2-many-flowered : rachilla extending beyond the upper flower. 
A. Flowering scale awned below the teeth. 
a. Flowers all perfect. 
Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than i cm. long. 
Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 

35. Deschampsia. 
Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the teeth extending into awns, 

36. Trisetum. 

Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale : spikelets exceeding i cm. in 
length. Tfi. AVENA. 



14 GRAMINEAE 

b. Flowers various, the upper perfect, the lower staminate and with the 
scale strongly awned. 38. Arrhenatherum. 

B. Flowering- scales awned between their usually awned teeth. 

39. Danthonia. 
Tribe IX. CHLORIDFAE. 
Spikelets deciduous as a whole, 41. Spartina. 

Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent. 
Spikelets with one perfect flower. 
Spikes few, long and slender, digitate. 40. Capriola. 

Spikes many, short and stout, racemose. 42. Atheropogon. 

Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers. 
Spikes with terminal spikelets. 43. Eleusine. 

Spikes with the rachis extending beyond the spikelets in a manifest tip. 

44. Dactyloctenium. 
Tribe X. FESTUCEAE. 
Hairs on the rachilla or flowering scale very long and enclosing the latter : tall 

reed-like grasses. 45. Phragmites. 

Hairs, if any, on the rachilla or flowering scales shorter than the scale : grasses 
of lower stature. 
Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional intermediate nerves, 
lyateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose. 

Internodes of the rachilla long, the deeply 2-lobed flowering scales at- 
tached by a long pointed callus. 47. Triplasis. 
Internodes of the rachilla and the blunt callus of the flowering scale 
short. 46. Tridens. 
I,ateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous. 
Second empty scale similar to the first. 

Rachilla of the spikelet continuous : palets often persistent, 

48. Eragrostis. 
Rachilla of the spikelet articulated. 50. Koeleria, 

Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad and rounded at the 
summit, 49. Eatonia. 

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved. 
Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty, broad and enfolding 

each other. 51, Melica. 

Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smaller and empty. 
Empty basal scales 3-6. 52. Uniola. 

Empty basal scales 2. 
Spikelets borne in fascicles which are arranged in a glomerate or inter- 
rupted panicle, 54. Dactylis. 
Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes but not in fascicles. 
Spikelets relatively large, cordate. 53. Briza. 
Spikelets relatively small, not cordate. 
A. Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the ovary. 
Flowering scales with the nerves parallel. 
Styles present : flowering scales markedly 5-7-nerved, 

56, Panicularia, 
Styles wanting : flowering scales obscurely 5-nerved, 

57, Puccinellia. 
Flowering scales with the lateral nerves converging above toward 

the midnerve, 
a. Flowering scales strongly keeled on the back, pubescent 
on some or all of the nerves : hilum punctiform, 

55- Poa. 



GRAMINEAE 15 

b. Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below : hilum 
linear. 58. Festuca. 

B, Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of the ovary. 

59. Bromus. 
Tribe XI. HORDFAK. 
Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis-nodes. 
Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs to the rachis : empty 

scale I. 60. lyOLiUM. 

Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to the rachis : empty 
scales 2. 
Spikelets i-2-flowered, in slender, jointed spikes. 61. Lepturus. 
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, in stout, joiutless spikes. 

62. Agropyron. 
Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis-node : 

i-flowered. 63. Hordeum. 

2-many-flowered. 
Empty scales usually as long as the flowering ones. 64. Flymus. 
Empty scales wanting or minute. 65. Hystrix. 

1. TRIPSACUM L. 

1. Tripsacum dactyloides h. Gama Grass. (Man. p. 67; I. F. 
/. 210.) In swamps and ou shaded banks, Conn, to Kans., Fla., Tex. 
and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading ; Chester ; I/ANCASTER. 

2. ERIANTHUS Michx. 

1. Erianthus compactus Nash. Contracted PiyUME- GRASS. (Man. 
p. 68 ; I. F. /. 213.) In moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to N. C. and Tenn.— 
Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

3. ANDROPOGON L- 

Racemes singly disposed : rachis-internodes appendaged at the apex. 

I. A. SCO partus. 
Racemes 2 or more together : rachis internodes not appendaged. 
Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile one or larger, consisting of 4 scales, 

a staminate flower, or rarely a perfect flower. 2. A./urcatus. 

Pedicellate spikelet much smaller than the sessile one, sterile, with i or 2 
scales. 
Inflorescence with its branches not much divided nor the lower branches 
not excessively elongated, hence long and narrow : upper stem-leaves 
usually shorter than the inflorescence. 3. A. Virginicus. 

Inflorescence with its branches many times divided, the lower ones elon- 
gated, thus forming a corymbiform mass or masses : upper stem-leaves 
usually exceeding the inflorescence. 4. A. corymbosus. 

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard-grass. (Man. p. 

69 ; I. F. /. 216.) lu sandy soil, N. B. to Pla., Ala. and Texas. — Penn- 
sylvania : DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Phieadei<phia ; Bucks ; Lancas- 
ter ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Dauphin ; Ai<IvEGheny. 

2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard-grass. (Man. p. 

70 ; I. F. /. 2ig.) In dry or moist, often stony soil, Me. and Out. to 
Man., Fla. and Tex. — Peniisylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Phii,a- 



16 GRAMINEAE 

DEI.PHIA ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Centre ; Blair ; 
Erie ; York ; Atxegheny. 

3. Andropogon Virginicus L. Virginia Beard-grass. (Man. p. 
70 ; I. F. f. 220.) In fields or thickets, Mass. to 111., Fla. and Texas. — 
Peimsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester; Phii^adelphia ; Lancaster ; 
Luzerne. 

4. Andropogon corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. Bushy Beard-grass. 
(Man. p. 69; I. F. f. 221.) In damp soil or swamps, N. Y. and Pa. to 
Fla. — Pennsylvania: Dei^aware ; Chester; Lancaster; Bucks; 
Montgomery. 

4. SORGHUM Pers. 

1. Sorghum Halepense (L. ) Pers. Johnson- grass. (Man. p. 71 ; I- 
F. f. 22§.) In waste places and fields. Pa. to Kans., Fla. to Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIa ; Bucks. 

5. SORGHASTRUM Nash. 

1. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash. Indian Grass. (Man. 

p. 71 ; I. F./. 22^.) In dry fields, Ont. to Man., R. I., Fla. and Ariz. — 

Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester; Bucks; Lancaster; Luzerne; 

Huntingdon ; Phieadei^phia ; York ; Dauphin ; EriE ; Aeeegheny. 

6. NAZIA Adans. 
1. Nazia racemosa (L. ) Kuntze. PrickeE grass. (Man. p. 72; I. 
F./. 226.) On or near ballast. — Pennsylvania : Phieadeephia. 

7. PASPALUM L. 

Rachis dilated, its broad margins membranous and at maturity inrolled on the 

spikelets. i. P. membranacetim. 

Rachis winged or wingless, its margins neither membranous nor enclosing the 

spikelets. 

Plants with i-several raceme- bearing peduncles from the uppermost sheath. 

Peduncle long-hirsute below the raceme : basal leaf -sheaths glabrous or 

nearly so. 2. P. pubescens. 

Peduncles glabrous : basal leaf-sheaths generally hirsute. 

3. P. Muhlenbergii. 
Plants with simple stems, no raceme-bearing peduncles from the upper sheath. 

4. P. laeve. 

1. Paspalum membranaceum Walt. Walter's Paspaeum. (Man. 
p. 73 ; I. F./. 228.) In wet or moist soil, N. J. to Ohio, Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Phieadeephia, on ballast and in waste places. 

2. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Paspaeum. (Man. p. 
74.) In fields, N. Y. to D. C. and Tenn. Pennsylvania : Montgomery, 
Willow Grove. 

3. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash. Muheenberg's Paspaeum. 
(Man. p. 75.) In sandy or stony ground, Mass to Mo., S. C, Miss, 
and 1. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Frankein ; Lancaster 5 
Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; York ; Chester ; Deeaware, Tinicum. 

4. Paspalum laeve Michx. Fieed Paspaeum. (Man. p. 73 ; I. F. 
f. 2J4.) In fields, R. I. to Ky. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 



GRAMINEAE 17 

sylvania : Dki^awark ; Che:ster ; Lancaster ; York ; Lebanon ; 
FrankIvIn ; Northampton ; PhiIvAdeivPhia ; Montgomery. 

8. SYNTHERISMA Walt. 
Rachis of the racemes merely angled : first scale wanting or rarely rudimentary. 

I. S. filiforme. 
Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles winged. 
Foliage glabrous : spikelets usually of 3 scales. 2. 5. humifusum. 

Foliage pubescent : spikelets of 4 scales. 3. 5, sanguinale. 

1. Syntherlsma filiforme (L.) Nash. S1.ENDER Finger-grass. 
(Man. p. 76 ; I. F. /. 24.2.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Mich., N. C. 
and I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : DeI/Aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lancas- 
ter ; Phii.adei.phia ; Crawford. 

2. Syntherisma humifasum (Pars.) Rydb. Spreading Paspai^um. 
In fields and waste places, Ont. to Kans., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northamp- 
ton ; Brie ; Franki^in ; Phii.adei.phia ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Large Crab-grass. Fin- 
ger-grass. (Man. p. 77 ; I. F.y". 240.) In cultivated ground and waste 
places, nearly throughout N. A. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franki.in ; 
Phii.adei.phia ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. Com- 
mon. 

9. ECHINOCLOA. 

Leaf -sheaths glabrous. i. E. Crus-galli. 

Leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, papillose-hispid.' 2. E. Walteri. 

1. Echinocloa Crus-galli (L. ) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. (Man. p. 
78 ; I. F.y. 243,) In cultivated and waste places, throughout N. A. ex- 
cept the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Pefinsylvania : Dei.aware ; 
Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franki.in ; Northampton ; Jeffer- 
son ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

2. Echinocloa "Walteri (Pursh) Nash. Sai.tmarsh Cockspur Grass. 
(Man. p. 78 ; I. F./". 244.) In marshes, principally near saltwater, Ont. 
to R. I., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia. 

10. PANICUM L. 

Spikelets tuberculate, the tubercles not hair-bearing. i. P. verrucosum. 
Spikelets not tuberculate, or if so the tubercles bearing hairs. 
A. Basal and stem leaves similar, elongated : spikelets lanceolate to ovate, 
commonly the former, acute to acuminate. 
a. Lower leaf-sheaths terete or but little flattened, not keeled. 
* Stems finally branched, plants without long rootstocks or stolons. 
Sheaths very pubescent. 
Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less. 
Stems stout: panicle usually included at the base, its many 
branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets, 

2. P. capillare. 
Stems slender : panicle exserted, its few branches but little divided 
and bearing comparatively few spikelets. 
Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute. 
2 



18 GRAMINEAK 

Spikelets lanceolate, about 0.6 mm. wide. 

3. P. Philadeiphicum. 
Spikelets elliptic, about 0.8 mm. wide. 

4. P. Gattingeri. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate. 5. P. flexile. 

Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long or more. 6. P. miliaceutn. 

Sheaths glabrous. 7. P. proliferum. 

*"* Stems simple, from long stout rootstocks. 
Stems tufted : rootstocks scaly. 8. P. virgatum. 

Stems not tufted, rootstocks not scaly. 9. P. amarum. 

b. Lower leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often equitant. 
Plants with no long rootstocks. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile. 
Ligule naked : stems finally much branched. 

10. P. agrostoides. 
I^igule ciliate : stems simple or nearly so. 11. P. longifolium. 
Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked. 12. P. stipitatum. 
Plants with long, scaly rootstocks. 13. P. anceps. 

B. Basal and stem leaves dissimilar, the former generally much shorter and 
broader than the latter : rosulate tufts of leaves often present in the fall : 
spikelets oval to obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute in 
no. 15). 
a. Middle leaf -blades of the main stem less than 1.5 cm. broad, usually less 
than I cm., the base rounded or truncate, rarely subcordate, sometimes 
narrowed, 
lycaf-blades elongated, erect or nearly so, narrow, distinctly narrowed 
toward the base, especially the lower ones, 
lycaf -blades narrowly linear : secondary branches on short basal 
branches. 
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent. 

14. P, linearifolium. 
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous. 15. P. depauperatum. 

I^eaf-blades lanceolate : no basal panicles. 16. P. Bicknellii. 
lyCaf-blades not elongated, lanceolate, not manifestly narrowed toward 
the base. 
Stems, leaf -blades and sheaths glabrous, or the latter two parts merely 
ciliate on the margins. 
Spikelets glabrous. 
Nodes of the stem naked. 17. P. dichotomum. 

Nodes of the stem densely barbed. 18. P. barbulatum. 

Spikelets pubescent, 
L,eaf-blades smooth above or nearly so, thin, naked at the base, 

19. P. boreale. 
I,eaf-blades very rough above, thick, ciliate at the base. 

28. P. sphaerocarpon. 
Stems, leaf-blades or sheaths, or all of them pubescent. 
* Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less. 
I^eaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes minutely pubescent beneath. 
Spikelets about 1.25 mm. long: stems glabrous. 

20. P. nitidutn. 
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long : stems puberulent. 

31. P. Ashei. 
Leaf -blades strongly pubescent beneath, usually also above. 



GRAMINEAE 19 

Hairs on the lower surface soft and copious. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, 24. P. Tennesseense. 

Spikelets 2,5 mm. long, 25. P. scoparium. 

Hairs on the lower surface long and stiff. 
Spikelets 1,5 mm. long. 
Stems slender : hairs on the upper surface of the leaf-blades 

extremely long and copious. 21. P. impiicatum. 
Stems rather stout : hairs on the upper surface of the leaf- 
blades more scattered, sometimes nearly wanting. 

22. P. unctphyllum. 
Spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long. 

23. P. Atla?iticum. 
^^ Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. in length. 

Panicle narrow, its branches appressed : spikelets usually few. 

27. P. xanthophysum. 
Panicle open, its branches spreading : spikelets usually numerous. 

26. P. Scribnerianum. 
b. Middle leaf -blades of the main stem 1.5 cm, wide, often 3 cm., the base 

cordate and clasping. 
Spikelets 2,5 mm. long or less. 
I^eaf -blades glabrous on both surfaces. 
Spikelets about 1,5 mm. long: panicle oblong and dense: stems 

simple. 29. P. poly ant hes. 

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long : panicle ovoid and open : stems branched. 
Sheaths pubescent, 
lycaf-blades ciliate at the base : spikelets 3 mm. long or more. 

35. P. clandestinum. 
I^eaf-blades naked at the base : spikelets less than 3 mm. long. 

36. P. decoloratum. 
Sheaths glabrous. 30. P. commutatum. 

L,eaf-blades densely villous, 25. P. scoparium. 

Spikelets 3 mm, long or more. 
Nodes naked. 
Sheaths hispid : panicle contracted, its branches appressed, 

27. P. xanthophysum. 
Sheaths glabrous, or somewhat pubescent on the margins : panicle 

open, its branches spreading, 32, P. macrocarpon. 

Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed : spikelets 4-5 mm, long. 
Lower surface of the leaf -blades paler, glabrous. 

2)Z- P- Porterianum. 
lyower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent, as are also the sheaths 
and stems. 34. P. pubifolium. 

1. Panicum verrucosum Muhl, Warty Panicum. (Man. p. 81 
I. F. f. 278.) Moist soil, Mas.s. to Fla., and La., mostly near the coast 
— Pennsylvania : Dei^aware, Tinicum ; Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Panicum capillareL- Witch Grass. Tumbi,e-weed. (Man. p 
81 ; I. F./. 274. ) In dry soil, common as a weed in cultivated fields 
N. S. to B.C., Fla., Tex. and Nev, — Pennsylvania: Dei^aware; Ches 
TER ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Northampton ; Erie ; Jefferson 

PHII.ADEI.PHIA .• FRANKI.IN. 

3. Panicum Philadelphicum Bernh. Wood Panicum. (Man. p. 82 
I. F. /. 277.) In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ga., west to Mo.— 



20 GRAMINEAE 

Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockimixon Cliffs ; Jkkfkrson ; Lancaster ; 

PHIT.ADKr.PIIIA. 

4. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Gattinc.kr's Panicum. (Man. p. 82. ) 
Moist places, N. J. to Tenn., Mo. and southward. — Peiinsylvania : Phila- 
delphia. 

5. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Wiry Panicum. (Man. p. 
82 ; I. F. /. 275.) In moist or dry soil. Pa. to Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster, Dillerville Swamp. 

6. Panicmn miliaceum L. MillET. (LVlan. p. 82 ; I. F./. 272.) In 
waste places, Me. to Pa. and N. J. Adventive from the Old World. 
Pe7insylvania : Dauphin ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Philadelphia. 

7. Panicum proliferum Lam. Spreading Panicum. (Man. p. 82; I. 
F./. 2J3.) In wet soil, Me. to Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster ; Delaware ; Chester ; Northampton ; Dauphin ; 
Franklin ; Jefferson ; Philadephia. 

8. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Smooth Panicum. (Man. p. 82 ; I. 
F.y. 2JO.) In moist or dry soil, Me. to Minn., P'la. and Tex. — Pen7isylva- 
nia : Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Northampton ; 
Luzerne ; Philadelphia. 

9. Panicum amarum Ell. Sea-beach Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F. 
f. 2yi.) On sea-beaches or brackish shorts, Conn, to Fla. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Philadelphia. 

10. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostis-like Panicum. (Man. 
p. 83 ; I. F./. 249.) Wet ground, Me. to Minn., Fla., Kan. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster. 

11. Panicum longifolium Torr. Long leaved Panicum. (Man. p. 
83; I. F. y^ 2^1.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Montgomery. 

12. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Long Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F. 
f. 2JO.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to Kans., Tenn. and N. C. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Northampton ; Franklin ; Philadelphia, 

13. Panicum anceps Michx. Beaked Panicum. (Man. p. 83 ; I. F./. 
24.8.^ Moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. — Pen7isylvania: Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Bucks ; Lehigh ; North- 
ampton ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia. 

14. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Linear-lEaved Panicum. 
(Man. p. 83 ; I. F.y". 268a.) Dry soil, especially hillsides, N. Y. and N. 
J. to Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Lebanon ; 
Delaware ; Venango. 

15. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicum. (Man. 
p. 83 ; I. F. /. 268.) In dry places, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Tqis..— Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Schuylkill ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; 
Pike; Chester. 

16. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Bicknell'S Panicum. (Man. p. 84 ; 
I. F. /. 268c.) Dry wooded hills, N. Y. and Pa. — Penjisylvania : 
Franklin, slate hills near Chambersburg. 



GRAMINEAE 21 

17. Panicum dichotomum L. Forked Panicum. ( Man. p. 84 ; I. 
F. f. 264.) In woodlands and thickets, N. Y. to Ky., Mo,, and south- 
ward. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; PhiIvADe;i.phia ; Chkstbr ; 
Pike ; Lancaster ; Delaware, Tinicum. 

18. Panicum barbulatum Michx. Barbed Panicum. (Man, p. 85; 
I. F. /. 26§.) Moist soil, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex, — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Chester ; Bucks ; DeIvAware, Tinicum ; Lancaster. 

19. Panicum boreale Nash. Northern Panicum. (Man. p. 85 ; I. F. 
/. 261.) Moist, often rich soil, Newf. and Ont. to Vt., Pa. and Minn. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono Summit, Tobyhanna ; Northampton. 

20. Panicum nitidum Lam. Shining Panicum, (Man, p, 85 ; I, F. 
/. 263. ) Common in dry sandy soil in the Eastern and Middle States. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Lan- 
caster ; Aeeegheny. 

21. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Hairy-panici^ed Panicum. (Man, 
p, 86 ; I. F./. 26/a.) In dry soil, Me, to Conn., N. Y. and N. J. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton. 

22. Panicum unciphyllum Trin. Hairy Panicum. (Man. p. 86, as 
P. pubescens ; I. F. /. 267.) In dry soil, Me. and Quebec to B. C, Ga. 
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Pike; Bucks; Monroe; 
Phii.adei.phia ; Chester ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; 
Delaware. 

23. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. Atlantic Panicum. (Man. p. 86; 
I. F. /. 267/.) Dry soil, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

24. Panicum Tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee Panicum. (Man. p. 
1040.) In woods, N. Y. to 111., Tenn. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Lancaster. 

25. Panicum scoparium Lam. Velvety Panicum. (Man. p. 87, 
as P. viscidum ; I. F. f. 266.) In moist soil, N. J. to Ind., I. Terr., Fla. 
and Texas. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum. 

26. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panicum. (Man. 
p. 87 ; I. F. /. 2S9.) In dry or moist soil, Me. to Minn., south to Va. 
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Chester, barrens ; 
Northampton, Easton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Erie. 

27. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. Slender Panicum. (Man. 
p. 87 ; I. F. /. 2^8.) Dry soil, Me. to Man., N. J. and Penn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks, Tullytown ; Lycoming ; Luzerne. 

28. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell . Round-fruiTEd Panicum. (Man. 
p. 88 ; I. F./. 2^2.) Dry soil, southern Ont., and Mo., to Fla., Tex. and 
Me-sL.—Pennsylva?iia : Northampton ; Luzerne ; Chester ; Bucks ; 
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Montgomery. 

29. Panicum poly anthes Schult. Small-fruiTEd Panicum. (Man. 
p. 88; I. F. f. 2^j.) Woods and thickets, southern N. Y. to Pa. and 
Mich., south to Fla., La., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Perry, on 
Susquehanna ; Lancaster, Tucquan Island ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; 
Chester; Delaware. 



22 GRAMINEAE 

30. Panicmn commutatum Schultes. Variable Panicum. (Man. 
p. 88; I. F./. i'55.) In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ky,, Fla. and 
'^^s..— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster; Franklin ; Bucks ; 
Delaware. 

31. Panioum Ashei G. Pearson. Ashe's Panicum. (Man. p. 88.) 
In dry woods, N. Y. to Tenn. and Ga. ; also in Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lan- 
caster. 

32. Panicum macrocarpon LeConte. Large-fruited Panicum. 
(Man. p. 88; I. F. /. 256.) Moist places, Vt. to N. Y., N. J. and Pa. 
— Petinsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks, Rockhill ; Pike ; 
Delaware. 

33. Panicum Porterianum Nash. Porter's Panicum. (Man. p. 88; 
I. F.y". 2^4.) In woods, Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster ; Bucks ; Bedford ; Carbon ; Huntingdon ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Montgomery ; Fulton ; Philadelphia ; 
Franklin ; Monroe ; Lackawanna. 

34. Panicum pubifoUum Nash. Hairy-lEaved Panic grass. (Man. 
p. 1041.) In rocky woods, N. Y. to Mo., Fla. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton; Bucks; Carbon; Lancaster; Franklin. 

35. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panicum. (Man. p. 88 ; I. F. 
f. 2^j. ) In thickets, Quebec to Mich., south to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Northamp- 
ton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Montgom- 
ery ; Pike. 

36. Panicum decoloratum Nash. Discolored Panic- grass. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, TuUytown. 

11. CHAETOCHLOA. 

Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base 

of each spikelet, involucrate. i. C. glauca. 

Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches : bristles 1-3 at the 
base of each spikelet, not involucrate. 
Bristles downwardly barbed. 2. C. verticillata. 

Bristles upwardly barbed. 
Panicle usually i cm. thick or less : bristles commonly green : spikelets 

about 2 mm. long. 3. C. viridis. 

Panicle usually 2-3 cm. thick : bristles usually purple : spikelets 2.5-3 uim. 

long. 4. C. Italica. 

1. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon- 
grass. (Man. p. 89; I. F.y. 281.^ In waste places and cultivated 
grounds throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Naturalized 
from Europe. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; 
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franklin. 

2. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn. Foxtail-grass. (Man. p. 
89; I. F. /. 280.) In waste places, N. S. and Ont. to N. J. and Ky.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; 
Chester; Allegheny. 



GRAMINEAB 23 

3. Chaetochloa viridis (L.)Scribn. GrEKn FoxTaii,-Grass. (Man. 
p. 90 ; I. F./. 282.) In waste places and cultivated grounds, throughout 
N. A., except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe. — Pennsyl- 
vania : DKI.AWARE ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Frankwn ; 
Lancaster ; Erie ; Phii^adeivPhia. 

4. Chaetochloa Italica (L. ) Scribn. Itawan Mii,i.ET. Hungarian 
Grass. (Man. p. 90; I. F./. 283.) In waste places, Quebec to Minn., 
Neb., Fla. and Tex. Native of the Old World. — Pennsylvania : Ches- 
ter ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Lycoming ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; 

Al^IvEGHENY. 

12. CENCHRUS L- 
1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-grass. (Man. 
p. 90 ; I. F. y! 284. ) On sandy shores and in waste or cultivated places, 
Me. to Minn., Colo., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; CHES- 
TER ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
PH11.ADEI/PHIA. 

13. ZIZANIA L. 
1. Zizania aquatica L. W11.D or Indian Rice. Water Oats. 
(Man. p. 91 ; I. F. f. 286.) In swamps, N. B. to Man., south to Fla. and 
T&:s..— Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Bucks ; 
Lancaster, in Susquehanna above Marietta ; York ; EriE, Presque 
Isle. 

14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. 
Stamens i or 2 : panicle-branches singly disposed, usually less than 8. 

I. H. Virginicus. 
Stamens 3 : panicle-branches, at least the lower ones, in whorls or approxi- 
mately in pairs, usually exceeding 15. 2. H. oryzoides. 

1. HomalocenchusVirgimcus(Willd.)Britton. White Grass. (Man. 
p. 91 ; I. F. /. 287. ) In swamps or wet or moist woods. Me. to Minn., Fla., 
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; CHESTER ; Bucks ; North- 
ampton ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie, Fenno ; Phii,- 
ADEiyPHiA; Monroe; York. 

2. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. RicE Cut-grass. (Man. 
p. 91 ; I. F. /. 288.) In swamps and along streams, N. S. to Ont., Fla., 
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lu- 
zerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Jeffer- 
son ; Phii,adei.phia ; Franki^in ; Pike ; Monroe. 

15. PHALARIS L. 

Outer scales of the spikelets not winged. i. P. arundinacea. 

Outer scales of the spikelets manifestly winged. 2. P. Canariensis. 

1. Phalaris arundmaoea L. Reed Canary-grass. (Man. p. 92 ; I. 
F./. 2go. ) In moist or wet soil, N. S. to B. C, south to N. J., Ky., Kans. 
and Nev. Also in Eu. and Asia. Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Phii^adei.- 
PHiA ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; 
Brie ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Ai^IvEgheny. 



24 GRAMINEAE 

2. Phalarls Canariensia L. Canary-grass. (Man. p. 92 ; I. F./. pp-?. ) 
In waste places, N. S. to Ont,, Va. and Neb. Nat. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Northampton ; AIvIvEGheny. 

16. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 
1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L- SwEET VERnai.-GRASS. (Man. p. 
92 ; I. F.y". 2g^. ) In fields throughout nearly the whole of N. Am. Nat. 
from Bu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; PhiladeIvPHIA ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Monroe ; B1.AIR ; Erie ; Lancaster ; Somerset ; 
Franklin. Common. 

17. ARISTIDA Iv. 
Central awn coiled at the base, i. A. dichotoma. 

Central awn not coiled at the base. 
Spikelets over 2 cm. long : first scale 5-7-nerved. 2. A. oligantha. 

Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long : first scale 1-3-nerved. 

First scale shorter than the second. 3. A. gracilis. 

First scale longer than the second. 4. A. purpurascens. 

1. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. (Man. p. 94; I. 
F. f. 2gy.) In dry, sandy soil, Me. to Mo., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Dei/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia; 
Northampton ; Franki^in ; Montgomery ; York. 

2. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few- flowered Aristida. (Man. 
p. 95 ; I. F. /. 303.) In dry soil, N. J. and Md. to Neb., La. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adelphia ; Dei^aware. 

3. Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Aristida. (Man. p. 95 ; I. F. 
f. 298.) In dry soil, Mass. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
iviN ; Montgomery ; Phii^adelphia. 

4. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Aristida. (Man. p. 95 ; 
I. F. /. 301.) In dry soil, Mass. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania: Bucks; Northampton; Lancaster; York; Franklin. 

18. STIPA L. 
1. Stipa avenacea L. Bi^ack OaT-grass. (Man. p. 97 ; I. F. 
/. 311.) In dry woods, R. I. to Fla., mostly near the coast. Also in 
western Ont. and Wis. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Delaware; PhiIvA- 
delphia. 

19. ORYZOPSIS Michx. 

Spikelets, exclusive of their awns, 3-4 mm. long. i. O.juncea. 

Spikelets, exclusive of their awns, 6-8 mm. long. 

Stems with the leaves mostly crowded at the base : panicle 5-8 cm. long, the 

branches 25 cm. long or less, erect. 2. O. asperifolia. 

Stems leafy : panicle 15-30 cm. long, the branches 5-8 cm. long, more or less 
spreading. 3. O. melanocarpa. 

1. Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B.S.P. Slender Mountain Rice. 
(Man. p. 97 ; I. F. yi 314-) ^^ ^^Y rocky places, Quebec to B. C, Mass., 
Pa. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne. 



GRAMINEAE 25 

2. Oryzopsls asperifolia Michx. White-grainkd Mountain Rice. 
(Man. p. 98; I. F. / 316.) In woods, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Minn, and 
in the Rocky Mountains to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Monrok ; Lu- 
zKRNE ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Somerset. 

4. Oryzopsls melanocarpa Muhl. Bi.ack-fruited Mountain Rice. 
(Man. p. 98; I. F. f. 317.) In rocky woods, Vt. to Minn., N. J., Ky. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Phii^adelphia; Lancaster; LuzernE; 
Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Pike. 

20. MILIUM L. 
1. Milium eflfusum L. Tali, MillET-grass. (Man. p. 98 ; I. F. /. 
319.) In woods, Quebec to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; 
Sullivan; Mercer; Erie; Chester; Clarion. 

21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. 

Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets on short pedicels. 
Empty scales at least % as long- as the spikelet. 
Flowering scale not awned, but sometimes awn-pointed. 
Empty scales not awned, about % as long as the flowering scale, acute. 

1. M. soholifera. 
Empty scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned. 
Empty scales about as long as the flowering scale, sharp-pointed, about 
3 mm. long. 2. M. Mexicana. 

Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually twice as long, 
awned, about 5 mm. long. 3. M. racemosa. 

Flowering scale long-awned, the awn usually twice as long as the scale. 
Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale. 4. M. sylvatica. 

Empty scales Vi-Yz as long as the flowering scale. 5. M. tenuijlora. 

Empty scales minute, the first one often wanting. 6. M. diffusa. 

Panicle open, its filiform branches spreading or ascending : spikelets on very 
long capillary pedicels. 7. M. capillaris. 

1. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock MuhlEnbergia. 
(Man. p. 99; I. F. f. 320.) Rocky woods, Mass. to Minn., Va., Tenn. 
and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester; 
Bucks; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Philadelphia; Franklin. 

2. Muhlenbergia Mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow MuhlEnbergia. 
(Man. p. 99 ; I. F. f. 321. ) In swamps and borders of fields, N. B. to 
western Ont., N. C, Tenn. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Clearfield ; Philadelphia ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

3. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx. ) B.S.P. Marsh Muhlen- 
bergia. (Man. p. 99 ; I. V.f. 322.) In wet places or thickets, Newf. to 
B. C, N. J., Mo. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Bucks; 
Lancaster ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Crawford ; Erie ; Pike. 

4. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. (Man. p. 
100 ; I. F. /. 323.) In moist woods and along streams, N. B. to Minn., 
N. C, Tenn. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; 
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Clearfield ; Phila- 
delphia ; Monroe. 



26 GRAMINEAE 

5. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Slender Muhlen- 
BERGIA. (Man. p. loo ; I. F.y. j-?<5,) In rocky woods, Mass. to south- 
ern Ont. and Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : DeIvAWare ; Ches- 
ter ; Bucks; Northampton; Huntingdon; Blair; Lancaster; 
Franklin. 

6. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nimble Will. Dropseed Grass. 
(Man. p. lOo; I. V.f. 327.) On dry hills and in woods, Me. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; North- 
ampton; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Blair; Erie; Phila- 
delphia. 

7. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam. ) Trin. Long awned Hair-grass. 
(Man. p. loi ; I. F.y". j^p.) In dry sandy or rocky soil, Mass. to Mo., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Gap. 

22. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. 
1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum. 
(Man. p. loi ; I. F. f. 332.) In moist places or woods, Newf. to Minn., 
N. C, Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ; Lacka- 
wanna ; Pike ; Franklin. 

23. HELEOCHLOA Host. 
1. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. Rush Cat's-tail Grass. 
(Man. p. 102; I. F. /. 333.) In waste places, southern N. Y. to Del. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Lancaster, Columbia and Lancaster. 

24. PHLEUM L. 
1. Phleum pratense L- Timothy. Herd Grass. (Man. p. 102; 
I. F. f. 334.) In fields nearly throughout N. Am. Also in Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster; Franklin; Erie; 
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Allegheny. Common. 

25. ALOPECURUS L- 

Empty scales of the spikelet united for % their length, glabrous to hispid on 
the keel. i. A. agrestis. 

Empty scales of the spikelet united for X their length or less, long-ciliate on 
the keel. 2. A . geniculatus. 

1. Alopecurus agrestis L. Slender Foxtail. (Man. p. 103 ; I. F. 
/. 336.) In waste places, southern N. Y. to N. J. Adv. from Eu. 
Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on and near ballast. 

2. Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Foxtail. (Man. p. 103 ; I. F. 
f' 337') 111 wet soil, Newfoundland to B. C, Fla., Ariz, and Cal. — 
Peufisylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne. 

26. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. 

A. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, 
a. Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed, or 
sometimes partially protruding : terminal panicle contracted, narrow. 



GRAMINKAE 27 

Annual plants. i. S. vaginaefiorus. 

Perennial plants. 
Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs. 

2. 5. asper. 
Flowering scale glabrous. 3. 5". longifolius. 

h. Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles. 
Panicle usually loose and open, its branches spreading or ascending, or if 

erect the panicle not elongated. 4. 5". heterolepis. 

Panicle narrow and elongated, spike-like. 5. S. Indicus. 

B. I^eaf-sheaths with a tuft of long spreading hairs on each side of the apex. 

6. 5. cryptandrus. 

1. Sporobolus vaginaefiorus (Torr. ) Wood. Sheathed Rush-grass. 
{Man. p. 105 ; I. F. /. 34^.) In dry soil, N. Y. to Mo., Ga. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Philadei^phia ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Rough Rush-grass. (Man. 
p. 104 ; I. F. f. 341.) In dry soil, Del. to 111., Fla. and 1^^.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster. 

3. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr. ) Wood. Long-i^eaved Rush-grass. 
(Man. p. 105 ; I. F. /. 342.) In dry soil. Me. to Kans., Fla. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin. 

4. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray. Northern Dropseed. (Man. 
p. 106; I. F. /. 354.) In dry soil, Quebec to Assiniboia, Pa., 111. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster^ New Texas. 

5. Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. India Rush-grass. (Man. p. 
106; I. F. f. 34g.) In meadows and waste places, Va. to Fla., Ark. and 
Cal. Nat. from tropical regions of Am. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adEi.phia, 
on and near ballast. 

6. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand Dropseed. 
(Man. p. 106 ; I. F. /. 353,) In sandy soil, coast of N. Eng., along all 
the Great Lakes, west to N. Dak. south to Tex. and W^^.— Pennsylvania : 
Brie, Presque Isle. 

27. POLYPOGON Desf. 

1. Polypogon Monspeliensis (L.) Desf Beard-grass. (Man. p. 
108; I. F. /. 3s8.) In waste places, N. H. to S. C, mostly near the 
coast. Very abundant in western N. A., from B. C. to Mex. Nat. from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia, mainly on ballast ; Bucks. 

28. CINNA L. 

Panicle contracted at maturity, its filiform branches erect, or drooping : 
spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the first scale much shorter than the second. 

I. C. arundinacea. 

Panicle open, its capillary branches flexuous and drooping : spikelets 3 mm. 
long, the first scale about equalling the second. 2. C. latifolia. 

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed-grass. (Man. p. 108 ; I. F. 

/. 360.) In moist woods and shaded swamps, Newf. to the N. W. 



28 GRAMINEAE 

Terr., N. C. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Bucks; Luzerne; 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Bi.air ; DeIvAware ; 
Franklin. 

2. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed-grass. 
(Man. p. io8 ; I. V.f.361.) In damp woods, Newf. to B. C, N. J., in 
the Allegheuies to N. C, to Wis., and the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; 
Erie; Pike. 

29. AGROSTIS L. 

Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least V:, as long as the scale, 

\. A. alba. 
Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting. 
Flowering scale awnless, or very rarely hearing a short awn. 
Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the base : leaf -blades 
lax : panicle oblong, the spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. 

2. A. perennans. 
Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect. 
Branches of the panicle capillary, elongated, commonly dividing above 
the middle. 
Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long: leaf- blades short. 3. A, hy emails. 

Spikelets 2.5-3 ram. long: leaf- blades elongated. 4. A. altissinia. 
Branches of the panicle not elongated, dividing at or below the middle. 

5. A. Scribneriana. 
Flowering scale awned. 6. A. cani?ia. 

1. Agrostis alba L. REd-Top. Herd-grass. (Man. p. 109; I. F. 
/. 362.) In fields nearly throughout N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Mon- 
roe ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny ; Montgomery ; 
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Pike ; Franklin. Common. 

2. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin-grass. (Man. p. 
no; I. F.y. j<57.) In shaded damp places, Quebec to Wis., S. C. and 
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Dau- 
phin ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Jefferson ; Erik ; Somerset. 

3. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Rough Hair-grass. (Man. 
p. no; I. F. y. 368.) In dry or moist soil throughout nearly the whole 
of N. Am. except the extreme north. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; 
Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Lackawanna ; Schuylkill. 

4. Agrostis altissima (Walt.) Tuckerm. Tall BenT-geass. (Man. 
p. Ill ; I. F.y. 369.) In sandy swamps, N.J. to Fla. and Ala. — Pennsyl- 
vania : M ONTGOMERY. 

5. Agrostis Scribneriana Nash. Scribner'S BenT-grass. (Man. 
p. Ill ; I. F. /. j/o, diS A. intermedia.) In dry soil, Mass. to N. Y., 
Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster. 

6. Agrostis canina L. Brown BenT-grass. (Man. p. no ; I. V.f. 
365.) In meadows, Newfoundland to Alaska, Pa. and Tenn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Dauphin ; Blair. 



GRAMINEAE 29 

30. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. 
Rachilla with its prolongation hairy its whole length. 
Third scale with a much bent and exserted awn, the hairs of the callus much 

shorter than the scale. i. C. Porteri. 

Third scale with a straight or nearly straight and included awn : hairs of the 
callus equalling the scale or but little shorter than it. 
Panicle open, the lower branches widely spreading. 2. C. Canadensis. 

Panicle more or less contracted. 3. C. inexpansa. 

Rachilla with its prolongation hairy only at the top. 4. C. cinnoides. 

1. Calamagrostis Porteri A. Gray. Porte^r's Rked-grass. (Man. 
p. 112; I. ^.f. 375.) In dry woods, Pa. and southern N. Y. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Huntingdon. 

2. Calamagrostis Canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Bi.uE- joint Grass. 
(Man. p. 112; I. F. f. 373.) In swamps and wet, often sandy, soil. 
Newf. to Alaska, N. G., N. Mex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; 
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Carbon ; Wayne ; 
Pike ; Monroe ; Ki.k ; Tioga ; Venango ; Erie. 

3. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. BoG Reed-grass. (Man. p. 
113.) Bogs and sandy banks, N.J. and western N. Y. to S. Dak. and 
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming, in a bog near Muncy. 

4. Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. NuTTai.i,'s REEd- 
GRASS. (Man. p 113 ; I. F. f. 379.) In moist soil, N. H. and Mass. to 
Ga. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster ; Lebanon ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Schuyl- 

KII^I,. 

31. AMMOPHILA Host. 
1. Ammophila arenaria(L. ) Link. Sea Sand-reed. Sea Mat-weed. 
(Man. p. 114 ; I. V.f. 380.) In sands of the sea coast from N. B. to Va., 
and inland along the shores of the Great Lakes. Also on the coasts of 
northern Eu. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

32. APBRA Adans. 
1. Apera Spica-venti (L. ) Beauv. S11.KY Bent-grass. Windle- 
STRAW. (Man. p. 115; I. F. /. 383.) In waste places and on ballast, 
Me. to Penn. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, on and 
about ballast. 

33. HOLCUS L. 

1. Holcus lanatus L. Vei*vet-grass. Meadow Soft-grass. 
(Man. p. 115 ; I. F. /. 384.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to 111., 
N. C. and Tenn. Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; 
Lancaster ; Erie ; Somerset ; Jefferson ; Phii^adelphia ; Frank- 
lin ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

34. AIRA L. 
Panicle open : flowering scales about 2 mm. long : plants 10-25 cm. tall. 

1. A. caryophyllea. 
Panicle contracted : flowery scales 3 mm. long : plants 5-8 cm. tall. 

2. A . praecox. 



30 GRAMINEAE 

1. Aira caryophyllea L. vSit.very Hair grass. (Man. p. 115 ; I. F. 
/. 38^.) lu fields and waste places, Mass. to Va. Also on the Pacific 
Coast. Nat. from ^n.— Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, about ballast. 

2. Alra praecox L. Early Hair-grass. ( Man. p. 116 ; I. F. /. 386. ) 
In dry fields, southern N. J. and Pa. to Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton, Bethlehem. 

35. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. 

Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate : leaf-blades flat. 

1. D. caespitosa. 
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse : leaf-blades involute. 

2. D.flexuosa. 

1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hair-grass. (Man. 
p. 116 ; I. V.f. 387.) Newfoundland to Alaska, N. J., 111., Minn., and in 
the Rocky Mts. and Sierra Nevada to N. Mex., mostly in wet soil. Also 
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; 
Bucks. 

2. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Wavy Hair-grass. (Man. p. 
116 ; I. F.y". 388.) In dry or sandy soil, Greenland and Newf. to Mich., 
N. C. and Tenn. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Monroe ; Pike. 

36. TRISETUM Pers. 
1. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. Marsh Fai,se Oat. 
(Man. p. 117 ; I. V.f. 392.) In swamps and wet meadows, N. Y. to 111., 
Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Dei^aware ; Chester; Bucks; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lycoming. 

37. AVENAL. 

1. Avena striata Michx. Purpi^E Oat. (Man. p. 118; I. F./. jpj. ) 
In woods, N. B. to B. C, Pa., Mich, and Dak. — Pennsylvania : Sui.1.1- 
VAN ; E1.K. 

38. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 

1. Arrhenathenim elatius (L.) Beauv. OaT-grass. (Man. p. 118 ; I. 
F. f. 396.) In fields and waste places, Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Tenn. 
Also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Northampton. 

39. DANTHONIA DC 

Empty scales of the spikelet 1.25 cm. long or less : leaf-sheaths glabrous, or 
sometimes sparingly pubescent at the base. 
Teeth of the flowering scale about i mm. long, acute : cauline leaf-blades 

short : panicle contracted. i. D. spicata. 

Teeth of the flowering scale 2-3 mm. long, awned : cauline leaf-blades elon- 
gated : panicle usually open. 2. D. compressa. 
Empty scales more than 1.25 cm. long : leaf-sheaths villous. 3. D. sericea. 

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Common WiIvD Oat-grass. (Man. 
p. 119; I. F. /. jp/.) In dry soil, Newf to N. Dak., N. C. and La.— 



GRAMINBAE 31 

Pennsylvania : De;i<aware: ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Mon- 
roe ; Lycoming ; Erie ; Ai^legheny ; Wayne ; PHiivADEiyPHiA ; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Montgomery. 

2. Danthonia compressa Austin. Fi^aTTEned WiIvD OaT-grass. 
(Man. p. 119 ; I. F./. 398.) In woods, Me. to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Berks ; Lackawanna ; Lycoming ; Erie ; Somer- 
set ; Jefferson ; Pike. 

3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky W11.D Oat-grass. (Man. p. 119 ; 
I. F.y. spQ.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming. 

40. CAPRIOLA Adans. 

1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze. Bermuda-grass. Scutch- 
grass. (Man. p. 119 ; I. F.y! 400.) In fields and waste places, southern 
N. Y. to Pa. and Tenn., Fla. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. Pennsylvania: 
Phii.adei.phia, on ballast ; Bucks, Bristol ; Northampton, Bethlehem ; 
DEI.AWARE, Marcus Hook. 

41. SPARTINA Schreb. 

Second scale long-awned. i. 5. cynosuroides. 

Second scale awnless. 

Leaf-blades fiat, 1-2.5 cm, wide. 2. 6". polystachya. 

Leaf-blades involute, at least when dry, 6 mm, wide or less. 

3. 5". patens. 

1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Tai.1, Marsh-grass. (Man. 
p. 120 ; l.V. f. 401. ) In swamps and along streams of fresh or brackish 
water, N. S. to Assiniboia, N. J. and Tex. Pennsylvania : Chester : 
Phii,adei.phia ; Bucks : Dauphin ; Ai,i.egheny ; Venango ; Erie ; 
Lancaster; Huntingdon. 

2. Spartina polystachya (Michx.) Ell. Sai^T ReEd Grass. (Man. 
p. 120; I. F.y. 402.) In salt and brackish marshes, Me. to Fla. Penn- 
sylvania : Probably on the lower Delaware. 

3. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Sai.t-meadow Grass. (Man. p. 
120; I. F. /. 403.) On salt marshes, Newf. to Fla. and Tex, — Pennsyl- 
vania : Phii.adEi.phia, mainly on or near ballast. 

42. ATHEROPOGON Muhl. 
1. Atheropogon curtipendula (Michx.) Fourn. Racemed Boute- 
1.0UA. (Man. p. 123; I. F. /. 413.) In dry soil, Out. to Man., N. J., 
Tex. and Mex. Pennsylvania : Chester ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon. 

43. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 
1. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn, Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard- 
grass. (Man. p. 124 ; I. F./. 415.) In fields and waste places all over 
N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from the warmer regions of the 
Old World. Pennsylvania : Dei.aware ; CHESTER ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; 
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Phii,adei.phia ; Franki^in ; Lancas- 
ter; A1.1.EGHENY. 



32 GRAMINEAE 

44. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. 
1. Dactyloctenium Aegyptium (L.) Willd. Egyptian Grass. 
(Man. p. 124; I. F./. 416.) In waste places and cult, ground, southern 
N. Y. and Va. to 111. and Cal., Fla. and Mex. Pe?i7isylvania ; DeIvA- 
ware; Phii,adei.phia. 

45. PHRAGMITES Trin. 
1. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Reed. (Man. p. 126; I. F. 
f. 420.) In swamps nearly throughout the U. S., extending north to N. 
S., Man. and B. C. Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Erie, Presque Isle ; PhiladeIvPHIA, Point Breeze. 

46. TRIDENS R. & S. 

1. Tridens seslerioides (Michx.) Nash. Tai,i. Red-top. (Man. p. 
126 ; I. F.y. 421. ) In fields, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Dei^aware ; Chester; Bucks; Luzerne; Northampton; Lan- 
caster ; Huntingdon ; Phii,adei*phia ; York ; Franki^in. 

47. TRIPLASIS Beauv. 

1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand-grass. (Man. p. 127; 
I. F, f. 424. ) In sand, especially on sea beaches, Me. to Tex. and along 
the Great Lakes. Also from Neb. to N. Mex. — Pennsylva7iia : Erie, 
Presque Isle. 

48. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 

Stems not creeping : flowers perfect. 
Annuals. 
Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 
Pedicels and branches of the panicle short : stems usually branched 

above. i. E. Frankii. 

Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long and capillary : stems 
branched only at the base. 2. E. capillaris. 

Spikelets more than 5-flowered. 
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less : palets remaining attached to the contin- 
uous rachis for some time after the flowering scales have fallen. 
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish, the lateral nerves faint 

or wanting : spikelets about i mm. wide. 3. E. ptlosa. 

Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green, the lateral nerves 
very prominent : spikelets about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. E. Purshii. 
Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. wide : palets falling with the flowering 
scales and the internodes of the rachis. 
Spikelets 2 mm. wide : lower flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long. 

5. E. Eragrostis. 
Spikelets 2.5-3 ^^'^- wide : lower flowering scales 2-2.5 i^oi. long. 

6. E. major. 
Perennials. "j. E. pectinacea. 

Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 8. E. hypnoides. 

1. Eragrostis Frankii Steud. Frank's Eragrostis. (Man. p. 130; 
I. F.y". 42gS) In moist places, N. Y. to Minn., Miss, and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Northampton. 



GRAMINEAE 33 

2. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capii.i.ary Eragrostis. (Man. 
p. 130 ; I. F. /. 428.) In dry places, R, I. to Mo., Ga. and To:^.— Penn- 
sylvania : Chester ; Delaware ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Lawrence ; Phii,adei.phia ; Franki^in ; Ali^egheny. 

3. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. (Man. p. 
130 ; I. F. f. 430. ) Waste places or cultivated grounds, N. Eng. to 
Kans., Fla. and Tex., Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: DeIvAWARE ; 
Chester ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Fayette ; Phii^adel- 

PHIA. 

4. Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. Pursh's Eragrostis. (Man. p. 130 ; 
I. F. y". 431.) In dry places apparently throughout the U. S., extending 
into Ont. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Chester. 

5. Eragrostis Eragrostis (L.) Karst. Low Eragrostis. (Man. p. 
130 ; I. F. f. 432.) In waste places or cultivated, ground, Ont. to N. 
Eng. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Franklin. 

6. Eragrostis major Host. Strong-scented Eragrostis. (Man. 
p. 130; I. F. y". 433.) In waste or cultivated places, throughout the U. 
S. and in Ont. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Nortahmpton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

7. Eragrostis pectinaoea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. 
(Man. p. 131 ; I. V.f. 436.) In dry soil, Mass. to S. Dak., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

7a. E. pectinaoea speotabilis A. Gray. Delaware ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Northampton. 

8. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Creeping Eragrostis. 
(Man. p. 131 ; I. F. f. 440.) On sandy or gravelly banks, Vt. and Ont. 
to Ore., Fla., Mex. and West Indies. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Tioga ; Philadel- 
phia ; Dauphin. 

49. EATONIA Raf. 
Empty scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than 
\ as wide as the second. 
Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit. 
Leaf-sheaths, blades and stems glabrous. i. E. obiusata. 

Leaf -sheaths, blades and stems softly pubescent. 2. E. pubescens. 
Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the apex. 

3, E. Pennsylvanica. 
Empty scales usually equal, the first at least Vi as broad as the second. 
Leaf -sheaths and blades softly pubescent. 4. E. nitida. 

Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous. 5. E. glabra. 

1. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray. BlunT-scalED EaTonia. 
(Man. p. 132*; I. F. /. 441.) In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to Assiniboia, 
Fla. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware. 

2. Eatonia pubescens Scribn. & Mer. Hairy Eatonia. (Man. 
p. 1043.) I^ dry soil, Pa. to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Chester ; 
Lancaster. 



34 GRAMINEAE 

3. Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Pennsyt^vania EaTonia. 
(Man. p. 132; I. F, /. 442.) In hilly woods or moist soil, N. B. to B. C, 
Ga., La. and "t^^.— Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester; Bucks; 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Montgomery ; Jefferson ; 
PhiIvAdeIvPhia ; Somerset. 

4. Eatoniamtida(Spreng. ) Nash. SIvEnder Eatonia. (Man. p. 132; 
I. F. /. 443.) In dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ga. and Ala. — Pennsyl 
vania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Phila- 
DE1.PHIA ; Bucks ; DeI/Aware ; Lancaster. 

5. Eatonia glabra Nash. Smooth Eatonia. (Man. p. 1043.) In 
woods, N. Y. to Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Tucquan Creek. 

50. KOELERIA Pers. 
1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. K0E1.ERIA. (Man. p. 133; I. F./. 
444'^ In dry sandy soil, especially on prairies, Ont. to B. C, Pa., Neb., 
Tex. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pe7i7isylvania : Lackawanna. 

51. MELICA L. 

Second scale much shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelet. 1. M. diffusa. 

Second scale nearly equalling the 2-flowered spikelet. 2. M. mutica. 

1. Melica diffusa Pursh. Tai.1. Mei<ic-GRAss. (Man. p. 133; I. F. 
/, 446.) In moist soil or thickets, Pa. to Mo., Va., Kans. and Tex. — 

Pennsylvania : Somerset. 

2. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic-grass. (Man. p. 133 ; I. 
F. y. 448.) In rich soil. Pa. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Berks, near Reading ; Lancaster, Safe Harbor. 

52. UNIOLA L. 

Spikelets about 6 mm. long, 3-6-flowered : flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. 

1. U. laxa. 
Spikelets 25-40 mm. long, many-flowered : flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, 

2. U. latifolia. 

1. Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P. Si^Ender Spike-grass. (Man. p. 135; 
I. F.y. ^5/.) In sandy soil, L- I. to Pa. and Kans., Fla. and Tex., mostly 
near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware, Tinicum ; Bedford. 

2. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broad-i,eaved Spike-grass. (Man. p. 
135; I. F.y. 4S2.) In moist places. Pa. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster, shores of the Susquehanna River ; Allegheny. 

53. BRIZA L. 
1. Briza minor L. LESSER Quaking-grass. (Man. p. 136; I. F. 
f. 4^6. ) In ballast and waste places about Camden, N. J. ; common in 
Cal., and widely distributed in tropical Am. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : In the State according to Muhlenberg's Catalogue. 

54. DACTYLIS L. 
1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass. (Man. p. 136; I. F. /. 
4S7-) In grassy fields and waste places, N. B. to Man., S. C. and Kans. 



GRAMINEAK 35 

Nat. from 'Evi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadei^phia ; Lan- 
caster ; Franki^in ; Chester ; Ai.i<egheny ;. Erie. 

55. POA L. 

Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less than 3 dm. long. 

I. P. annua. 
Perennials : stems usually exceeding 3 dm. tall. 
Plants green with no long rootstocks. 
Flowering scales with the nerves glabrous. 2. P. debilis. 

Flowering scales with one or more of the nerves pubescent. 
Flowering scales with long crimped hairs at the base. 
Flowering scales with only the midnerve pubescent. 
Flowering scales 2.5 mm. long, the midnerve sparsely pubesce'nt : 

plant yellowish green. 3. P. trivialis. 

Flowering scales 3.5 mm. long, the midnerve densely pubescent: 
plant green. 4. P. alsodes. 

Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent. 
Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only below the middle. 
Flowering scales 2-3 mm. long : basal leaves usually relatively 
short. 
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scales obscure. 

5. P. seroiina. 
Intermediate nerves of the flowering scales prominent. 

6. P. pratensis. 
Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long : basal leaves very long, often equal- 
ling the stem or nearly so. 7. P. brevifolia. 

Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the whole length, or nearly 
so. 8. P. sylvestris. 

Flowering scales with no crimped hairs at the base. 9, P. autumnalis. 
Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branching rootstocks : stems 
much compressed. 10, P. compressa, 

1. Poa annua L. Annuai, Meadow Grass. Low Spear-grass. 
(Man. p. 138 ; L F.y. 4^9-) In waste and cult, places nearly throughout 
N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; 
Luzerne; Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Blair; Erie 
Allegheny ; Philadelphia ; Monroe ; Somerset. Common. 

2. Poa debilis Torr. Weak Spear-grass. (Man. p. 139 ; I. F.y. 
472.) In woods, N. S. and N. B. to Minn., R. T., Pa. and Wis. Penn- 
sylvania: Monroe, Naomi Pines. 

3. Poa trivialis L. Roughish Meadow Grass. (Man. p. 139 ; 
I. F.y 468.) In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Mich, and Va. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Phila- 
delphia ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Clinton ; Somer- 
set ; Pike ; Allegheny. 

4. Poa alsodes A. Gray. Grove Meadow-grass. (Man. p. 140; 
I. F.y 475.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., N. C. and Tenn.— 
Pennsylvania : Sullivan, on Loyalsock ; Erie ; Somerset. 

5. Poa serotina Ehrh. False Red-Top. Fowl Meadow-grass. 
(Man. p. 139; I. F.y 471.) In swampy places, N. S. and N. B., to Van- 



36 GRAMINEAE 

couver Island, N. J., 111. and Neb. Also in Ku. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: 
Tioga ; Crawford ; Erie ; Pike ; Northampton. 

6. Poa pratensis L- Kentucky Bi,ue-(xRass. June-grass. (Man. p. 
139; I. F.y! 466.) In meadows and woods almost throughout N. Am. 
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; 
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Blair ; Erie ; Somerset ; Pike ; Allegheny, 

7. Poa brevifolia Muhl. Short-leaved Spear-grass. (Man. p. 
140 ; I. F. /. 477.) In rocky woods, N. J. and Pa. to 111., to N. C. and 
Tenn. — Pennsylvania Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; 
Northampton ; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

8. Poa sylvestris A. Gray. Sylvan SpEar-GRASS. (Man. p. 139. 
I. F. f. 474.) In thickets and meadows, N. Y. to Wis., N. C, La. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Bucks ; Chester, at Valley Forge, 
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Erie. 

9. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear-grass. (Man. p. 140 I 
I. F. f. 473.) In woods, N. J. to Ky., Fl-i. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster, Bart and Martic Townships ; Monroe, Indian Rock ; Lack- 
awanna ; Sullivan ; Bucks. 

10. PoacompressaL. Wire-grass. p:nglish Blue-grass. (Man. 
p. 141 ; I. F. y". 461.) Waste places, cultivated grounds and woods, almost 
throughout N. Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Delaware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Monroe ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Somer- 
set ; Philadelphia ; Pike. Common . 

56. PANICULARIA Fabr. 
Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less. 
Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved. 
Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, often drooping. 
Spikelets 3-5-flowered : lowest flowering scale about 2 mm. long. 

1. P. laxa. 
Spikelets 5-12-flowered : lowest flowering scale about 3 mm. long. 

2. P. Canadensis. 
Panicle contracted, the branches erect. 3. P. obtusa. 

Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved. 
Panicle elongated, its branches erect or appressed. 4. P. elongata. 

Panicle not elongated, its branches usually spreading or ascending, some- 
times drooping. 
Flowering scales about 2 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex. 
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less : branches of the panicle often drooping. 

5. P. nervata. 
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long : branches of the panicle ascending or spreading. 

6. P. Americana. 
Flowering scales 2.5-3 uim. long, truncate and denticulate at the apex. 

7. P. pallida. 
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 

Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, equalling or exceeding the obtuse 

palet. 8. P.fluitans. 

Flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the acuminate palet. 

9. P. acuHJlora. 



GRAMINEAE 37 

1. Panicularia laxa Scribn. Northern Manna-grass. ( Man. p. 
143; I. '^. f. 484.) In water or wet soil, Me. to Pa — Pennsylvania r 
Monroe, Pocono Plateau ; Schuyi^kill, Broad Mtn. 

2. Panicularia Canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. RaTTi^bsnake Grass. 
(Man. p. 143 ; I. F. f. 485.) In swamps and streams, Newf. to Minn.^ 
N. J. and Kans, — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Mon- 
roe ; ScHUYi.Kii.1. ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Jefferson ; Lack- 
awanna ; Tioga ; Pike. 

3. Panicularia obtusa(Muhl.) Kuntze. Bi,untManna-grass. (Man, 
p. 143 ; I. F.yi 486.) In swamps, N. B. to Md. — Pennsylvania : C1.EAR- 
FiEi^D ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills. 

4. Panicularia elongata (Torr.) Kuntze. Long Manna-grass. 
(Man. p. 143; I. V.f. 487.) In wet woods, streams, Newf. to Minn., N. 
C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Carbon ; 
Lackawanna ; Franki^in ; Tioga ; Cameron ; Jefferson ; Wayne ; 
Pike ; Susquehanna. 

5. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Nerved Manna-grass. 
(Man. p. 144 ; I. F./. 488.) In moist or wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla. 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Phii^adei.- 
PHiA ; Luzerne ; Monroe ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; A1.1.EGHENY ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Somerset ; Phii^adel- 

PHIA. 

6. Panicularia Americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. 
(Man. p. 144 ; I. V.f. 489.) In wet soil, N. B. to Alaska, Tenn., Neb., 
Colo, and Nev. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Bucks; Northampton; 
Monroe ; Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Ci^arion ; Erie ; Schuyi.kii.Iv. 

7. Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze. PAI.E Manna-grass. (Man. 
p. 144; I. F. /. 490.) In shallow water, N. B. to Ont., Va., Tenn. and 
Ind. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Monroe, 
Tobyhanna Mills ; Wayne ; Susquehanna. 

8. Panicularia fluitans (L. ) Kuntze. F1.0ATING Manna-grass. 
(Man. p. 144 ; I. V.f. 491.) In swamps, wet places or in water, Newf. to 
B. C, N. J., Ky., Iowa and Cal. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania: DEI.A- 
ware; Chester; Bucks; Northampton; Lancaster; Franklin; 
Huntingdon ; Phii,adei.phia ; Monroe. 

9. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Sharp-scai.ed Manna- 
GRASS. (Man. p. 144; I. F. / 492.) In wet places. Me. to Ohio and 
T^nn.— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon; Bucks, Tullytown. 

57. PUCCINELLIA Pari. 
1. Puccinellia distans ( L- ) Pari. Spreading Meadow-grass. (Man. 
p. 145 ; I. F. f 4g^. ) On salt marshes, sea beaches and in waste places, 
N. S. to N. J. Probably nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : PhiIvADEIvPhia, 
on and around ballast heaps. 

58. FESTUCA L. 

A. Annuals : stamens i or 2. 

a. First empty scale less than K as long as the second, usually very small. 

I. F. Mvuros. 



38 GRAMINEAE 

b. First empty scale more than H as long as the second. 
Spikelets 3-4-flowered ; flowering scales glabrous or nearly so, appressed 

to the rachilla. 
Spikelets 6-13-flowered ; flowering scales usually strongly hispidulous, 
decidedly diverging from the rachilla. 2. F. octofiora. 

B. Perennials : stamens 3. 
I^eaf-blades very narrow, 2 mm. wide or less, involute or folded. 
Leaf-blades setaceous : flowering scales short-awned. 3. F. ovina. 

Leaf-blades filiform : flowering scales awnless. 4. F. capillata. 

Leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or more, flat. 
Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading : spikelets 
usually less than 6-flowered. 
Panicle branches elongated, spikelet-bearing toward the end. 

5. F. nutans. 
Panicle branches not elongated, spikelet-bearing from at or below the 
middle. 
Flowering scales obtuse, 4-5 mm. long. 6. F. ohtusa. 

Flowering scales acute, 6-7 mm. long. 
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets often 10- 
flowered. 7. F. elatior. 

1. Festuca Myuros L. RaT's-Taii, FescuE-GRAss. (Man. p. 146; 
I. F.y. 498.) In waste places and fields, eastern Mass. to N. J. and Fla. 
Also on the Pacific Coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

2. Festuca octofiora Walt. SIvEnder Fescue grass. (Man p. 146 ; 
I. F. / 497.) In fields and waste places, Labrador to B. C, N. J., Colo, 
and Calif. Mostly nat. from Eu., but probably indigenous northward. — 
Pennsylvania : Chester ; Dei^aware ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lan- 
caster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franki^in. 

3. Festuca ovina L- Sheep's Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 146 ; I. F. 
f. 500.) Dry sandy soil, Quebec to B. C, Fla., Tex. and Calif. — Penn- 
sylvania : Pike. 

3a. F. ovina duriuscula (L.) Hack. (Man. p. 147.) Bucks; 
Northampton, Chester, Erie. 

4. Festuca capillata Lam. F11.1FORM Fescue-Grass. (Man. p. 
147 ; I. F.y. 500b.) Fields and roadsides. Me. and N. Y. and southward. 
Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvajiia : Adventive about the large cities. 

5. Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 147; 
I. F.y. 50^. ) In rocky woods, N. S. to Neb. Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : DeivAware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny ; Venango ; Erie ; Somerset ; Phila- 
delphia ; Franklin ; Wayne. 

6. Festuca obtusa Spreng. Short's Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 147; 
L F.y. 50J.) In swamps and thickets, Pa. to Kans., Miss, and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Dillerville Swamp. 

7. Festuca elatior L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass. (Man. p. 
147 ; I. F.y. 50.?.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. C, Tenn. 
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Blair ; Erie ; Jrfferson ; Philadelphia. 



GRAMINEAE 39 

59. BROMUS L. 
Ivower empty scale i -nerved, the upper 3-nerved. 
Annuals : stems usually less than 6 dm. tall : awn longer than the flowering 
scale. 
Spikelets numerous, several on each panicle-branch : flowering scales 8- 

12 mm. long, appressed, hirsute. i. B. tectorum. 

Spikelets few, i or sometimes 2 on each panicle-branch : flowering scales 
12-16 mm. long, sparingly hispidulous. 2. B. sterilis. 

Perennials : stems usually exceeding 6 dm. tall : awn shorter than the flower, 
ing scale or wanting. 
Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 3. B. ciliatus. 
Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 4. B. purgans. 
Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved. 
Flowering scales awned. 
Flowering scales pubescent. 
Pubescence dense, of long silky hairs. 5. B. Kalmii. 

Pubescence of soft, short appressed hairs, not dense. 6. B. hordeaceus. 
Flowering scales glabrous, sometimes slightly roughened. 
I^eaf-sheaths glabrous : nerves of the turgid fruiting scales obscure. 

7. B. secalinus. 
I^eaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with reflexed hairs : nerves of 
the flowering scales prominent. 8. B. racemosus. 

Flowering scales not awned, nearly as broad as long. 9. B. brizaeformis. 

1. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Bromb-grass. (Man. p. 149 ; I. 
F. f' jog.) In fields and waste places, R. I. to Ont., Md. and Ohio. 
Nat. from 'Eu.— Pennsylvania : Northampton, streets of Easton ; Bucks, 
Bristol. 

2. Bromus sterilis L. Barrkn Brome-Grass. (Man. p. 150 ; I. F. 
y. 5/0.) In waste places and ballast, eastern Mass. to Pa. and Ohio. 

Locally nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adeI/Phia ; Mont- 
gomery ; Northampton, Easton. 

3. Bromus oiliatus L. Fringed Brome-grass. Wood Chess. 
(Man. p. 149; I. F. /. 506.) In woods and moist thickets, Newf. to B. 
C, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Phii.adei.- 
phia ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Fui^ton ; Franki^in ; 
Pike ; Wayne. 

4. Bromus purgans L. (Man. p. 149, as a subspecies.) In woods and 
thickets. Can. and N. Eng. to Wyo., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

5. Bromus Kalmii A. Gray. Kai^m's Chess. (Man. p. 150; I. F. /. 
SI 2,) In moist woods and thickets, Quebec to Man., south to Mass. 
Pa., 111. and Iowa. — Pennsylva^iia : Northampton; Bucks; Lancas- 
ter ; Huntingdon ; Venango. 

6. Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. (Man. p. 150 ; I. F. / 5/j.) 
In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Va. Locally adv. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Chester ; Phii^adeIvPhia, ballast. 

7. Bromus secalinus L. Cheat Chess. (Man. p. 150; I. F. /. 5/^.) 
In fields and waste places almost throughout temperate N. Am. Nat. 



40 GRAMINEAE 

from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : DeIvAWAre ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

8. Bromus racemosus L. Upright Chess. Smooth Brome-grass. 
(Man. p. 150 ; I. F.y. 515.) In fields and waste places all over the east- 
ern U. S. and British Am.; also on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. 
Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadei^phia ; Lancas- 
ter ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Erie ; Franklin. 

9. Bromus brizaefonnis Fisch. & Mey. Quake-grass Brome. 
(Man. p. 151; I. F.y. 5/7.) Sparingly introd. into Pa.; also from Mont, 
to Calif. Native of northern Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

60. LOLIUM L. 

Empty scale shorter than the spikelet. i. L. perenne. 

Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 

2. L. temulentum. 

1. Lolium perenne L. Ray-grass. Rye-grass. (Man. p. 152 ; I. 
F. f. 32 T.) In waste and cult, grounds almost throughout the northern 
U. S. and southern British Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — 
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Berks. 

2. Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Ivray. (Man. p. 152 ; I. F./. 
322.) In waste and cult, grounds, locally, N. B. to Mich, and Ga. Nat. 
or adv. from Eu. Abundant on the Pacific coast. — Pennsylvania : Phil- 
adelphia, on ballast ; Northampton ; Delaware. 

61. LEPTURUS R. Br. 

1. Lepturus filiformis (Roth.) Trin. Slender Hardgrass. (Man. 
p. 152 ; I. F. /. S2J.) In waste places, Pa. to N. C, near or along the 
coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : southern part of the state, ac- 
cording to Britton, Man. p. 152. 

62. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. 

Plants with horizontal rootstocks. i. A. repens. 

Plants without rootstocks. 
Flowering scale terminated with an awn shorter than the scale body. 

2. A. Novae- Angliae, 
Flowering scale terminated with an awn longer than its body. 

3. A. caninum. 

1. Agropyron repens (L. ) Beauv. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. 
(Man. p. 154 ; I. F. i. 324.) In fields and waste places almost through- 
out N. Am., except the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native also of 
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny ; Jefferson. 

la. A. repens glaucum (Desf.) Scribn. Philadelphia. 

2. Agropyron Novae-Angliae Scribn. New England Wheat- 
grass. Mountains of northeastern North America. — Pennsylvania: 
Huntingdon ; Venango. 



GRAMINEAE 41 

3. Agropyron caninum (L.) R- & S. AwnEd WheaT-grass. 
Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. (Man. p. 153 ; I. V. f. §28,) N. B. to 
B. C, N. C, Tenn. and Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe, Pocono Summit ; Pike. 

63. HORDEUM L- 

Flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 6-8 mm. long. 

Awn of the flowering scale 13 mm. long or less. i. H. nodosum. 

Awn of the flowering scale 25 mm. long or more. 2. H.jubatum, 

Flowering scales, exclusive of the awns, 12 mm. long, 3. H. niurinum. 

1. Hordeum nodosum Iv. Meadow Barley. (Man. p. 155; I. F. 
f. ^2g. ) In meadows and waste places, Ind. to B. C. and Alaska, Tex. 

and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

2. Hordeum jubatum L- SquirreIv-Taii^ Grass. (Man. p. 155; I. 
F. f. 331.) In dry soil, Ont. to Alaska, Kans. and Calif., and naturalized 
in the east from Colorado and Quebec to Pa. — Pennsylvania : Phii,a- 
DE1.PHIA ; Berks ; Bucks. 

3. Hordeum murinum L. Wali, Bari^ey. (Man. p. 155 ; I. F./. ^32. ) 
On ballast and sparingly in waste places, southern N. Y., N. J. and Pa. 
Also from Ariz, to Cal. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,a- 

DEI,PHIA. 

64. ELYMUS L. 

Empty scales narrowly subulate : spike relatively slender, i. E. striatus. 

Empty scales linear or linear-lanceolate : spike relatively stout. 

Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. Virginicus. 
Flowering scales more or less pubescent. 

Flowering scales hirsute. 3. E. Canadensis. 

Flowering scales minutely hispidulous. 4. E. glahrifolius. 

1. Elymus striatus Willd. Si^Ender W11.D Rye. (Man. p. 156; I. 
^■f- 533-) IQ woods and on banks, Me. and Ont. to Tenn. and Kans. — 
Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Northampton ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster. 

2. Elymus Virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye. (Man. p. 156; I. 
F. f. 534.) In moist soil, especially along streams, N. S. and N. B. to 
Man., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Chester; Phila- 
delphia ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Blair ; 
Erie ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

3. Elymus Canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. (Man. p. 157 ; I. 
F-/ 535' ) Oa river banks, N. S. and N. B. to Alberta, Ga., Tex. and N. 
Mex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bedford ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

4. Elymus glabrifolius (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. Smooth-flowered 
Wild Rye. (Man. p. 1043.) In rich woods or thickets, Pa. to Ga. 
and N. Mex. Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton. 

65. HYSTRIX Moench. 
1. HystrLx Hystrix (L. ) Millsp. BotTLE-brush Grass. (Man. p. 
158 ; I. F. / 541.) In rocky woods, N. B. to Ont., (ia., 111. and Minn. — 



42 CYPKRACEA.E 

Pennsylvania : DeivAware ; Phii,adei,phia ; Chester ; Bucks ; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster; Franki^in ; Luzerne; Huntingdon; Erie; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. vSt. Hil. Sedge Family. 
Flowers of the spikelets, or at least one of them, perfect. 
Scales of the spikelets enclosing- a bractlet or a pair of bractlets. 

I. Hemicarpha. 
Scales of the spikelets not enclosing bractlets. 

Spikelets perfect or mainly so, rarely of 2 scales and i flower. 
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked. 

Perianth present, the members bristle-like. 2. Dulichium. 

Perianth wanting-. 3. Cyperus. 

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated all around. 

Base of the style not at all or only slightly thickened, deciduous. 
Perianth-parts conspicuously elongated. 4. Eriophorum. 

Perianth-parts not conspicuously elongated. 5. Scirpus. 

Base of the style manifestly swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the 
achene or deciduous. 
Perianth present. 6. Eleocharis. 

Perianth wanting. 
Achene not surmounted by a tubercle. 7. Fimbristylis. 

Achene surmounted by a tubercle. 8. Stenophyllus. 

Spikelets polygamous, or rarely of 4 scales and only i flower. 
Stigmas 3 : style deciduous. 9. Cladium. 

Stigmas 2 : style persistent. 10. Rynchospora. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Achene not enclosed in a utricle (perigynium), 11. Scleria. 

Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 12. Carex. 

1. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. 
1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton. Hemicarpha. (Man. p. 
183 ; I. F./ 646,) In moist sandy soil, R. I. to Pa., Fla., Tex. and Mex. 
— Pennsylvania : IvYCOMing, on the Susquehanna; EriE, Presque Isle. 

2. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich. 
1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Dulichium. (Man. p. 
167; I. F. /, 57<5.) In wet places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Lackawanna; Northampton; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Luzerne ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie. 

3. CYPERUS L. 

A. Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular. 
Superficial cells of the achene oblong. i. C.flavescens. 

Superficial cells of the achene quadrate. 
Scales of the spikelets blunt. 
Scales membranous, dull : style-branches or stigmas much exserted. 

2. C. diandrus. 
Scales subcoriaceous, shining : style-branches or stigmas included or 
scarcely exserted. 3. C. rivularis. 

Scales of the spikelets acute or mucronate. 4. C. Nuttallii. 



CYPERACEAE 43 

E. Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achene trigonous. 

Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flattened spikelets. 
Wings of the rachis, if any, permanently attached to it. 
Scales tipped with recurved awns : low annual. 5. C. inflexus. 
Scales obtuse, acute or acuminate, not awn-tipped. 
Wings of the rachis none, or very narrow. 
Scapes smooth : plants annual. 6. C. compressus. 

Scapes rough : plants perennial. 7. C. Schweinitzii. 

Wings of the rachis distinct. 
Scales mucronate. 8. C. dentatus. 

Scales not mucronate. 
Scales wholly or partially purple -brown : achene linear-oblong. 

9. C. rotundus. 
Scales straw-colored : achene obovoid. 10. C. esculentus. 

Wings of the rachis separating from it as interior scales : annual. 

11. C. erythrorhizos. 
Scales and rachis of the spikelets deciduous. 

Achene narrowly linear-oblong, 2j^-4 times as long as thick. 
Spikelets distinctly flattened, several-many-flowered. 

12. C. strigosus. 
Spikelets nearly terete to a little flattened, i-few-flowered. 

Spikelets loosely spicate. 13. C. refractus. 

Spikelets capitate or capitate-spicate. 
Spikelets all reflexed : scapes almost always rough. 

14. C. retrofractus, 
Spikelets spreading or only the lower ones reflexed : scapes smooth. 
Spikes globose. 15. C. ovularis. 

Spikes cylindric to oval or obovoid. 16. C. Lancastriensis. 

Achene oblong to obovoid, not more than twice as long as thick. 
Rachis wingless or narrowly winged. 17. C.filiculmis. 

Rachis-wings broad, membranous. 18. C. echinatus. 

1. Cypenis flavescens L. Yei^i^ow Cyperus. (Man. p. 161 ; I. F./. 
S43'^ In marshy grounds, Me. to Mich., Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton, Easton ; Dei^aware, Wawa ; Phii.adei.phia, on the 
Delaware River ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster. 

2. Cyperus diandnis Torr. Low Cyperus. (Man. p. 161 ; I. F.y^ 
S44') In marshy places, N. B. to Minn, S. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie. 

3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus. (Man. p. 161; I. 

F. f. S4S-) In wet soil, Me. to Mich., N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton, Island Park ; Dei<aware. 

4. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy. Nuttai,i,'s Cyperus. (Man. p. 161 ; 
I. F.y. S46.) In salt or brackish marshes, Me. to Fla. and Miss. — Penn- 
sylvania : PHii^ADEiyPHiA, on and about ballast, 

5. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Awned Cyperus. (Man. p. 162; I. F. 
f- 549.) In wet sandy soil, Vt. to N. W. Terr., Fla. and Mex. — Pe7in- 
sylvania: Northampton; Chester; Lancaster; Dauphin. 

6. Cyperus compressus L. F1.AT Cyperus. (Man. p. 162; I. F. 
f. 550.) In fields, Md. to Fla. Also in trop. Am. and the Old World, 



44 CYPERACEAE 

and adventive northward. — Pennsylvania : Philadei.phia, on and 
about ballast. 

7. Cyperus Sahweinitzii Torn SchweiniTz's Cyperus. (Man. p. 
162; I, F./. 55/.) In moist sandy soil, Ont. to Pa., the N. W. Terr., 
Minn., and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Erie, Presque Isle. 

8. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Cyperus. (Man. p. 163; I. F. 
f. 336.) In sandy swamps and on river shores, Me. to W. Va. and S. C. 

— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
York. 

9. Cjrperus rotundus L. NuT-grAvSS. (Man. p. 163 ; I. F. f.557.) 
In fields. Pa. to Fla., Kans. and Tex. Nat. Also in tropical Am. and the 
Old World. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bethlehem; DeIvAware. 

10. Cypereus esculentus L. YeIvI^ow Nut-grass. (Man. p. 163 ; 
I. F.y". 55g. ) In moist fields, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. Also on the 
Pacific Coast from Calif, to Alaska, in tropical Am. and th^ Old World. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Dei^aware ; Lancas. 
TER ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Chester. 

11. Cyperus erythrorhlzos Muhl. Red-rooTkd Cyperus. (Man. 
p. 163 ; I. F. /. 5(5o.) In wet soil., Ont. to Calif., Mass., Fla. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Dauphin, Forster's Island ; Philadei^phia, on the 
Schuylkill; Dei^aware. 

12. Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-coIvOred Cyperus. (Man. p. 
164; I. F. f. 363.) In moist meadows and swamps. Me. to Minn., Fla. 
and Tex. — P<?;/;/5j//z^a«za .• Northampton ; PhiIvADEi.phia ; Chester; 
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

12a. C. strigosus robustior Kunth. ( Man. p. 165. ) Bucks. 
12b. C. strigosus capitatus Boeckl. (Man. p. 164.) Lancaster. 
12c. C. strigosus compositus Britton. Lancaster ; Philadelphia. 

13. C3T5erus refractus Engelm. Reelexed Cyperus. (Man. p. 
165 ; I. F. y*. 366. ) In dry fields, N. J. to Mo. and N. C. — Pennsylvania : 
Delaware. 

14. Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torr. Rough Cyperus. (Man. p. 165; 
I. F. f. 36'/.) In dry, sandy soil, N. J. to Ark., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Philadelphia ; Chester. 

15. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Globose Cyperus. (Man. p. 
165 ; I. F. /. 370.) In dry fields and on hills, N. Y. to Kans., Fla. and 
Tex. Pennsylvania : Lancaster, mouth of the Tucquan Creek, Safe 
Harbor ; Bucks. 

16. Cyperus Lancastriensis Porter. Lancaster Cyperus. (Man. 
p. 165; I. F. /. 368.) In dry fields, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and Ala.— 
Pemisylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor, McCall's Ferry ; Philadel- 
phia, on the Schuylkill ; Bucks. 

17. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. (Man. p. 165 ; I. 
F. f. 371.) In dry fields and on hills, R. I. to Ont., Minn., Fla., Kans., 
Tex. and northern Mex. Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Franklin ; Delaware. 



CYPERACEAE 45 

18. Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood. Bai^dwin's Cyperus. (Man. 
p. i66 ; I. F. /•S74.) la dry soil, N. C. to Mo., Fla. and Tex., and ad- 
ventive northward. — Pennsylvania : Bartram's Garden. 

4. ERIOPHORUM L. 

Spikelet solitary : involucre of a short bract or wanting, i. E. vaginatum. 
Spikelets several, umbellate or capitate : involucre of 1-4 bracts. 
Achenes ohovoid, obtuse : spikelets umbellate. 2. E. polystachyon. 

Achenes linear-oblong:, acute : spikelets capitate or some of them peduncled. 
Leaf-blades channeled : perianth-bristles 4-6 times as long as the scales, 
bright white. 
Perianth -bristles 1-1.5 cm. long: peduncles and upper part of scape 

smooth. 3. E. gracile. 

Perianth-bristles 2-2.5 cm. long : peduncles and upper part of scape rough. 

4. E. paucinervium. 
Leaf-blades flat : perianth-bristles 3 times as long as the scale, brown. 

5. E. Virginicum. 

1. Eriophorum vaginatum L. Sheathed CoTTon-grass. (Man. p. 

181 ; I. F. f. 638. ) In bogs or meadows, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Pa. and 
Minn. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna 
Mills, Tannersville, lyehigh Pond ; Wayne. 

2. Eriophormn polyatachyon h. TaIvI. CoTTOn-grass. (Man. p. 

182 ; I. F. /. 64/.) In bogs or meadows, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga. and 
Neb. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, Pocono ; 
Erie. 

3. Eriophorum gracile Koch. S1.ENDER CoTTon-grass. (Man. p. 
182.) In bogs and ponds, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in 
Eu. and Asia. —Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Pike ; 
Chester. 

4. Eriophorum paucinervium ( Engelm. ) A. A. Eaton. Few-nervKd 
Cotton-grass. (Man. p. 182; I. F./. 642, as E. giacile.) In bogs, N. 
B. to N. J. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills ; Susque- 
hanna. 

5. Eriophorum Virginicum Iv. Virginia Cotton-grass. (Man. p. 
182 ; I. F. /. 643.) In bogs or wet sand, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Neb. 
— Pemisylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Craw- 
ford ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Bucks ; Schuyi^kili, ; Montour ; 
Chester; DeIvAware. 

5. SCIRPUS L. 
A. Involucre of a single bract, or wanting. 
Spikelets solitary, or rarely 2 in No. 3, terminal. 

Involucre wanting. i. 5*. pauciflorus. 

Involucre present, of a single bract. 

Bract mostly shorter than the spikelet : scales acuminate : plants not 

aquatic. 2. 5. planifolius. 

Bract mostly longer than the spikelet : scales acute : plants aquatic. 

3. S. subterminalis. 
Spikelets normally more than i, usually several or numerous, often appar- 
ently lateral. 



46 CYPERACEAE 

Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing^ lateral. 
Annual plants, with bluntly 3-angled scapes : achenes plano-convex. 
Perianth-bristles about as long as the achene, downwardly barbed. 

4. S. debilis. 
Perianth-bristles minute or obsolete. 5. .S. Smithii. 

Perennial plants, with sharply 3-angled scapes. 

Perianth-bristlesmostly shorter than the achene : achene plano-convex» 

6. .S". Americanus. 
Perianth-bristles mostly longer than the achene : achene*3-angled. 
Involucral bract erect. 7. S. Torreyi. 

Involucral bract abruptly bent. 8. S. mucronatus. 

Spikelets several or numerous, in umbels or umbel-like clusters. 

9. S. lacustris. 
B. Involucre of 2 or more bracts with flat blades. 
Spikelets few to several, capitate to umbellate, relatively large. 

10. S. fiuviatilis. 
Spikelets very numerous, in compound umbels or umbelled heads, relatively 
small. 
Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed or wanting : spikelets in umbelled 
heads. 
Perianth-bristles equalling or slightly exceeding the achenes : leaf -blades 
6-16 mm. wide. 
Stigmas 3 : achene 3-angled : perianth-bristles 6. 
Spikelets 3-8 in each head : scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed 

throughout. \\. S. sylvaticus. 

Spikelets 8-20 in each head : scales acute : perianth-bristles not 
barbed below, 12. S. atrovirens. 

Stigmas 2.: achene lenticular : perianth -bristles 4. 13. S. rubrotinctus. 
Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide. 

14. 5. polyphyllus. 
Perianth-bristles smooth or slightly pubescent : umbel mostly decompound. 

Perianth-bristles shorter than the scales or scarcely exceeding them, 

15. 5". lineatus. 
Perianth-bristles much exserted beyond the scales at maturity. 

Bracts of the involucre reddish at the base : scales and bristles reddish. 

Spikelets sessile, in small heads, 16. S. cyperinus. 

Spikelets or some of them distinctly peduncled. 17. 5. Eriophorum. 

Bracts of the involucre blackish at the base : scales greenish black : 

bristles brown or olive-brown. 18. 6". atrocinctus. 

1. Scirpus pauciflorus Ligbtf. Few-Fi.owerKd Ceub rush. (Man. 
p. 176; I. F./. <57<9.) In wet soil, Anticosti and Ont. to B. C, Pa. and in 
the Rocky Mountains to Col., and in the Sierra Nevada. Also in Eu. 
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

2. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Wood Ci.ub-rush. (Man. p. 176; I. F. 
f. 61^.) In woods and thickets, R. I. to Mo. and Del. — Pennsylvania : 

Northampton ; Chester ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Aivi^EGHENY ; Lycoming ; Berks ; Somerset. 

3. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Ceub-rush. (Man. p. 176; 
I. F.y. 614.) In ponds or streams or sometimes on their borders, N. B. 
to the N. W. Terr,, Wash., N. J., Pa, and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Mon- 
roe ; Carbon ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Lackawanna. 



CYPBRACEAE 47 

4. Scirpus debilis Pursh. WKak stai.ked CIvUB-rush. (Man. p. 
177; I. V.f. 616.) In wet soil, Me. to Minn., Ga., Ala. and Neb. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; I^ancaster ; IvEhigh ; Cameron ; 
Erie ; Montgomery ; Chester. 

5. Scirpus Smithii A. Gray. Smith's CIvUB-rush. (Man. p. 177 ; I. F. 
/. 617.) In wet muddy places, Vt. to Minn., Del., Pa. and Mich. — 

Pennsylvania : Phii<adEi*phia. 

6. Scirpus Americanus Pers. Chair-maker's Rush. (Man. p. 
177; I. F. f. 618.) In fresh water and brackish swamps, throughout N. 
Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Lancaster; Dau- 
phin; York; Cambria; Lehigh; Lackawanna; Bucks ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Delaware ; Erie. 

7. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. TorrEy's Bulrush. (Man. p. 178; I. F. 
f. 620.) In swamps, Vt. to Man., R. I. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Hun- 
tingdon, barrens ; Carbon ; Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; Erie. 

8. Scirpus mucronatus L. BoG Bulrush. (Man. p. 178; I. F. /. 
621.) In swamps, Pa. Probably adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Delaware ; Chester. 

9. Scirpus lacustris L. Great Bulrush. Mat- rush. (Man. p. 

178 ; I. F. f. 62J.) In ponds and swamps, throughout N. Am. Also in 
the Old World. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Dauphin ; 
Allegheny. 

10. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. RivER Bulrush. (Man. p. 

179 ; I. F.y^ 628.) In shallow water, Quebec to Minn., N. J. and Kans.— 
Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Lancaster, Peach Bottom ; 
Erie, Presque Isle. 

11. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Wood Bulrush. (Man. p. 179 ; I. F. /. 
62g. ) In swamps, Mass. to Ga, Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Bucks ; Lancaster, Smithville, Gap, Little Octorara ; JEFFERSON. 

12. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green Bulrush. (Man. p. 
179 ; I. F.y! <5jo. ) In swamps, N. S.to Man., Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Somerset ; Lackawanna ; Allegheny. 

13. Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern aid. Small-fruiTEd Bulrush. (Man. 
p. 179 ; I. F. f. 631, under S. microcarpus.) In swamps and wet woods, 
northeastern North America. Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

14. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Leafy Bulrush. (Man. p. 180; I. 
F. f. 6j2.) In swamps, wet woods and meadows, Mass. to Minn., Ala. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Chester; Dauphin; Franklin; 
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Jefferson ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

15. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. (Man. p' 180; I. 
F. f. 6js.) In swamps and wet meadows, Ont. to Ore., Ga. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Chester ; Bradford ; Allegheny. 

16. Scirpus cy pel inus (L) Kunth. Wool-GRASS. (Man. p. 180; I. 
F. /. 6j6.) In swamps or meadows, Newf. to Ont., N. C. and Ky. — Penn- 



ft 
48 CYPERACEAE 

sylvania : Chester ; Erie ; Jefferson ; Northampton ; Franki^in ; 
Lancaster ; Lackawanna ; York ; Lehigh. 

17. Scirpus Eriophonim Michx. (Man. p. i8o. ) In swamps, Newf. 
to Ont., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster; CumberIvAND. 

18. Scirpus atrocinctus Fernald. Blackish Wooi.-GRASS. (Man. p. 
1045.) Newf. to Saskatchewan, Pa. and Iowa. — Penjisylvania : Monroe. 

6. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. 

Spikelet scarcely or not at all thicker than the scape : scales mostly leathery. 

1. E. tnutata. 
Spikelet usually manifestly thicker than the scape : scales mostly membra- 
nous. 

Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular or biconvex. 

Upper sheath scarious, hyaline : plants perennial by slender rootstocks. 

2. E. olivacea. 
Upper sheath truncate, oblique or toothed, not scarious. 

Annuals with fibrous roots. 

Perianth-bristles longer than the achene : spikelet ovoid. 

3. E. obtusa. 
Perianth-bristles not longer than the achene, often short or wanting : 

spikelet cylindric. 4. E. Engehnannii. 

Perennials with horizontal rootstocks. 
Tubercle flat-conic. 
Scape and spike stout. 5. E. palustris. 

Scape and spike slender. 6. E. glaucescens. 

Tubercle swollen, bulb-like : spikelet not thicker than the scape. 

7. E. Smallii. 
Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achene 3-angled or turgid. 
Achene cancellate. 
Achene longitudinally ribbed. 8. E. acicularis. 

Achene not longitudinally ribbed. 9. E. tuberculosa. 

Achene smooth, papillose, or irregularly ridged-reticulated. 
Tubercle plainly distinguishable from the achene. 

Achenes with the 3 angles ribbed. 10 . E. tricostata. 

Achenes obtusely 3-angled. 
Scapes slender to nearly filiform : scales obtuse. 

II. E. tenuis. 
Scapes flattened : scales acute. 12, E. acuminata. 

Tubercle long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the achene. 
Scapes filiform, 1-2.5 dm. long : spikelet 4-6 mm. long. 

13. E. intermedia. 
Scapes flattened, 3-6 dm. long : spikelet 7-13 mm. long. 

14. E. rostellata. 

1. Eleocharis mntata (L.) R. & S. Quadrangui^ar Spike- rush. 
(Man. p. 168; I. F. /. 57<?.) In wet places, N. J. to Mich., Ala., Mo., 
Tex. and Guatemala. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : 
PhiIvADEI^phia ; Erie. 

2. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Bright-green Spike-rush. (Man. 
p. 168; I. ^.f.^8i.) In wet soil, Me. to Ont. and S. C, mostly near 
the coast. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne, Lily Lake. 



CYPERACEAE 49 

3. Eleocharis obtusa Schult. Bi^unT Spikb-RUSH. (Man. p. 
1044.) In wet soil, N. B. to B. C, Fla., Tex. and Ore. Also in 
Eu. — Pennsylvania Northumbe:ri,and ; PhiIvADKIvPHIA ; Dei.a- 
WARK ; Chester ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Franki^in ; Lancas- 
ter ; Lebanon ; Montour ; Coi^umbia ; Erie ; Lackawanna ; 

SCHUYI^KIIvIv. 

Za. E. obtusa jejuna Fernald. Huntingdon. 

4. Eleocharis Engelmannii Steud. Engei^mann's Spike-RUSH. 
(Man. p. 169 ; I. F. /. 585.) In wet soil, Mass. to N. J., Ark., Tex. and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Lebanon ; Huntingdon. 

5. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping Spike-rush. (Man. 
p. 169 ; I. F. f. 586.) In wet places, Labrador to B. C, Fla., Tex. and 
Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northumber- 
ivAND ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Dei^ aware ; Bucks ; 
Tioga ; Susquehanna ; Pike ; Frankein ; Chester ; Erie. 

6. Eleocharis glaucescens (Willd.) Schult. Paee Spike-rush. 
(Man. p. 169.) In wet places, Ont. to Minn., Neb., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; 
Erie. 

7. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. Smaee'S SpikE-RUSH. Sandy shores 
of islands, lower Susquehanna River, Pa. — Pen?isylvania : Dauphin, 
Harrisburg ; Lancaster and York, McCall's Ferry. 

8. Eleocharis acicularis (L. ) R. & S. NeedeE Spike-rush. (Man. 
p. 170 ; I. F. y. 587.) In wet soil, throughout N. A., except the extreme 
north. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Mon- 
roe ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Chester ; 
Deeaware ; Erie. 

9. Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. Large-tuberceed 
Spike-rush. (Man. p. 170 ; I. F./. jpo.) In wet soil, Mass. to Fla. and 
Tex., near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Montgomery, bog near Willow 
Grove. 

10. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-RIBBed Spike-rush. (Man. 
p. 171 ; I. F.y. 394.) In wet soil, N. Y. to Fla. — Pennsylvania : Deea- 
ware, Tinicum. 

11. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. SeEnder Spike- rush. (Man. 
p. 171 ; I. F./. 595.) In wet soil, Cape Breton Island to Man., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Schuyekiee ; Frankein ; 
Chester ; Deeaware. 

12. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. FeaT-stemmed Spike- 
rush. (Man. p. 171 ; I. F./. 596. ) In wet soil, Antioosti to Man., Ga., 
La. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle ; Bucks. 

13. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. Matted Spike-rush. 
(Man. p. 171 ; I. F. / 597.) In marshes, Ont. to Minn., N. J., 111. and 
lowsi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; Lan- 
caster ; Frankein. 

4 



50 CYPERACEAE 

14. Eleocharis roatellata Torr. Beaked Spikk-RUSH. (Man. p. 171; 
I. F./. 59<S'. ) In wet places, Vt. to B. C, Fla., Mex. and Q.Q\.—Pcnnsyl- 
vania : Crawford. 

7. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 
Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achenes lenticular. 

Spikelets peduncled and forming umbels, or solitary and sessile. 

I. F. lax a. 
Spikelets several, sessile, forming a terminal head. 2. F. Vahlii. 

Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achenes 3-angled. 3. F. autumiialis. 

1. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Weak Fimbristyi^is. (Man. p. 174 ; I. 
F. /. 606.) In moist soil, Pa. to Fla., west to 111., Mo. and Tex. Also in 
tropical Am. — Pennsylva^iia : CHESTER ; Phii^adelphia ; Lancaster. 

2. Fimbristylis Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Vahi^'s Fimbristyi^is. (Man. 
p. 174 ; I. F. /. 607.) In moist soil, Mo. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla. 
Also about the eastern cities. — Pennsylva7iia : Chester ; Phieadel- 
PHiA ; Lancaster. 

3. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L. ) R. & S. SeEnder Fimbristyeis. 
(Man. p. 174 ; I. F. /. 608.) In moist soil, Me. to Mich., Fla. and La. 
Also in tropical Km..— Pennsylvania : Chester ; Northampton ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Dauphin ; Erie ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

8. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. 

1. Stenophyllus capillaris (L. ) Britton. Hair-eike STENOPHYEEUS. 
(Man. p. 173 ; I. F. /. 6oj.) In dry or moist soil, throughout N. A., ex- 
cept the extreme north. Also in tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Deeaware ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Mont- 
gomery ; Phieadeephia ; York ; CHESTER. 

9. CLADIUM P. Br. 
1. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Twig-rush. (Man. p. 186 ; 
I. F. y. 6(5/.) In marshes, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Iowa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Carbon ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Ceinton. 

10. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. 

Perianth-bristles downwardly barbed. 

Scales white or whitish : perianth-bristles 9-15. i. R. alba. 
Scales brown : perianth-bristles 6. 

Leaves with filiform blades : achenes oblong. 2. R. capillacea. 

Leaves with narrowly linear flat blades; achenes obovate. 3. R. glomerata. 

Perianth-bristles upwardly barbed. 4. R. cymosa. 

1. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. White Beaked-rush. (Man. p. 
185 ; I. F. /. 65/.) In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Fla., Ky., Minn, and Ore. 
Also in En. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster ; Craw- 
ford ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Phieadeephia ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; 
Deeaware. 

2. Rynchospora capillacea Torr. Capieeary Beaked-rush. (Man. 
p. 185 ; I. F./. 652.') In bogs, Va. to Minn., N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster ; Erie. 



CYPERACEAE 51 

3. Rynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl. Ci^ustered Beaked-rush. 
(Man. p. 185 ; I. E. /. 654.) In moist soil, Me. to Mich., Fla. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northumberi^and ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Bucks, Bristol ; Phie- 
adeephia ; Fraxkein ; Lancaster ; Perry. 

4. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass- eike Beaked-rush. (Man. 
p. 186 ; I. F./. 658. ) In moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in 
Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware ; Lancaster. 

11. SCLERIA Berg. 

Inflorescence of i or several terminal or lateral clusters. 

Achene smooth. i. .S". triglonierata. 

Achene reticulated, ridged or papillose. 
Achene reticulated or irregularly ridged. 

Clusters of spikelets sessile or nearly so : achene not hairy. 

2. 5'. reticularis. 
Lower clusters of spikelets filiform-peduncled : achene hairy. 

3. 5. Ton-eyana. 
Achene papillose. 4. 5. paucijlora. 

Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. 5. verticillaia. 

1. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Taee XuT-rush. (Man. p. 187 ; I. 
F.y. 66s A 111 meadows and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Chester. 

2. Scleria reticularis Michx. ReticltIvATEd Nut-rush. (Man. p. 
187 ; I. F. yi 664. ) In moist meadows, eastern Mass. to Mo. and Fla. 
Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Pleasant Grove. 

3. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Torrey's NuT-rush. (Man. p. 188; 
I. F./. 66^.) In moist soil, N, J. to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Also in Cuba. 
— Pennsylvania: Bucks; Monroe, Tobyhanna ; Delaware; Lancas- 
ter. 

4. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papieeose Nut-rush. (Man. p. 188; 
I. F./. 666.) In dry soil, N. H. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. Also in Cuba.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; 
Chester. 

5. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Low Nut-rush. (Man. p. 188; I. F. 
/. 66/.) In moist meadows, Mass. to Mich., W. I., Tex. and Mex. — 

Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

12. CAREX L. 

A. Staminate flowers numerous, in one or more terminal spikes, which are 
sometimes pistillate at the base or summit ; or the spike solitary and the 
staminate flowers uppermost or basal, rarely dioecious : stigmas mostly 3 
and the achene 3-angled or swollen (stigmas 2 and the achene lenticular or 
compressed in no. 38). EUCAREX. 
*'Perigynia mostly long-beaked, 3-20 mm. long, often inflated, the beak usu- 
ally as long as the body or longer (short-beaked in no. 27): pistillate 
spikes mostly large, globose, ovoid, oblong or cylindric. 



52 CYPERACEAE 

Perigynia membranous or papery. 
Spike solitary, few-flowered, staminate above : perigynia subulate 

strongly reflexed. I. PAUCIFLORAE. 

Spikes normally several, the staminate uppermost, if solitary staminate 
at the base. 
Perigynia ovoid, conic, each with a narrowed base, or subulate, taper- 
ing into the beak. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, short or none, neither stiff 
nor awned. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak lanceolate or subulate. 

II. LUPUUNAE. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak short or almost wanting. 

III. VESICARIAE. 
Teeth of the perigynium-beak stiff, setaceous or awned. 

IV. PSEUDOCYPERINAE. 
Perigynia obovoid, very abruptly contracted into the beak : spikes 

exceedingly dense. V. SQUARROSAE. 

Perigynia firm, hard or leathery. VI. PALUDOSAE. 

** Perigynia short-beaked or beakless, little or not at all inflated, 1-5 mm. 
long, the beak commonly not more than K as long as the body (long- 
beaked in no. 32); spikes small and oblong or globose ; or elongated 
linear or narrowly cylindric, 
t Spikes 2 or more, the staminate one always uppermost, sometimes partly 
pistillate. 
^Pistillate spike or spikes many-flowered, mostly 2.5 cm. long or more 
(or shorter in nos. 33, 45, 47, 48, 51, 56-58), linear, narrowly cylindric 
or oblong. 
J Perigynia with a^straight short beak (long-beaked in no. 32; nearly 
beakless in no. 28), firm or leathery in texture ; pistillate spikes 
erect ; stigmas 3. 
Uppermost spike staminate from the base to about the middle. 

VII. SHORTIANAE. 
Uppermost spike entirely staminate, or occasionally pistillate at the 
base. 
Perigynia papillose ; beak very short, nearly or quite entire. 

VIII. ANOMAI.AE. 
Perigynia pubescent ; beak sharply 2-toothed. 

IX. HIRTAE. 
Jj Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked (see no. 28), and with ori- 
fices nearly or quite entire, thin in texture, not inflated, closely in- 
vesting the achene : pistillate spikes erect or drooping, often 
brown or purple : stigmas often 2. 
Pistillate spikes erect or somewhat spreading. 
Terminal spike staminate below : stigmas 3. 

X. ATRATAE. 
Terminal spike staminate throughout : stigmas 2, 

XI. RIGIDAE. 
Pistillate spikes diooping, mostly on slender peduncles. 
Pistillate spikes 0.6-7.5 cm. long : stigmas 3 (2 in no. 38). 
Pistillate spikes linear : scales shorter than the perigynia. 

XII. PRASINAE. 
Pistillate spikes globose, oblong or cylindric : scales as long as 
the perigynia, or longer. XIII. PENDUEINAE. 



CYPERACEAE 5S^ 

Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long": scales 1-8 times as long as the 
perig-ynia. XIV. CRYPTOC^RPAE. 

tJtPerigynia tapering to a distinct beak (neariy or quite beakless in 
nos. 45-49), membranous in texture (firm in no. 55), inflated or 
loosely investing the achene : pistillate spikes mostly drooping, 
often narrowly linear. 
Terminal spike staminate below, pistillate above : perigynia short- 
beaked or beakless. 
Spikes all erect or nearly so. XV. VIRESCENTES. 

Pistillate spikes drooping or spreading (erect or little spreading in 
no 50). XVI GRACILLIMAE. 

Terminal spike wholly staminate, or sometimes pistillate at the base. 
Perigynia manifestly beaked, nerved or nerveless : pistillate spikes 
drooping 
Beak of the perigynium cylindric or subulate, once or twice as 

long as the body. XVII. SYLVATICAE. 

Beak of the perigynium not more than V2. as long as the body. 

XVIII. DEBILES. 
Perigynia beakless or minutely beaked, finely many-striate : spikes 
erect or nearly so. XIX. GRISEAE. 

\ Pistillate spikes small, few-many-flowered, mostly 6-25 mm. long 
(sometimes longer in no. 67). (See also nos. t^t^, 45, 47. 48, 51, 56-58.) 
Perigynia glabrous. 
Pistillate spikes many-flowered, 6-25 mm. long, usually dense. 

Pistillate spikes scattered, distant, long-stalked or the 2 upper ones 
approximate and nearly sessile. 

XX. GRANULARES. 
Pistillate spikes approximate and nearly sessile, at the top of the 
scape : or the lowest distant and stalked, 
Perigynium with a stout 2-toothed beak : plants with glabrous 

foliage. XXI. EXTENSAE. 

Perigynium with a short entire beak or beakless : plants with 
pubescent foliage. XXII. PALLESCENTES. 

Pistillate spikes few-several-flowcred, often loose. 
Scales of the spike normal, neither elongated nor leaf-like. 
L,eaf-blades 2-36 mm. wide : bracts leaf-like, usually large. 
Perigynia green. 
Perigynia finely many-striate. 

XXIII. OLIGOCARPAE. 
Perigynia with few or many, mostly strong nerves. 

XXIV. LAXIFLORAE. 
Perigynia white, yellow or brown. 

XXV. BICOLORES. 
Leaf-blades, and stems, mostly capillary : bracts mere bladeless 
sheaths. XXVI. DIGITATAE. 

Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. 

XXX. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
Perigynia pubescent. 

Bracts mainly reduced to purple bladeless sheaths. 

XXVII. PEDUNCULATAE. 
Bracts various, not sheathing. 

Perigynia mostly rounded. XXVIII. MONTANAE. 

Perigynia conspicuously 3-angled. 

XXIX. TRIQUETRAE. 



54 CYPERACEAE 

it Spike solitary, sometimes dioecious. 
Scales of the spikes elongated, leaf-like. 

XXX. PHYIXOSTACHYAE. 
Scales of the spikes short, normal. 

XXXr. I.EPTOCEPHALAE. 
B. Staminate flowers few, at the summits or bases of the always sessile spikes, 
or sometimes forming whole spikes, or variously intermixed with the pis- 
tillate : stigmas always 2 : achene lenticular, compressed, ellipsoid or 
plano-convex. VIGNEA. 
Staminate flowers at the summit of the spike. 

Spike solitary, terminal. XXXII. DIOICAE. 

Spikes several, clustered. XXXIII. FOETIDAE. 

Spikes yellowish or brown at maturity, in compound or panicled clusters. 
Perigynia strongly several-nerved, especially on the outer face. 

XXXIV. VULPINAE. 
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved. 

XXXV. MULTIFLORAE. 
Spikes green or greenish when mature, aggregated or separated, in sim- 
ple clusters. XXXVI. MUHLENBERGIANAE. 
Staminate flowers at the base of the spike, variously intermingled with the 
pistillate in the spikes, or occasionally forming whole spikes. 
Perigynia wingless, the inner face flat. 

XXXVII. ELONGATAE. 
Perigynia with narrow or broad marginal wings, the inner face concave. 

XXXVIII. OVAIvES. 

I. PAUCIFI^ORAE. 
A single species in our range. i. C. pauciflora. 

II. IvUPUIvINAE. 
Pistillate spikes ovoid or globose, relatively few-flowered. 
Perigynia subulate, reflexed when mature. 2. C. Collinsii. 

Perigynia conic or ovoid, not reflexed. 

Plants yellow or yellowish : perigynia little inflated. 
L,eaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : staminate spike sessile. 

3. C. abacta. 
lyCaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide : staminate spike mostly peduncled. 

4. C. folliculata. 
Plants green : perigynia well inflated. 

I,eaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide : spikes loosely flowered. 

5. C. intumescens. 
I,eaf-blades 6-10 mm. wide : spikes dense. 6. C. Asa-Grayi. 

Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric, densely many-flowered. 
Pistillate spikes oblong : achenes longer than thick. 

7. C. hipulina. 
Pistillate spikes cylindric : achenes not longer than thick. 

8. C. lupuliformis. 
III. VESICARIAE. 

Spikes relatively small, 2.5 cm. long, or less, oblong to subglobose : stigmas 

often 2. 9. C. oligosperma. 

Spikes relatively large, 2-15 cm. long, cylindric or oblong-cylindric : stigmas 3. 
a. Scales acute, acuminate, or smooth-awned, or the lower ones with slightly 
roughened awns. 



CYPERACEAB 55 

Perigynia ascending- or spreading, not reflexed. 
Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm. thick, 2-15 cm. long. 
Stems stout : leaf-blades 4-12 mm. wide. 10. C. utriculata. 

Stems slender : leaf -blades 2-5 mm. wide. 11. C. monile. 
Spikes oblong-cylindric or cylindric, 12 mm. thick, 2-5 cm. long. 
Scales with smooth awns. 12. C. Tuckermanii. 

Scales merely acute or acuminate, or the upper blunt. 

13. C, hullata. 
Perigynia, at least the lower ones, reflexed at maturity. 
Spikes clustered at the top of the scape, or the lower i or 2 separated : 

perigynia all reflexed at maturity. 14. C. retrorsa. 

Spikes scattered : perigynia at the base of the spikes reflexed. 

15. C. Hartii. 
b. Scales tapering into rough awns. 

Spikes stout-cylindric, about 12 mm. thick : perigynium tapering into a 

beak. 16. C. lurida. 

Spikes narrowly cylindric, 6-8 mm, thick : perigynium abruptly narrowed 
into a beak. 17. C. Baileyi. 

IV. PSEUDOCYPBRINAE. 
Spikes erect or ascending. 18. C. Schweuiitzii. 

Spikes, at least the lower ones, slender-peduncled and drooping. 

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long : perigynia ascending. 

19. C. hystricina. 
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 3-7 cm. long : perigjmia reflexed. 

Perigynium-beak with erect or slightly spreading teeth. 

20. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. 
Perigynium-beak with recurved teeth. 21. C. coniosa. 

V. SQUARROSAK. 

Scales linear-subulate, longer than the perigynia. 22. C. Frankii. 
Scales lanceolate, % as long as the perigynia. 

Spikes 1-3, subglobose or oval, staminate below : achenes linear-oblong. 

23. C. sqiiarrosa. 
Spikes 2-6, oblong-cylindric, usually staminate at both ends : achenes ovoid. 

24. C. typhinoides. 

VI. PAIvUDOSAE. 

Leaves bright green, not glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak slender, con- 
spicuous. 25. C trichocarpa. 
Leaves pale green, glaucous : teeth of the perigynium-beak short. 

26. C. riparia. 
VII. SHORTIANAK. 
A single species in our range. 27. C. Shortiana. 

VIII. ANOMALAE. 
A single species in our range. 8. C. scabrata. 

IX. HIRTAE. 
Staminate spike or spikes sessile or nearly so. 29. C. vestita. 

Staminate spike or spikes distinctly stalked. 
a. Leaves glabrous : native species. 

Leaf-blades flat, or their margins slightly revolute. 

30. C. lanuginosa. 
Leaf-blades strongly revolute, 2 mm. wide or narrower. 

31. C.filiformis. 



56 cypp:raceae 

b. lycaves, at least their sheaths, pubescent : naturalized species. 

32. C. Iiirla. 

X. ATRATAE. 

A sing-le species in our range. 33. C.fusca. 

XI. RIGIDAE. 

IvOwer leaf sheaths becoming- very fibrillose. 34. C. stricta. 

Lower leaf-sheaths not at all fibrillose or only sparingly so. 
Scapes 3-6 dm. tall : scales acute or acuminate. 35. C. Haydeni. 
Scapes 2-1 1 dm. tall : scales at least the upper ones obtuse. 

Scales green. 36. C. aquatilis. 

Scales brown or purple. 37. C. Goodenovii. 

XII. PRA.SINAE. 
Perigynia twisted toward the top : scales purple-brown. 

38. C. torta. 
Perigynia straight : scales green. 39. C. prasina. 

Xiri. PENDUUNAE. 
Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric. 40. C. littoralis. 

Pistillate spikes oblong or globular. 

Perigynia surpassing the scales. 41. C. limosa. 

Perigynia shorter than the scales. 42. C. Magellanica. 

XIV. CRYPTOCARPAE. 
Perigynia obovoid, obtuse. 43. C. crinita. 

Perigynia oblong or elliptic, acute, 44. C. gynandra. 

XV. VIRESCENTES. 
Perigynia densely pubescent. 
Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-20 mm. long : perigynia oval or ovoid, 

few-nerved. 45. C. virescens. 

Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric, 12-36 mm. long: perigynia oblong, 
strongly many-nerved. 46. C. costellata. 

Perigynia glabrous or nearly so, at least when mature. 
Spikes 5-7 mm. thick : perigynia imbricated, flattened : top of the achene 

not bent. 47. C. triceps. 

Spikes 3-4 mm. thick : perigynia not imbricated, swollen : top of the achene 
bent or tipped with a bent style. 48. C. Caroliniana. 

XVI. GRACILUMAE. 

Perigynia 2 mm. long, slightly swollen : spikes linear or linear-cylindric. 
Plants glabrous : perigynia obtuse. 49. C graallima. 

Plants with pubescent sheaths : perigynia pointed at both ends. 

50. C. aestivalis. 
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, manifestly swollen : spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric. 

51. C, Davisii. 

XVII. SYLVATICAE. 

A single species in our range. 52. C. longirostris. 

XViri. DEBILES. 
a. Perigynia membranous, few-nerved : pistillate spikes slender. 
Perigynia V}, longer than the scales : leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide. 

53. C. arctata. 
Perigynia Vt. longer than the scales : leaf -blades 2-5 mm. wide. 

54. C. tenuis. 



CYPERACEAE 57 

b. Perigynia leathery, strongly many-nerved : spikes stouter. 

55. C. oblita. 
XIX. GRISEAH. 
Leaves slightly or not at all glaucous 

Pistillate spikes dense, usually many-flowered : leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide, 

soft, spreading. 56. C. grisea. 

Pistillate spikes loosely several-flowered : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, mostly 
erect, rigid. 57. C. amphibola. 

Leaves, or the whole plant, very glaucous. 58 C. glaucodea. 

XX. GRANULARES. 
Bracts elongated, mostly overtopping the spikes : perigynia strongly many- 
nerved. 
Perigynia 2-3 mm. long. S9. C. granularis. 

Perigynia i-i 5 mm. long. 60. C. Shriveri. 

Bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes : perigynia finely few nerved. 

61. C. Crawei. 
XXI. EXTENSAE. 

Perigynia yellow, 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body : leaf- blades 
over 2 mm. wide. 62. C.flava. 

Perigynia green, 2 mm. long, the beak K as long as the body • leaf-blades less 
than 2 mm. wide. 63. C. viridula. 

XXII. PALLESCENTES. 

A single species in our range. 64. C pallescens. 

XXIII. OLIGOCARPAE. 
Leaf-sheaths glabrous. 

Perigynia narrowed at both ends, beakless. 65. C. conoidea. 

Perigynia with short entire beaks. 66. C. oligocarpa. 

Leaf-sheaths pubescent. 67. C. Hitchcockiana. 
XXIV. LAXIFLORAE. 

A. Plants not at all glaucous, or very slightly so. 

Beak of the perigynium slender, straight. 68. C. polymorpha. 

Beak of the perigynium bent, short or wanting, 
a. Leaf-blades mostly narrow, 2-12 mm. wide. 
Scales, at least the upper ones, obtuse. 
Bracts elongated : spikes loosely flowered : stems and scapes slender. 

69. C. tetanica. 
Bracts short : spikes densely flowered : stems and scapes stout. 

70. C. Meadii. 
Scales acute, cuspidate, acuminate or awned. 

Perigynia obtusely 3-angled. 
Perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 ^°i- lo"?) the beak short, blunt, bent. 

71. C. laxiflora. 
Perigynia elliptic to oblong, 3-5 mm. long, the beak sharp. 

Perigynia narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, the beak oblique. 

72. C. st.ylofiexa. 
Perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, the beak nearly straight. 

73. C. striatula. 
Perigynia sharply 3-angled. 

Spikes drooping or spreading : leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide : perigynia 
about as broad as long. 74. C. digitalis. 

Spikes erect or nearly so: leaf-blades 6-12 mm. wide: perigynia 
about twice as long as broad. 75. C. Careyana. 



58 CYPRRACEAE 

b. Leaf-blades 12-36 mm. broad. 

Bracts leaf-like, the upper one usually surpassing- the inflorescence. 

76. C. Albursina. 
Bracts mostly reduced to bladeless sheaths. 77. C. plantaginea. 
B. Plants distinctly glaucous. 

Pistillate spikes drooping from hair-like peduncles. 78. C. laxicidmis. 
Pistillate spikes erect. 

Leaves much longer than the scapes. 79. C. plychocarpa. 

Leaves shorter than the scapes or about equalling them. 

80. C.plalyphylla. 

XXV. BICOLORES. 

A single species in our range. 81. C. aurea. 

XXVI. DIGITATAE. 

A single species in our range. 82. C. setifolia. 

XXVII. PEDUNCULATAE. 
A single species in our range. 83. C. pedunculata. 

XXVIII. MONTANAE. 

Plants not stoloniferous. 84. C. pedicellata. 

Plants stoloniferous, the stolons sometimes short. 
Scapes, or some of them, longer than the leaves. 
Staminate spikes conspicuous, mostly over 6 mm. long. 

Plant dark green : staminate spike very prominent : perigynia broadly 

oval. 85. C. Pennsylvanica . 

Plant light green : staminate spike shorter : perigynia oblong. 

86. C. varia. 
Staminate spikes inconspicuous, mostly less than 6 mm. long. 

87. C. dejiexa. 

88. C. albicans. 
Scapes, or most of them, much shorter than the leaves. 

Scales light green, with purple margins, or these never pale : perigynia 
oblong. 89. C. nigi'O-marginata. 

Scales green with lighter scarious margins : perigynia oval. 

90. C. u^nbellata. 

XXIX. TRIQUETRAE. 

A single species in our range, 91, C. pubescens. 

XXX. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
Body of the perigynium oblong ; beak flattened. 92. C. Wildenovii. 

Body of the perigynium globose ; beak subulate. 93. C. Janiesii. 

XXXI. LEPTOCEPHALAE. 
A'single species in our range. 94. C. leptalea. 

XXXII. DIOICAE. 
A single species in our range. 95. C. Redowskyana. 

XXXIII. FOETIDAE. 

A single species in our range. 96. C. chordorhiza. 

XXXIV. VULPINAE. 
Perigynium-beak shorter than the body. 97. C. conjiincta. 
Perigynium-beak longer than the body or about as long. 

98. C. stipata. 



CYPERACEAE 59 

XXXV. MULTIFI^ORAE. 
I,eaf-blades mostly less than 2 tnm. wide. 99. C. teretiuscula. 

l,eaf -blades mostly over 2 mm., wide. 
Scales acuminate, cuspidate or awned. 

Perigynia 3-5 mm. long. 100. C. alopecoidea. 

Perigynia 2-3 mm. long. 
I,eaves as long as the stem or longer : perigynia dull yellow to brown. 

loi. C. vtilpinoidea. 
I^eaves shorter than the stem : perigynia bright yellow. 

102. C. xanthocarpa. 
Scales blunt, scarious-tipped. 103. C. Sartwellii. 

XXXVI. MUHI.ENBERGIANAE. 
Spikes 1-5-flowered, the lower at least much separated : perigynia nearly terete, 

ellipsoid. 104. C. teiiella. 

Spikes several-many-flowered : perigynia flattened, lanceolate, ovate or 
roundish. 
Spikes separated or the upper approximate : perigynia mostly radiating or 
reflexed. 
Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. 

Beak of the perigynium K-K as long as the body : native species of 
woodlands. 
Perigynia stellately radiating or ascending. 105. C. rosea. 
Perigynia reflexed, at least when mature. 106. C. retroflexa. 
Beak of the perigynium more than K as long as the body : introduced 
species of fields. 107. C. muricata. 

L,eaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. 108. C. sparganioides. 

Spikes all aggregated or the lower separated : perigynia spreading or as- 
cending. 
Leaf-blades relatively thin and lax, 4-8 mm. wide. 109. C. cephaloidea. 
Leaf-blades relatively stiff", 1-4 mm. wide. 
Perigynia 2 mm. long or shorter, nerveless or faintly few-nerved. 

no. C. cephalophora. 
Perigynia 3 mm. long, strongly nerved or nerveless. 

111. C. Muhle7ibergii . 
XXXVIL ELONGATAE. 

Perigynia radiately spreading or reflexed when mature. 
Perigynium distinctly nerved on both faces : beak rough. 

Perigynium lanceolate : beak inore than K as long as the body. 

112. C. sterilis. 
Perigynium ovate : beak about ^^3 as long as the body, abrupt. 

113. C. Atlantica. 
Perigynium faintly nerved only on the outer face : beak smoothish. 

114. C. interior. 
Perigynium appressed or ascending, at least not radiating. 

a. Perigynia ovate, oval, oblong or elliptic. 

Bracts short, scale-like or obsolete, or the lowest one sometimes surpassing 
its spike. 
Spikes silvery green or almost white. 115. C. canescens. 

Spikes brown or brownish. 116. C. brunnescens. 

Bracts bristle-form, elongated, much surpassing the 2-4 perigynia. 

117. C. Irispernia. 



60 CYPERACEAE 

b. Perigynia lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 

Spikes oblong or globular : perigynia nerveless. ii8. C. Dewey ana. 
Spikes oblong-cylindric : perigynia strongly several-nerved 

119. C. bromoides. 
XXXVIII. OVAIvES. 

Perigynia much longer than broad 

Perigynia lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 times as long as wide. 
Staminate flower intermixed with the pistillate : perigynia broadly winged. 

120. C. sicca ta. 
Staminate flowers all basal : perigynia narrowly winged. 

Spikes oblong or oval : perigynia erect or ascending. 

Spikes green-brown, blunt. 121. C. tribuloides. 

Spikes bright brown, pointed. 122. C, scoparia. 

Spikes globular : perigynia spreading at maturity. 

123. C. cristalella. 
Perigynia ovate, or if narrower not more than twice as long as broad. 
Perigynia ascending or spreading. 
Spikes silvery green. 124. C.foenea. 

Spikes yellowish-brown or greenish. 125. C. straminea. 

Perigynia erect or appressed. 126. C. tenera. 

Perigynia about as broad as long or broader than long. 
Spikes green-brown. 

Perigynia spreading or ascending, 3-3.5 mm broad : achene sessile. 

127. C.festucacea. 
Perigyniaerect, 4-5 mm. broad: achene slipitate. 128. C. alaia. 
Spikes silvery-green, but darkening in age. 129. C. albolutescens. 

1. Carex pauciflora L'ghtf. Few-Fi,owerKd SEdgb. (Man. p. 190 ; 
I. F. f 6ji.) In bogs and mea<1ows. Newf. to Alaska, Pa., Mich, and 
Wash. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna, near Montrose; Wayne, Terry 
Lake ; Pike ; Monroe. 

2. Carex Collin-^ii Nutt. Coi.i.in's Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /. 
672.) In bogs, R. I. to ea'^tern Pa. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Schuyi,kii,Iv, 
Broad M nintain ; CHESTER. 

3. Carex abacta Bade)'. Yei<IvOWISH Sedge. (Han. p. 191 ; I. F. 
f. 6jj. ) In hogs and wet meadows. Newf. to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Susquehanna. 

4. Carex folliculata L. Long Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /. 674.) 
In shad«::^d swamps and wet woods. Newf. to Md., Mich, and W. Va. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuyi,kii,i, ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dei^aware ; Centre ; Venango ; Somerset * 
Susquehanna. 

5. Carex in tumescens Rudge. Bladder Sedge. (Man. p 191; I. 
F. f. 6/5.) In damp thickets and wet places, Newf. to Man., Fla. and 
La. — Pe^msylvania : Monroe ; Northumberi^and ; Bucks ; Montgom- 
ery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Beair ; Jefferson ; Armstrong ; Som- 
erset ; Pike : Lackawanna ; Frankein ; Deeaware. 

6. Carex Asa-Grayi Badev. Gray's Sedge. (Man. p. 191 ; I. F. /. 
979.) In swamps and wet meadows, Vt. to Mich., Ga. and Mo. — Penn- 
sylvania : Delaware ; York ; Mercer ; Erie ; Aeeegheny. 



CYPERACEAE 61 

7. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. (Man. p. 192 ; I. F. /. 6/8.) 
In swamps, Hudson Bay to Fla. and Tex, — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 

NORTHUMBERI<AND ; BERKS ; DEI.AWARE ; CHESTER ; LANCASTER ; 

FRANKI.IN ; Huntingdon ; Fui^ton ; Jefferson, 

8. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell, Hop-i,ike Sedge. (Man, p. 192 ; 
I. F.y. 6/6.) Swamps, R. I, to Minn, and Del. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Bristoi. ; C1.EARFIEED ; Crawford ; Northampton ; Dei^aware. 

9. Carex ollgosperma Mich X. Few-seeded Sedge. (Man. p. 193; 
I. F.y, 681.) In bogs and meadows, Labrador to the N. W. Terr., Pa. and 
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Centre, near Penn Forest ; Carbon, Round 
Pond ; Monroe, Long Pond. 

10. Carex utriculata Boott. B0TT1.E Sedge, (Man. p. 194 ; I. F, /, 
68/.) In marshes, Anticosti to B, C, Del., Minn., Nev. and Calif. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Susquehanna ; Wayne ; Suli^ivan. 

11. Carex monile Tuckerm, Necki^ace Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I, 
F. /. 688.) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Mo., in the Rocky Mts. 
to Col., and to Calif. — Pennsylvaiiia : Bucks, Sellersville ; Chester ; 
Huntingdon, Barrens ; EiyK ; Crawford ; MERCER ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster ; Pike. 

12. Carex Tuckermanii Dewey. Tuckerman's Sedge (Man. p. 
194 ; I. F./. 68g. ) In bogs and meadows, N. B. to Ont, N. J., Mich, and 
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; 
C1.EARF1E1.D ; Mercer. 

13. Carex buUata Schk. Button Sedge. (Man. p. 194; I. F. /. 
6go.) In swamps, Mass. to N. C. — Pennsylvania: Susquehanna; 
Lycoming ; Lancaster, Smithville. 

14. Carex retrorsa Schw. Retrorse Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I. F. 
f. 6gi.) In wet places, N. S. to Man., Mass., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Huntingdon, near Penn Forest ; Bucks. 

15. Carex Hartii Dewey. Hart Wright's Sedge. (Man. p. 194; 
I. F. f. 6g2.) In marshes, Ont. to Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Sus- 
quehanna. 

16. Carex lurida Wahl. Sai,i,ow Sedge. (Man. p. 194 ; I. F./. 6pj.) 
In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Fla, and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lu- 
zerne ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Ei.k ; Lancaster ; Cen- 
tre ; Blair ; Ci^earfield ; C1.AR10N ; Somerset ; Tioga ; Frank- 
lin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie. 

16a, C. lurida exudans Bailey. (Man. p. 195.) Huntingdon, 
Alexandria; Blair; Elk. 

16b. C. lurida flaccida Bailey. (Man. p. 195.) Bucks. 

16c, C. lurida par vula (Paine) Bailey. (Man. p, 195,) Bucks ; Sus- 
quehanna ; Clarion. 

17. Carex Baileyi Britton. Bailey's Sedge. (Man. p. 195 ; I. F. 
/. 6p/.) Bogs, Vt. to Va. and T^nn.— Pennsylvania : Wayne; Mon- 
roe ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Clearfield ; Somerset ; Susque- 
hanna, 



62 CYPERACEAE 

18. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey. Schwkinitz's Skdgk. (Man. p. 
195 ; I. F. f. 6g^.) In swamps, Mass. to Ont., Mich., N. J. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Monrok ; SUvSQUEhanna. 

19. Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine Sedgr. (Man. p. 195; I. 
F.y. 6p6.) In meadows or wet places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and 
Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; NorthumberIvAnd ; Bucks ; Craw- 
ford ; Chester ; LancAvSTEr ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

20. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus Iv. Cyperus-like Sedge. (Man. p. 

195 ; I. F. /. 6g-j. ) In bogs, N. S. to Man., Me., N. Y, and Mich. Also 
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle. 

21. Carex comosa Boott, Bristi^y Sedge. (Man. p. 195; I. F. /. 
<5p5.) In swamps and along the borders of ponds, N. S. to Wash., Ga., 
La. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Luzerne ; Pike; Northamp- 
ton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Crawford; 
Erie, Presque Isle ; Franki^in, Chambersburg. 

22. Carex Frankii Kunth. Frank's Sedge. (Man. p. 196; I. F. 
f. 6gg.) In wet places. Pa. to Mo., Ga. and La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 

Greene ; Huntingdon, Alexandria ; York ; Chester ; Somerset ; 
Erie. 

23. Carex squarrosa L. Squarrose Sedge. (Man. p. 196; I. F. 
f. 700.) In swamps, Conn, to Mich., Neb., Ga., La. and Ark. — Pe7insyl- 

vania : Bucks ; PhiIvAdei^phia ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny ; Frankein. 

24. Carex typhinoides Schw. Cat-Taie Sedge. (Man. p. 196 ; I. 
F. y. yor.) In swamps, Quebec to Mo., Va. and La. — P-^nnsylvania : 
Adams, Fairfield; Monroe; Pike; Mercer, Greenville. 

25. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy-Fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 

196 ; I. F. f. 702.) In wet places, Quebec to Mich., Kans., Ga. and Mo. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Susquehanna ; Franki^in ; Centre ; Eek. 

26. Carex riparia Curtis. River-bank Sedge. (Man. p. 19/ ; I. F. 
f. 704.) In swamps and moist thickets, Newf. to James Bay and Man., 

Fla., Tex. and Idaho. Also in 'En.— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe; 
Tioga ; Eek ; Delaware ; Phii^adeephia. 

27. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Short's Sedge. (Man. p. 197; I. 
F.y. 706.) In moist meadows and thickets, Pa. to Mo., Va. and the I. 
Terr. — Pennsylvania : Frankein, Mercersburg ; Lancaster, Cone- 
wago ; CeEarfieed. 

28. Carex scabrata Schw. Rough Sedge. (Man. p. 197; I. F. /. 
707.) In moist woods and thickets, N. H. to Mich,, S. C. and Tenn. — 
Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Carbon ; Monroe ; Susquehanna ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Phieadeephia, on the Wissahickon ; 
Lancaster ; Frankein ; Sueeivan ; Beair ; Somerset ; Aeeegheny ; 
Erie. 

29. Carex vestita Willd. VEEVET Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. F. /. 
70S.) lu sandy woods, Mass. to Ga. — Pemisylvania : Monroe; North- 



CYPKRACEAB 63 

AMPTON, Pen Argyl ; Bucks, Bristol ; DeIvAWARE, Tinicum ; Lancaster, 
Smithville ; C1.EAREIE1.D ; Cameron. 

30. Carex lanuginosa Michx. W001.1.Y Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. 
F./. 711.) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, N. J., Kans., N. Mex. and Calif. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ; 
Frankein ; Eek ; DEEAWare. 

31. Carex filiformis L. Seender Sedge. (Man. p. 198; I. F. /. 
712.^ In wet places, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Mich, and Minn. Also in 
Ku. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Delaware Water Gap ; EriE, Presque 
Isle ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Susquehanna. 

32. Carex hirta L. Hairy Sedge. (Man. p. 198 ; I. F./. 7/j.) In 
fields and waste places, Mass. to Pa. and Tenn. Nat. from Eu. — Pen7i- 
sylvania : Phieadeephia. 

33. Carex fusca All. Brown Sedge. (Man. p. 200; I. F. /. 718.) 
In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, to Ga., Ky., Utah and Calif. Also in Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : LEhigh ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; FueTon. 

34. Carex. striata Lam. Tussock Sedge. (Man. p. 200; I. F. /. 
7/p. ) In swamps, Newf. to Ont., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; 
Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuyekiee ; Northampton ; Chester ; Berks ; 
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Frankein ; Eek ; Pike ; Deeaware ; Erie. 

34a. C. striata angustata (Boott) Bailey. (Man. p. 200.) Wayne; 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Monroe. 

35. Carex Haydenii Dewey. Hayden's SEdge. (Man. p. 200; I. 
F.y. 720.) In swamps, N. B. to R. I. and ^eb.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Lycoming. 

36. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Water Sedge. (Man. p. 200; I. F. /. 
722.) In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, Mass., Pa., Ohio, Minn, and B. C. 
— Pennsylvafiia : Erie, Presque Isle ; DEEAWARE. 

37. Carex Goodenovii J. Gay. Goodenough's Sedge. (Man. p. 
201 ; I. F. f. 724.) In wet grounds, Newf. to Mass. and Pa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe, Delaware Water Gap ; Centre ; Deeaware, Tinicum ; 
Bucks ; Crawford. 

38. Carex torta Boott. Twisted Sedge. (Man. p. 202 ; I. F. /. 
72g.) In wet places, Me. and Vt. to N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Deeaware ; Perry ; Frankein ; 
fueton ; sueeivan ; susquehanna. 

39. Carex prasina Wahl. Drooping Sedge. (Man. p. 202 ; I. F. /. 
730.) In meadows and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to N.J. and Pa., and in 
the Alleghenies to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; 
SuEEivAN ; Eek ; Somerset ; Erie ; Aeeegheny. 

40. Carex littoralis Schw. BarraTT's Sedge. (Man. p. 202; I. 
F. f. 732. ) In pine-barren swamps, L. I. and N. J. to N. C. — Pennsyl- 
variia : Deeaware, Tinicum. 

41. Carex limosa L. Mud Sedge. (Man. p. 203; I. F. /. 734.) 
In bogs or ponds, Labrador to the N. W.Terr., Me., N. J., Ohio, Minn, and 



64 CYPERACEAE 

Idaho. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Waynk ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Bucks, 
near Sellersville ; PiKE. 

42. Carex Magellanica Ivatn. MagkIvI.an vSkdgk. (Man. p. 203 ; I. 
F.y. 735. ) In bojjs and wet meadows, Newf. to Labrador to Man., Me., Pa. 
and Mich, Also in Utah, in Eu. and in southern vS. Am. — Peniisylvania : 
Monroe, Naomi Pines. 

43. Carex crinita Lam. Fringp:d Sedge. ( Man. p. 203 ; I. V.f. yjg. ) 
In wet places, N. S. and Ont. to Fla. and Tex. — Peiiiisylvania : North- 
ampton : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Ei.k ; Jefferson ; Pike ; 
Tioga ; Franki^in ; Dei^aware ; Erie. 

43a. C. crinita minor Boott. (Man. p. 204.) Wayne ; Monroe; 
C1.EARF1E1.D ; Susquehanna. 

44. Carex gynandra Schw. Nodding Sedge. (Man. p. 204; I. F. 
/. ^40. ) In swamps, N. S. to N. Y., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; 

Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuyi,kii,i, ; Northampton ; 
Chester ; Tioga ; CIvEarfieivD ; Armstrong ; Pike. 

45. Carex virescens Muhl. Downy Green Sedge. (Man. p. 204 ; 
I. V.f. 743.) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to Mich.. N. C. and Mo. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Phii.adei,phia; 
Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; Somerset ; Pike ; Ai.i.eghany. 

46. Carex costellata Br itton. Ribbed Sedge. (Man. p. 204; I. F. 
f. 744. ) In woods. Me. and Ont. to N. C. —Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei<phia ; Monroe ; Schuyi^kiIvL ; Huntingdon ; 
Carbon ; Perry ; Lancaster ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i.egheny. 

47. Carex triceps Michx. Hirsute Sedge. (Man. p. 205 ; I. F. /. 
743.) In woods, fields and swamps, Mass. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia ; 
Chester ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Franki^in ; Tioga ; 
B1.AIR ; Montgomery ; Jefferson ; Ai.i.egheny. 

48. Carex Caroliniana Schw. Caroi^ina Sedge. (Man. p. 205 ; I. 
F.y. 746.) In meadows, N. J. and Pa. to N. C. and Ark. — Peftnsylvania : 
Dei. A WARE ; PhiIvAdeIvPhia. 

49. Carex gracillima Schw. Gracefui. Sedge. (Man. p. 205; 
I. F.y. 747) In moist wood^ and meadows, N. S. to Man., N. C, 
Ohio and Mich. — Pemisylvaiiia : Northampton ; LEhigh ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; Franki^in ; BIvAir ; Mercer ; 
Pike ; Somerset ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i.egheny. 

50. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Summer Sedge. (Man. p. 205 ; 
I. F.y 748.) In mountain woods, Mass. and N. Y. to Ga. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Chester ; Lackawanna ; Sui^iyivAN ; Tioga ; Wayne. 

51. Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr. Davis' Sedge. (Man. p. 206 ; I. 
F. y 7S^-) In moist thickets and meadows, Mass. to Minn., Ga., Ky. 
and I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Pike ; Chester. 

52. Carex longirostris Torr. Long-beaked Sedge. (Man. p. 206 ; 
I. F. y 732. ) On shaded banks and in moist thickets, N. B. to the N. W. 



CYPERACBAE 65 

Terr., Mass., Term., Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Lycoming; Sus- 
QUKHANNA ; Monroe ; Bucks. 

53. Carex arctata Boott. Drooping Wood Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; 
I. F. /. 756.^ In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Pa. and Mich. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bi,air ; Ci.earfiei.d ; Sui^i^ivan ; Bucks, 
Penn Valley ; Crawford. 

53a. C. arctata Paxonii Bailey. (Man. p. 207. ) SusouEhanna. 

54. Carex tenuis Rudge. Sx.Ender-S'Tai.ked Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; 
I. F. /. 737.) In woods, Newf. to Mich., Va., the mountains of N. C. 
and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei.a- 
ware ; Ches'TEr ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Bi,air ; Ci.earfiei,d ; Mer- 
cer ; Jefferson. 

54a. C. tenuis interjecta (Bailey) Britton. (Man. p. 207.) Monroe; 
Centre ; Bi,air. 
54b. C. tenuis pubera (A. Gray). Centre; Lancaster, Smithville. 

55. Carex oblita Steud. Dark-green Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; I, F. 
f. 738.) In bogs, N. Y. and Pa. to N. J. and N. C. — Pennsylvania: 

Lackawanna. 

56. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. (Man. p. 207 ; I. F. /. 759.) 
In woods and thickets, Me. to Minn., N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
i,iN ; B1.AIR ; Susquehanna ; Ai.i.egheny ; Somerset ; Pike ; Dei^a- 
ware. 

57. Carex amphibola Steud. Narrow-i,eaved Sedge. (Man. p. 
207 ; I. F. 760.) In dry soil, N. J. to Pa. to Mo., Fla. and Tq-s..— Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, bog S. E. of Sellersville ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

58. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. GIvAucescent Sedge. (Man. p. 
208; I. F. /. 762.) In open fields, Mass. to Pa., 111., Va. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lycoming ; FuIvTon ; Montgomery ; Franki^in ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

59. Carex granulans Muhl. Meadow Sedge. (Man. p. 208 ; I. F. 
/. 7<5j.) In bogs or meadows, N. B. to Man., Fla. and \,z..— Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; 
Phii,adei.phia. 

60. Carex Shriveri Britton. Shriver'S Sedge. (Man. p. 208. ) In 
meadows, N. Y. to Mich, and Va. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton. 

61. Carex Crawei Dewey. Crawe'S Sedge. (Man. p. 208; I. F., 
/. 764.) In moist meadows and on shaded banks, Quebec to Man., Pa. 

and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : C1.INT0N. 

62. Carex flava L. YEI.EOW Sedge. (Man. p. 208; I. F. /. 766.) 
In wet places, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., R. I., N. J., Pa., Ohio and 
Mont. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Crawford, Conneaut Lake. 

63. Carex viridula Michx. GrEEN Sedge. (Man. p. 209 ; I. F./i 
767.) In meadows and bogs, on wet rocks, Newf. to the N. W. Terr. 
Me., Pa., Minn., Utah and Wash. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle. 
5 



66 CYPERACEAE 

64. Carex pallescens h. Pai^e Se:dgk. (Man. p. 209; I. F./. 768.) 
In fields, N. S. to Ont., R. I., Pa., 111. and Wis. Also in Eu.— P^w??- 
sylvaiiia : Wayne ; Lackawanna ; Monrok ; Luzernk ; C1.INT0N ; 
Susquehanna ; BucKvS, Penn Valley ; Crawford. 

65. Carex conoidea Schk. F1EI.D Sedge. (Man. p. 210; I. F. /. 
770.) In meadows, U. S. to Ont., R. I., N. J., Ohio and 111. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Centre ; 
Berks ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Lycoming. 

66. Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 210; 
I. F. /. 771.) In dry woods and thickets, Vt. to Mich., N. J., W. Va., 
Ky. and Mo. ^Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster. 

67. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Hitchcock's Sedge. (Man. p. 
210; I. F./. 772.) In woods and thickets, Vt, to Mich., N. J., W. Va., 
Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lackawanna ; Lan- 
caster ; AlvIvEGHENY. 

68. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Variable Sedge. (Man. p. 210 ; I. 
F. y. 774.) In wet places, Mass. to northern N. J., N. C. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Lancaster. 

69. Carex tetanica Schk. Wood's Sedge. (Man. p. 210; I. F./. 
775.) In grassy meadows and wet woods, Ont. to Man., N. C and La. 
— Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; 
Franklin. 

70. Carex Meadii Dewey. Mead's Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; I. F. /. 
776.) In wet places, R. I. to Ga., Assiniboia, Neb. and Ark. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster. 

71. Carex laxiflora Lam. Loose-flowerEd Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; 
I. F./. 777.) In meadows and thickets. Me. to Minn., Fla., Ala. and I. 
Terr. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne ; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; 
Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Blair ; Lycoming ; Mercer ; Somerset. 

71a. C. laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Boott. (Man. p. 211.) Pike; 
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Franklin. 

71b. C. laxiflora patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. (Man. p. 211.) Mcn- 
ROE ; Northampton ; Susquehanna ; Erie ; Huntingdon ; Dela- 
ware ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Somerset. 

72. Carex styloflexa Buckl. Bent Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; I. F. /. 
775.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Montgomery ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster ; Franklin. 

73. Carex atriatula Michx. Striate-fruited Sedge. In woods, 
meadows and thickets, Ont. to Ohio, Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster. 

74. Carex digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. (Man. p. 211 ; 
I. F. /. 779.) In woods and thickets. Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; York ; Elk ; Somerset ; Erie ; Alle- 
gheny ; Philadelphia ; Montgomery ; Pike. 



CYPERACEAE 67 

75. Carex Careyana Torr. Carey's Sedge. (Man. p, 211 ; I. F. /. 
780.) In woods, N. Eng. to Mich, and Va. — Pennsylvania : AIvI^egheny. 

76. Cares: Albursina Sheldon. White Bear Sedge. (Man. p. 
212 ; I. F. f. 781.) In woods, Mass, to Minn,, Va. and Ohio, — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; AlIvEGheny. 

77. Carex plantaginea Lam, Pi.antain-eEaved Sedge. (Man, p. 
212; I. F. y. 782.) In woods, N, ^B, to Man,, Va, and Wis. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Chester, near Pleasantville ; Sui.i<ivan; 
Susquehanna ; B1.AIR ; CivEareiei^d ; Ai.i,egheny ; Somerset ; Erie. 

78. Carex laxiculmis Schw. Spreading Sedge. (Man, p, 212; I, 
F. /. 783.^ In woods and thickets, Ont. to Mich., R. I. and Va. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Lancaster; Frank- 
lin ; Centre ; Somerset ; Dei^aware ; Pike. 

79. Carex ptychocarpa Steud, Thicket Sedge. (Man. p, 212 ; I. 
F. f. 784.) In moist woods and thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

80. Carex platyphylla Carey, Broad-i^eaved Sedge. (Man. p. 
212; I. F. /. 78s.) In woods and thickets, Quebec to Mich., Va, and 
1\\.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; SuIvLi- 
van ; Susquehanna ; Fui^ton ; Franki^in ; Centre ; Somerset ; 
A1.1.EGHENY, 

81. Carex aurea Nutt, Goi^den-eruited Sedge. (Man, p. 212 ; 
I. F. /. 788.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Mass., Pa., Utah and Wash. 
Pennsylvania: Erie, Presque Isle. 

82. Carex setifolia (Dewey) Britton. Bristi.E-i.Eaved Sedge. 
(Man. p. 213 ; I. F. y. /po.) In dry or rocky soil, preferring limestone 
rocks, N, B. to the N. W.Terr., Pa., Kan. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton, Easton ; Lackawanna, Campbell's Ledge. 

83. Carex pedunculata Muhl, Long-stai,ked Sedge. (Man. p. 
214; I, F, f. 79J-) In dry woods, Anticosti to Man,, Va. and Minn. 
— Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Sullivan ; Jefferson ; Clinton ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

84. Carex pedicellata (Dewey) Britton. Fibrous-rooted Sedge. 
(Man. p, 215; I. F. /, 794.) In dry soil, N, S. to Minn., Ga., Ohio and 
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lan- 
caster ; Cambria ; Allegheny ; Pike ; Somerset. 

85. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge. (Man. p. 
215 ; I. F./. 797.) In dry soil on rocks, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., N. C, 
Tenn, and Kan, — PeJinsylvania : Lehigh; Monroe; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Clearfield ; Luzerne ; 
Susquehanna ; Franklin ; Erie. 

86. Carex varla Muhl. Emmon's Sedge. (Man. p, 214; I. F. 
f. 796.) In dry soil on rocks, N. S. to Man,, Ga. and Tex, — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Sullivan ; Blair ; Centre ; Clearfield ; Allegheny ; Dela- 
ware ; Susquehanna ; Somerset. 



68 CYPERACEAE 

87. Carex deflexa Horncm. Northern Sedgk. (Man. p. 214; I. 
F. y. ypS.) In open places, N. S. to Ont. and Pa., mostly in high alti- 
tudes. — Pemisylvania : Monroe, Pocouo Summit. 

88. Carex albicans Willd. Whitish vSedge. (Man. p. 215.) In 
dry soil, N. Eng. to Pa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown. 

89. Carex nigro-marginata Schw. Black-edged Sedge. (Man. p. 
215; I. F. /. Soo.) Dry soil, N. Y. to N. Q.—Pennsylvajiia: North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Somerset ; Montgomery, Willow Grove. 

90. Carex umbellata Schk. Umbel-like Sedge. (Man. p. 215 ; 
I. F./. Sot. ) Dry or arid soil, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., N. J., the I. Terr, 
and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; 
Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Sulliyan ; Susquehanna ; Erie. 

91. Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Sedge. (Man. p. 215; I. 
F. /. 802.) In woods, N. S. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and 'Mo.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Susquehanna ; Clearfield ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Allegheny. 

92. Carex Willdenovii Schk, Willdenow's Sedge. (Man. p. 216; 
I. F.y. 806.) In dry soil or woods, Mass. to Man., Fla. — Pen7isylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; Somerset. 

93. Carex Jamesii Schw. James' Sedge. (Man. p. 216; I. F. /. 
Soy.) In dry soil, southern Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., W. Va. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvayiia : Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Allegheny. 

94. Carex leptalea Wahl. Bristle-stalked Sedge. (Man. p. 217 ; 
I. F. /. 811.) In wet .places, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tex., Col. and Ore.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; SurLLn^AN ; Susquehanna ; Hunting- 
don ; Somerset ; Erie. 

95. Carex Redowskyana C. A. Meyer. Redowsky's Sedge. (Man. 
p. 217 ; I. F. f. Sij.) In bogs or meadows, Labrador to the N. W. Terr., 
Vt., Pa., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Col. — Pennsylvania : 

96. Carex chordorhiza L.f. Creeping Sedge. (Man. p. 218 ; I. F. 
f.Sij.) In wet meadows and bogs, Anticosti to the N. W. Terr., Me., 
N. Y"., northern Pa., 111. and Iowa. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Tioga, 
Marsh Farm near Willsboro, 1869. 

97. Carex conjunota Boott. Soft Fox Sedge. (Man. p. 219 ; I. F. 
f. 822.) In moist meadows and thickets, N. J., Pa., to Ky., 111. and 
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 

98. Carex stipata Muhl. Awx-fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 219 ; I. F. 
f. 823. \ In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tenn., N. Mex. and Calif.— 
Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia , 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Sullivan ; Susquehanna ; Centre ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Allegheny ; Pike ; Tioga ; Somerset. 

99. Carex teretiuscula Gooden, Lesser Panicled Sedge. (Man. 
p. 219 ; L F./. 82 j. ) In wet places, N. S. to B. C, R. I. to Pa. and Neb. 
— Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Monroe. 



CYPERACKAE 69 

99a. C. teretiuscula prairea (Dewey) Britton. (Man. p. 220.) Lan- 
caster, Dillerville Swamp ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Crawford. 

100. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Foxtaii, Sedge. (Man. p. 220 ; 
I. F. /. S28.) In meadows, N. Y. and Pa. to Man. — Pennsylvania : Lan- 
caster ; Cl^EARFIEIvD ; ElvK. 

101. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. (Man. p. 220; I. F./. 
830.) In meadows or wet places, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
FRANK1.1N; Tioga; Huntingdon; Bi.air; Cambria; Dei^aware ; 
Crawford ; Allegheny. 

102. CarexxanthocarpaBickneU. Yellow-fruited Sedge. (Man. 
p. 220; I. F.y*. 831.) In fields, Mass. to Pa. and Ohio.— Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Erie. 

102a. C. xanthooarpa annectens Bicknell. (Man. p. 220. ) Monroe; 
Bucks. 

103. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Sartwell's Sedge. (Man. p. 220; 
I. F. /. 833.) In swamps, Ont. to B. C, N. Y., Pa., 111., Ark. and 
Utah. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

104. Carex tenella Schk. Soft-lEaved Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I. 
F./. 834.) In meadows or bogs, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Pa., Mich., Colo, 
and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Elk. 

105. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I. F./. 
835. ) In woods and on dry slopes, Newf, to Man. , N. C, Neb. and Mo.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Susque- 
hanna ; Somerset ; Pike ; Delaware. 

105a. C. rosea radiata Dewey. (Man. p. 221.) Wayne; Monroe; 
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Clearfield ; Pike ; 
Erie. 

106. Carex retroflexa Muhl. ReflExed Sedge. (Man. p. 221 ; I. 
¥. f. 836.) In woods, Mass. to Ont., Mich., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; 
Wayne ; Allegheny. 

107. Carex muricata L. Lesser Prickly Sedge. (Man. p. 222 ; 
I. F. f. 838.) In meadows and fields, Mass. to Ohio and Va. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton, College Hill, Easton. 

108. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-reed Sedge. (Man. p. 222; 
I. F. /. 83g.) In woods, Mass. to Mich., Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Somerset. 

109. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-lEaved Sedge. (Man. p. 
222 ; I. F. /. 840.) In dry fields and on hills, Mass. to Pa., Mich, and 
Wyo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster. 

110. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed Sedge. (Man. p. 
222 ; 1. F. /. 841.) In dry or stony fields and on hills. Me. to Man., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 



70 CYPERACEAE 

Chkstkr ; Phii.adei.phia ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; 
C1.EARFIE1.D ; EivK ; Somerset ; DeivAware ; Aixegheny. 

111. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. Muht^enberg's Sedge. (Man. p. 
222; I. F./. 84J.) In dry fields and on hills, Mass. to Mich., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Che.ster ; Monroe ; 
Phii.adeIvPhia ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Pike. 

Ilia. C. Muhlenbergii Xalapensis (Kunth.) Britton. (Man. p. 222.) 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adeIvPhia. 

112. Carex sterilis Willd. L1TT1.E Pricki.y Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ; 
I. F.y. 844..) In sandy or moist soil, Newf. to B. C, Fla., La., Colo, and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Wayne; Northampton; Bucks: 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Sus- 
quehanna ; Huntingdon ; DeIvAware. 

112a C terilis cephalantha Bailey. (Man. p. 223.) Wayne; 
Monroe ; Lycoming ; Schuyi.kii.1, ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

113. Carex Atlantica Bailey. Eastern Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ; I. F. 
f. 84^.) In meadows or swamps, Newf. to Fla. — Pennsylvania: Bucks, 
Tullytown. 

114. Carex interior Bailey. Ini^and Sedge. (Man. p. 223; I. F. 
f. 846. ) In wet soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Kans.- Pennsylvania : Lan- 
caster, Dillerville Swamp ; Bucks ; Pike ; Somerset ; Dei<aware. 

114a. C. interior capillacea Bailey. (Man. p. 223.) Northampton, 
Bangor ; Monroe ; Luzerne, Glen Summit ; Pike : Wayne. 

115. Carex canescens L. SiIvVERY Sedge. (Man. p. 223 ; I. F. /. 
84^.) In wet places, Newf. to B. C, Va., Mich, and Ore. Also in Eu. 
and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Wayne ; Monroe ; Schuyi.kii.1. ; Sui.i<i- 
VAN ; JEFEERSON ; Cambria ; Northampton ; Somerset ; Pike ; 
Erie; Susquehanna. 

116. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Brownish Sedge. (Man. p. 
224 ; I. F. f. 848.) In wet places, mostly at high altitudes, Labrador to 
B. C, N. Y. and N. Eng., on the southern Alleghenies and the Rocky 
Mountains. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Cen- 
tre. 

117. Carex trisperma Dewey. Three-fruited Sedge. (Man. p. 
225; I. F. f. 8sS-) In wet places, Newf. to Man., Md., Ohio and 
Neb. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Sui.i.ivan ; 
Centre ; Somerset ; Tioga ; Pike. 

118. Carex Deweyana Schw. Dewey's Sedge. (Man. p. 225; I. 
F./. 856.) In dry woods, N. S. to Ore., Conn., Pa., Mich., N. Mex. and 
Utah.— Pennsylvania : Sui^wvan ; Susquehanna; Wayne. 

119. Carex bromoides Schk. Brome-i.ike Sedge. (Man. p. 225 ; I. 
F. f. 8^7.) In wet places, N. S. to Mich., Fla. and La. — PeJinsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Franki^in ; SuIvWyan : 
Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Jefferson ; Lancaster ; Somerset. 



CYPERACEAE 71 

120. Carex siccata Dewey. Dry spiked Sedge. (Man. p. 226; I. 
F. /. 860.) In dry fields and on hills, Ont. to B. C, R. I., N. Y., Mich., 
Ariz, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem. 

121. Carex tribuloides Wahl. Bi^unt Broom Sedge. (Man. p. 
226; I. F. /. 862.) In meadows, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Ariz. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; 
Susquehanna; Huntingdon ; Jefferson ; Somerset ; Franki^in ; 
DeivAware ; Erie ; Ai^legheny. 

121a. C. tribuloides Bebbii Bailey. (Man. p. 226.) Bucks ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Jefferson. 

122. Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom Sedge. (Man. p. 
226 ; I. F. /. 863.) In bogs or moist soil, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Col. — 
Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Phii.a- 
DELPHiA ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Coi^umbia ; Susquehanna; Hunt- 
ingdon ; A1.1.EGHENY ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; Erie. 

123. Carex cristatella Britton. Crested Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; 
I. F. /. 865.) In meadows and low thickets, N. B. to Man., Mass., Pa., 
111. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster; York ; 
Lycoming ; Huntingdon ; B1.AIR. 

124. Carex foenea Willd. Hay Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; I. F./. 867.) 
In dry woods, often on rocks, N. B. to Pa., Minn, and B. C. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Susquehanna ; 
Venango ; Somerset ; Bucks ; Pike ; Chester. 

124a. C. foenea perplexa Bailey. (Man. p. 227.) Northampton; 
Pike. 

125. Carex straminea Willd. Straw Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; I. F. 
f. 868.) In dry fields, N. B. to Man., Pa., Mich, and probably fur- 
ther .south. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Monroe; Lan- 
caster ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; Erie. 

125a. C. straminea mirabilis (Dewey) Tuckerm. (Man. p. 227.) 
Monroe. 

126. Carex tenera Dewey. Marsh Straw Sedge. (Man. p. 227 ; 
I. F. f. 870.) In wet soil, Me. to Ont. to Va. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Frankwn ; Lycoming ; Ei^k; Bucks ; DeIvAware. 

126a. C. tenera invisa (W. Boott) Britton. (Man. p. 228.) DEIvA- 
ware. 

127. Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue Sedge. (Man. p. 228; I. F. 
f. 871.) In dry to moist soil, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylva- 
nia: Frankwn ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Bucks ; Crawford. 

128. Carex alata Torr. Broad-winged Sedge. (Man. p. 228; I. 
V.f. 872.) In moist soil, Mass. to Fla., mostly near the coast. — Penn- 
sylvania: Bucks ; Bristoi. ; Montgomery. 

129. Carex albolutescens Schw. Greenish White Sedge. (Man, 
p. 228; I. V'.f.873.) In wet soil, mostly along salt meadows, but also 
from N. B. to eastern Pa. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono 
and Tannersville ; Bucks. 



72 ARACEAE 

Order 6. ARALES. 

Plants terrestrial or aquatic with the flowers in a spadix, which is sometimes 
subtended by or partly enclosed in a spathe. Fam. i. Araceae. 

Plants reduced to small floating tlialloid structures, with one or few flowers in 
a minute pouch. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae. 

Famii^y I. ARACEAE Neck. ArUxM Family. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, or the lower ones perfect ( Calla): perianth 
wanting. 
I^eaf-blades 3-many-divided or foliolate : axis of the spadix naked above. 

1. Arisaema. 
lycaf-blades simple : axis of the spadix completely covered with flowers. 

Spathe wholly or partially convolute : flowers monoecious. 

2. Peltandra. 
Spathe not convolute : lower flowers perfect. 3. Calla. 

Flowers perfect : perianth of several scale-like members. 
Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 4. Spathyema. 

Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe. 

Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape. 5. Orontium. 

Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. 6. AcoRUS. 

1. ARISAEMA Mart. 

Leaf -blades palmately 3-divided : spathe involute below, hooded above : spadix 
included, terete or obscurely angled. 
Spathe with the convolute part even. i, A. triphyllum. 

Spathe with the convolute part fluted. 2. A. Stewardsonii . 

lycaf-blades pedately divided : spathe convolute throughout: spadix exserted, 
more or less flattened or 2-edged. 3. A. Dracontium. 

1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Jack-in-The-pui.piT. Indian 
Turnip. (Man. p. 229; I. V.f. 8y6.) In moist woods, N. S. to Fla., 
Minn., Kans. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe; 
ScHUYivKiiyi, ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Dei^aware. 

2. Arisaema Stewardsonii Britton. Stewardson Brown's Indian 
Turnip. (Man. p. 1045.) In wet woods, eastern Pa. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe, Tannersville ; Sui^IvIvan. 

2. Arisaema Dracontium (L. ) Schott. Green Dragon. (Man. p. 
230 ; I. F. /. 827.) Mostly in wet woods, Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Erie ; Susouehanna ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Dei,a- 

WARE ; AI.I.EGHENY. 

2. PELTANDRA Raf. 

1. Peltandra Virginica (L.) Kunth. Green Arrow- arum. (Man- 
p. 230; I. F./. 8j8.) In swamps or shallow water, Me. to Mich., Fla. 
and La. —Pennsylvafiia : Monroe, Tannersville ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; 
DEI.AWARE, Tinicum ; Pike ; Chester ; Erie. 

3. CALLA L. 
1. Calla palustris L. Water Arum. (Man. p. 230; I. F. /. 880.) 
In bogs, N. S. to Minn., Va. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Erie ; Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Pike ; Susquehanna. 



LEMNACEAE 73 

4. SPATHYEMA Raf. 
1. Spathyema foetida (L. ) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. (Man. p. 231; 
I. F./. 881.) In swamps, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : 
Huntingdon; Lancaster; Northampton; Franki^in ; Chester; 
DEI.AWARE ; Ali^egheny. 

5. ORONTIUM L. 
1. Orontium aquaticum L. G01.DEN Ci.ub. (Man. p. 231 ; I. F./. 
882.) In swamps and ponds, Mass. to Pa., Fla. and La., mostly near the 
coast. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Cum- 
BERi/AND ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Dei^aware ; Lackawanna ; Som- 
erset; Pike. 

6. ACORUS L. 

1. Acorus Calamus L. Sweet Fi.ag. Cai.amus-root. (Man. p. 
231 ; I. F.y. 88j.) In wet places, N. S. to Minn., La. and Kans. Also in 
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Phii,adeI/PHIA, Point 
Breeze ; Monroe ; Franki^in ; Dei^aware ; Coi^umbia ; Ai^egheny. 

FAM11.Y 2, LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed Famii^y. 
Plant-body much elongated or subglobose, not disk-like, rootless: propagative 

pouches solitary. i. Wolffia. 

Plant-body disk-like, with i or several roots : propagative pouches 2, 

Plant-body inconspicuously nerved : roots solitary on each plant, without a 

fibro- vascular bundle, 2. Lemna. 

Plant-body conspicuously nerved : roots several, each with a fibro-vascular 
bundle. 3. Spirodei.a, 

1. WOLFFIA Horkel. 

Plant-body smooth, somewhat flattened above, gibbous beneath, abundantly 
brown-punctate. i. IV. punctata. 

Plant-body ellipsoidal or globose, with 2-3 papules on dorsal surface, not 
punctate. 2, W. Columbiana. 

1. "Wolffia pmictata Griseb. Punctate Woi^ffia. (Man. p. 234. ) 
On the surface of stagnant waters, east of the Mississippi River from the 
Lake region to the Gulf of Mexico — Pennsylvania : According to Britton, 
Man. p. 234. 

2. Wolffia Columbiana Karst. Columbia Wolffia. (Man. p. 233; 
I. F./. 890.) Floating on water, Ont. toN. J., Minn, and Mo,, Mex. and 
S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Bucks. 

2. LEMNA L. 

Plant-bodies long-stipitate, forming large submerged masses, i. L. trisulca. 
Plant-bodies sessile or short-stipitate, floating, more or less detached. 

Plant-body symmetrical or nearly so. 2. L. minor. 

Plant-body unsymmetrical, 3. L. perpusilla. 

1. Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-lEaved Duckweed. (Man, p. 232 ; I, F. 
f. 885.) In still or flowing water, N. S. to Pacific coast, N. J. and N. 
Mex,, also in Eu,, Asia, Africa and Australia, — Pen7isylva7iia : Lan- 
caster ; Northampton ; Mercer; Chester. 



74 XYRTDACEAE 

2. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. (Man. p. 233; I. F. / 
SS8.) In ponds, lakes and stagnant waters throughout N. Am. Also in 
Eu., Asia, Africa and Australia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dei^a- 
WARE ; Lancaster; Dauphin; Huntingdon; Phit.adei.phia; 
Chester. 

3. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. (Man. p. 233; 1. 
F.y. 887.) In ponds, rivers, springs, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., Neb. 
and Mo.— Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

3. SPIRODELA Schleid. 

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. (Man. 
p. 232 ; I. F.y. 88^.) In rivers, ponds, and shallow lakes, N. S. to B. C, 
S. C, Mex. and Nev. In the Old World and in tropical Am. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Phii^adeIvPhia ; Northampton ; York ; Dauphin ; Hunting- 
don ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Det^aware. 

Order 7. XYRIDALES. 

Ovary i-celled, with parietal placentae : inflorescence without a spathe. 

Fam. I. Xyridaceae. 
Ovary 2-3-celled, if incompletely so or if nearly i -celled then the flowers in a 
spathe. 
Flowers minute, monoecious or dioecious, in dense heads each seated in an 

imbricated involucre. Fam. 2. Eriocaulaceae. 

Flowers conspicuous or relatively so, perfect. 
Calyx and corolla free, of very different members : stamens free. 

Fam. 3. Commelinaceae. 

Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partially united : stamens 

partially adnate to the perianth. Fam, 4. Pontederiaceae. 

Family i. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyed Grass Family. 

1. XYRIS. 

Lateral sepals wingless, the keel fringed with short hairs, i. X.flextwsa. 
Lateral sepals winged, the keel fimbriate or lacerate. 

Heads oblong, 2r^ mm. long. 2. X. ntontana. 

Heads ovoid or oval, 8-16 mm. long. 3. X. Caroliniana. 

1. Xyris flexuosa Muhl. Slender Yellow- eyed Grass. (Man. 
p. 235 ; I. F./. 8gs.) In wet places. Me. to Minn., Ga. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Montgomery; Dela w^ are ; Berks ; Lancaster. 

2. Xyris montana H. Ries. Northern Yellow-eyed Grass. 
(Man. p. 235 ; I. V.f. 8g4.) In bogs, N. S. to Mich., and in the moun- 
tains of Pa. and 1^.].— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna. 

3. Xyris Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass. (Man, 
p. 236 ; I. F. y. 8g6.) In wet places, Mass. to Fla. and La., mostly near 
the coast. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; York ; 
Carbon ; Chester. 



COMMELINACEAE 75 

FAMII.Y 2. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Pipewort Famii^y. 

1. ERIOCAULON L. 

Sheath at the base of the scape longer than the leaves or about as long- : scapes 
usually 7-ridged. i. E. septangulare. 

Sheath at the base of the scape shorter than the leaves : scape io-14-ridged. 

2. E. decangulare. 

1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. Seven- angled Pipewort. 
(Man. p, 237; I. F. f. Sgg.) In still water and on shores, Newf. to 
Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Carbon; Monroe; 
Lackawanna ; Luzerne ; Philadelhia ; Susquehanna. 

2. Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten-angled Pipewort. (Man. p. 
237 ; L F. f. 90/.) In swamps, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : According to Britton, Man. p. 237. 

Famii^y 3. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Spiderwort Famii^y. 

Petals alike in shape : perfect stamens 6 or rarely 5. i. Tradescantia. 

Petals unequal in size and shape : perfect stamens 3 or rarely 2. 

2. Commelina. 
1. TRADESCANTIA L. 

Leaf -blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 12-50 times longer than wide, more or 
less involutely folded. i. T. Virginiana. 

Leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-10 times longer than broad, flat. 2. T. pilosa. 

1. Tradescantia Virginiana L. Spiderwort. (Man. p. 241 ; I. F. /. 
gio.) In rich soil, mostly in woods, N. Y. to Ohio and S. Dak,, Va. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. Tradescantia pilosa J. G. C. Lehm. Zigzag Spiderwort. (Man. 
p. 242; I. F. /. 913.) Pa. to Mo. and Fla. — Pennsylvania: Phila- 
delphia, Bartram's Garden. 

2. COMMELINA L. 
Spathes not united at the base. 

Spathes acuminate : capsules 3-celled, 5-seeded. 
Spathes acute : capsules 2-celled, 4-seeded. 
Spathes with the bases united. 
All three cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules. 
Capsule 2-valved, the dorsal cavity indehiscent. 
Capsule 3-valved, all the cavities dehiscent. 
Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules, dorsal cavity with i ovule. 

5. C. hirtella. 
1. Commelina nudiflora L. Creeping Day-flower. (Man. p. 239 ; 
I. F. f. 90^.) Along streams and in waste places, N. J. to Mo., Fla., Tex. 
and through tropical Am. to Paraguay. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Del- 
aware, Tinicum. 

2. Commelina communis L. Asiatic Day-Elower. (Man. p. 240 ; 
I. F. y! 907.) N. Y, and Pa. Adv. or nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania'. 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Perry ; Lancaster 
Beaver. 



I. 


C. nudiflora. 


2. 


C. communis 


3- 


C. Virginica. 


4. 


C. erect a. 



76 PONTEDERIACEAE 

3. Commelina Virginica L. Virginia Day-fIvOwer. (Man. p. 240 ; 
I. P\ /". gog.) In moist soil, N. Y. to 111. and Mich., Fla., Tex. and 
probably through tropical Am. to Paraguay. —Pennsylvania : Lancaster, 
Safe Harbor ; Franklin ; Dauphin. 

4. Commelina erecta Iv. Si^Ender Day-Fi.ower. (Man. p. 240; 
I. F. f. goS.) In moist soil, Pa. to Fla., Tex., and in tropical Am. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

5. Commelina hirtella Vahl. Bearded Day-fIvOwer. (Man. p. 
240; I. F. /. go6.) In moist soil, N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster, on the Susquehanna ; York, York Furnace, 

Famii^y 4. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerei.-weed Family. 

Stamens 3, or rarely 1-4 : perianth regular : fruit capsular, i . Heteranthera. 
Stamens 6 : perianth irregular : fruit utricular. 2. Pontederia. 

1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. 

Leaves not differentiated into blade and petiole, linear : perianth yellow. 

1. H. dubia. 
Leaves differentiated into petiole and blade : perianth white or blue. 

2. H. roiiforniis. 

1. Heteranthera dubia (J acq.) Mac M. Water Star-grass. (Man. 
p. 243 ; I. F./. gi8.) In still water, Ont. to Ore., Fla. and Mex. Also 
in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Huntingdon ; 
Franklin ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie. 

2. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud Plantain. (Man. p. 243; 
I. F./. gi6.) In mud or shallow water, Conn, to N. J., 111. andKans., La. 
and in Central and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Berks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; York ; Chester ; Dela- 
ware. 

2. PONTEDERIA L. 

1. Pontederia cordata L. PickerEL-weed. (Man. p. 243; I. F. 
f. gi^. ) The borders of ponds and streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; York ; Sus- 
quehanna ; Crawford ; Chester ; Lehigh ; Delaware ; Erie. 

la. P. cordata lancefolia (Muhl.) Morong. (Man. p. 243.) Monroe ; 
Lehigh, 

ORDER 8. LILIALES. 
Styles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal. 

Sepals and petals chaffy. Fam. i. Juncaceae. 

Sepals and petals not chaffy. 

Styles distinct : capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal. 

Fam. 2. Melanthaceae. 
Styles united : capsule primarily loculicidal. 
Plants with bulbs, corms or woody caudices. Fam. 3. Liliaceae. 
Plants with elongated rootstocks. Fam. 4. Convallariaceae. 

Styles wanting: stigmas introrse, sometimes elongated. 

Flowers perfect. Fam. 5. Trilliaceae. 

Flowers dioecious. Fam. 6. Smilacaceae. 



JUNCACEAE 77 

Family i JUNCACEAE Vent. Rush Family. 
Leaf -sheaths open : capsules i- or 3-celled with axile or parietal placentae r 

seeds many. i. Junctjs. 

Leaf-sheaths closed : capsules i -celled with basal placentae : seeds 3. 

2. JUNCOIDES. 

1. JUNCUS Iv. 

The plants inhabit low moist or swampy places. 

Lowest bract of the inflorescence terete, not markedly channeled, erect, ap- 
pearing like a continuation of the scape, the inflorescence thus appearing- 
lateral. 
Sepals and petals green, or straw-colored in age. 
Stamens 3 : sepals and petals about as long as the capsule : petals acute or 

acuminate : capsules of an obovoid type. i. J. effusus. 

Stamens 6 : sepals and petals about V2. as long as the capsule, or the sepals 
much longer : capsules of an ovoid type. 
Sepals longer than the capsule : petals acute or acuminate. 

2. J. filiformis. 
Sepals about Vo. as long as the capsule : petals obtuse. 

3' J' gyt^nocarpus. 
Sepals and petals with a chestnut-brown stripe on both sides of the midrib. 

4. /. BalHcus. 
Lowest bract of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation of the 

scape (or if so, markedly channeled along the inner side), the inflorescence 
therefore usually appearing terminal. 
A. Leaf -blades with their flat surfaces facing the stem, or terete and chan- 
neled, not provided with node-like septa. 
Flowers bibracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence, 
sometimes clustered, but never in true heads. 
Leaf -blades flat, but sometimes involute in drying so as to appear terete. 
(See also J. dichotomus below.) 
Annual : inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, more than % the height 
of the plant : anthers shorter than the filaments. 

5. J. biifonius. 
Perennial : inflorescence, exclusive of its bracts, less than ^3 the 

height of the plant. 
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath membranous or scarious, 
whitish : 
Auricles membranous, scarcely scarious, rarely if at all prolonged 

beyond the point of insertion. 6. J. secundus. 

Auricles scarious, markedly prolonged beyond the point of inser- 
tion. 7. J. tenuis. 
Auricles at the summit of the leaf-sheath cartilaginous, yellow to 
yellow-brown. 8. J. Dudleyi. 
Leaf-blades terete, channeled along the upper side. 
Lowest bract less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence : capsule 
oblong or obovoid, with the ordinary dehiscence. 

9. J. dichotomus. 
Lowest bract rarely less than 4 times the length of the inflorescence : 
capsule globose-ovoid, breaking up irregularly in age. 

10. J. setaceus. 
Flowers not bibracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence. 

11. y, marginatus. 



78 JUNCACEAE 

B. IvCaf-blades either terete and not channeled or flattened or compressed, 
with the flat surfaces not facing the stem provided with septa. 
Stamens 6, one opposite each sepal and petal. 

Heads reduced to one or rarely 2 flowers. 12. J. pelocarpus. 

Heads 2-many-flowered. 
Plants with both normal and submerged capillary leaves. 

13. J. mill la r is. 
Plants destitute of capillary submerged leaves. 

Capsule of an oblong type, abruptly acuminate or blunt-pointed. 
Panicle-branches widely spreading : capsule narrowly acute, con- 
spicuously tipped. 14. J. ariiculalus. 
Panicle-branches mostly strict : capsule broadly acute or obtuse, 
short-tipped. 15. /. Richardsonianus. 
Capsule of a subulate type. 

Petals longer than the sepals : leaf-blades erect. 

16. J. nodosus. 
Petals shorter than the sepals : leaf-blades abruptly spreading. 

17. y. To7'reyi. 
Stamens 3, none opposite the petals. 

Capsule tapering to a prominent subulate beak. 18. J. scirpoides. 
Capsule obtuse or merely acute at the apex, sometimes mucronulate, but 
not beaked. 
Seeds 0.7-2.5 mm. long, narrowed into tails at both ends. 
Perianth about 2 mm. long: mature heads mostly less than 4 mm. 

high. 19. J. brachycephalus. 

Perianth 3-4 mm. long : mature heads mostly more than 4 mm. high. 

20. J. Canadensis. 
Seeds 0.35-0.55 mm. long, apiculate at both ends. 

21. J. acuminatus. 

1. Juncus effususL. Common Rush. Bog Rush. (Man. p. 246 ; I. 
F. f. gig. ) Nearly throughout N. Am. , except the high northern portions. 
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; 
Monroe ; Schuyi,kii,i. ; Carbon ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Bucks ; 
Erie ; Jefferson ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Juncus filiformis L. Thread Rush. (Man. p. 247 ; I. F.y. g2i.) 
Labrador to B. C. and the mountains of Pa., also to Mich, and in the Rocky 
Mountains to Utah and Colo. — Penjisylvania : Monroe, Naomi Pines, 
Long Pond. 

3. Juncus gymnocarpus Coville. Pennsyi^vania Rush. (Man. p. 
247 ; I. F./. g22. ) Pa. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Schuyi,kii,i„ Broad Mt. 

4. Juncus Balticus Willd. Bai^tic Rush. (Man. p. 247 ; I. 'b\ f. 
g2j.) Lab. to Alaska, Pa., Ohio and Neb., and far south in the west- 
ern mountains. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, 
Dillerville Swamp ; Erie. 

5. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush. (Man. p. 247; I. F. y! g26.) 
A cosmopolitan species, occurring throughout N. Am. except in the ex- 
treme north, and frequenting dried-up pools, stream-borders and dry road- 
sides. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Erie ; 
Pike : Chester ; Delaware. 



JUNCACEAE 79 

6. Juncus secundus Beauv. Skcund Rush. (Man. p. 248 ; I. F. / 
9JO. ) N. J. and Pa. to N. C. Also in the Miss, valley. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia. 

7. Juncus tenuis Willd, Slender or Yard Rush. (Man. p. 248 
I. F. /. 92g.) Throughout N-. Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton 
Bucks ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Franklin 
Huntingdon ; Monroe ; Columbia ; Carbon ; Erie ; Allegheny 
Jefferson ; Philadelphia ; Lackawanna. 

8. Juncus Dudleyi Wiegand. Dudley's Rush. (Man. p. 1046.) 
Me. to Sask., Wash., Pa. and Mex. — Petinsylvania : Monroe. 

9. Juncus dichotomus Ell. Forked Rush. (Man. p. 249; I. F./. 
933.) Me. to Fla. and Tex., mostly near the coast — Pennsylvariia : 
Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Montgomery. 

10. Juncus setaceus Rostk. Awl-Leaved Rush. (Man. p. 249 ; I. 
F. f. 934. ) Del. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast, extending north in the 
Miss. Valley to Mo. — Pennsylvania: Delaware. 

11. Juncus marginatus Rostk. Grass-lBaved Rush. (Man. p. 249 ; 
I. F. y. 933.) Me. to Ont., Fla. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Franklin ; Philadelphia ; York ; Lackawanna ; Montgomery. 

12. Juncus pelocarpusE. Meyer. Brownish-fruited Rush. (Man. 
p. 250 ; I. F. f. 942.) Newf. to N. J. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe, Tobyhanna Mills ; LuzERNE, Lily Lake. 

13. Juncus militaris Bigel. Bayonet Rush. (Man. p. 250 ; I. F. /. 
944. ) N. S. to N. Y. and Md. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; 
Carbon. 

14. Juncus articulatus L. Jointed Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F. /. 
945.) Lab. to Mass., Pa., Mich, and B. C. Also in Eu. and Asia.— 
Pennsylvania : Erie. 

15. Juncus Richardsonianus Schult. Richardson's Rush. (Man. 
p. 251 ; I. F. /. 946.) N. S. to B. C, Pa., Neb. and ^K aish..—Pe7insylva?iia : 
Erie. 

16. Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F. 947.) 
N. S. to Va., Neb. and B. C. Also in Nev. — Pen?isylva?iia : Northamp- 
ton ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Erie ; Bucks. 

17. Juncus Torreyi Coville. Torrey's Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. F. 
/. 948.) N. Y. to Tex. and the Pacific Coast. — Pennsylvania: Erie, 
Presque Isle. 

18. Juncus scirpoldes Lam. Scirpus-likE Rush. (Man. p. 251 ; I. 
^■f' 95^-) N. Y. to Fla and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Tucquan ; 
Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; York ; Montgomery. 

19. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buckl. Small-fruited 
Rush. (Man. p. 252 ; I. F. /. 934.) N. Y. to Wis., Pa. and 1\\.— Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Centre. 

20. Juncus Canadensis J. Gay. Canada Rush. (Man. p. 252 ; I. F. 
/• 955') N. B. to Minn., Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; 



80 MELANTHACEAE 

Northampton ; DkTvAware ; IvAncaster ; P'ranktjn ; Huntingdon ; 
Erik. 

20a. J. Canadensis subcaudatus Engelm. (Man. p. 252.) North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i.egheny. 

20b. J. Canadensis brevicaudatus Engelm. (Man. p. 252.) Lan- 
caster; Monroe; Lackawanna; Schuyi.kii.1, ; Carbon; Erie. 

21. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. (Man. p. 
252 ; I. F.y. P5<5.) Me. to Minn., Ga. and Mex. Also on the northwest 
coast. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadei^phia ; Chester; 
Monroe ; Dei^aware ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Jefferson ; 
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Franki^in ; Pike ; Allegheny. 

21a. J, acuminatus debilis (A. Gray) Engelm. (Man. p. 252.) Lan- 

CAvSTER. 

2. JUNCOIDES Adans. 

Peduncles terminated by i or rarely 2 flowers : capsule of an ovoid type. 

1. J. pilosum. 
Peduncles terminated by compact spikes : capsule of an obovoid type. 

2. /. campestris. 

1. Juncoides pilosum (L.) Kuntze. Hairy Wood-rush. (Man. p. 
253; I. F. /. 95p.) N. B. to Alaska, N. Y., Mich, and Ore., and in the 
Alleghenies to Gdi.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Monroe ; Sulli- 
van ; Mercer ; Susquehanna ; Erie ; Somerset. 

2. Juncoides campestris ( L. ) Kuntze. Common Wood-rush. (Man. 
p. 254; I. F._/. 96^.) In woodlands, throughout U. S. and Br. Am. Also 
in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Venango ; Somer- 
set ; Chester. 

Family 2. MELANTHACEAE R. Br. Bunch-flower Family. 

Anthers oblong or ovoid, 2-celled. i. Chamaelirium. 

Anthers cordate or reniform, sometimes becoming peltate, confluently i-celled. 
Sepals and petals glandless. 
Inflorescence racemose or spicate : flowers perfect. 2. Chrosperma. 
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers polygamous. 
Ovary wholly superior : hypanthium scarcely developed : sepals and 

petals obtuse. 3. Veratrum. 

Ovary inferior at the base : hypanthium manifestly developed : sepals 
and petals acuminate. 4. Stenanthium. 

Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. 5. Melanthium. 

1. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. 
1. Chamaelirium luteum (L. ) A. Gray. Blazing-star. (Man. p. 
257 ; I. F. yi 972.) In moist meadows and thickets, Mass. to Mich., Fla. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. CHROSPERMA Raf. 
1. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fly-poison. (Man. 
p. 257; I. F. f. 973.) In dry sandy woods, L. I- and Pa. to Fla. and 



LILIACEAE 81 

Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; ScHUYi.Kir.1. ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; 
Chester ; Carbon ; Phii,adei,phia ; Pike. 

3. VERATRUM L. 

1. Veratrum viride Ait. American White Hei^IvEbore. Indian 
POKE- (Man. p. 259 ; I, F. f. 984.) In swamps, Quebec to Alaska, Ga., 
Minn, and B. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuyi.kii.Iv ; Northamp- 
ton ; Lancaster; Franki^in; Bucks; Bi^air ; Lebanon; Perry; 
Luzerne ; DeivAware, Media ; Chester ; Erie. 

4. STENANTHIUM Kunth. 

1. Stenanthium robustum S.Wats. StouT Stenanthium. (Man. 
p. 257 ; I. F. /. o8s-) In moist soil, Pa. and Ohio to S. C. and Tenn. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Ci^arion ; Armstrong ; Ai.i.egheny. 

5. MELANTHIUM L. 

Blades of the sepals and petals oblong, entire : leaf -blades linear or nearly so. 

I. M. Virgin! cum. 
Blades of the sepals and petals suborbicular, undulate or crisped : leaf-blades 
manifestly broadest above the middle. 2. M. latifolium. 

1. Melanthium Virginicum L. Bunch-fi.ower. (Man. p. 259 ; I. 
F. f. 981.) In meadows and wet woods, R. I. to N. Y., Minn., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Ai^IvEGheny ; Huntingdon ; 
Franklin ; Chester ; DeIvAware. 

2. Melanthium latifolium Desr. Crisped Bunch-ei^ower. (Man. 
p. 259; I. F. f. g82.) In dry woods and on hills, Conn, to Pa. and S. C. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; 
Monroe ; Armstrong. 

Family 3. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily Family. 

Herbs with bulbs or corms. 

Flowers in umbels, at first included in, later subtended by ascarious invo- 
lucre. I. Allium. 
Flowers solitary or racemose, sometimes whorled, without an involucre. 
Sepals and petals distinct. 
Anthers not introrse. 

Anthers versatile. 2. LiLiUM. 

Anthers erect. 
Flower erect : capsule columnar : seed flat. 3. Tulipa. 

Flower nodding : capsule obovoid : seed globular. 

4. Frythronium. 
Anthers introrse. 
Filaments filiform. 5. Quamasia. 

Filaments flattened. 6. Ornithogalum. 

Sepals and petals more or less united. 

Perianth urn-shaped, with tooth-like lobes. 7. Muscari. 

Perianth funnelform, with spreading lobes. 8. Hemerocallis. 

Shrubby plants with woody caudices. 9. Yucca. 

6 



82 LILIACEAH 

1. ALLIUM L. 

Ovule I in each cavity. i. A. Iricocctim. 

Ovules 2 in each cavity. 
Bulbs with membranous outer coats. 
Umbel horizontal or nodding during anthesis : plants scapose. 

2. A. cernuuni. 
Umble erect : plants caulescent. 

Sepals not keeled : inner filaments toothed under the anthers. 

3. A. vineale. 
Sepals keeled : inner filaments not toothed. 4. A. carinatum. 

Bulbs with fibrous outer coats. 5. A, Canadense. 

1. Allium tricoccum Ait. W11.D LEEk. (Man. p. 262 ; I. F./. 992.) 
In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., N. C. and To^nu.— Pennsylvania : Phii^a- 
DEifPHiA, Wissahickon ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Berks ; 
BiyAiR ; C1.EARFIEI.D ; Al^lvEGHENY ; SOMERSET ; Bucks ; ERIE. 

2. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding W11.D Onion. (Man. p. 263; 
I. F./. 994.) On banks and hillsides, N. Y. to Minn, and B. C, W. Va., 
Ky., S. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pen7isylva7iia : Hunt- 
ingdon ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Allium vineale L- W11.D or F1EI.D Gari^ic. (Man. p. 263 ; I. F. 
f. 996.) In fields and meadows. Conn, to Ohio, Mo. and Va. Nat. from 

Ku. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; DEI.AWARE ; Al^IvEGHENY. 

4. Allium carinatum L. KEEI.ED Garwc (Man . p. 1046.) In fields, 
eastern Pa. Introduced from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

5. Allium Canadense L. Meadow Garwc (Man. p. 263; I. F. 
f. 99/.) In meadows and thickets, Me. to Minn., Fla., La. and Ark. — 
Pemisylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franki,in ; Dei^aware ; 
York; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. LILIUM L. 

Flower or flowers erect : sepals and petals narrowed into claws. 

I. L. Philadelphicuvi . 
Flower or flowers horizontal or nodding : sepals and petals without claws. 
Leaf-blades finely roughened on the margins and nerves beneath : sepals 

and petals not recurved. 2. L. Canadense. 

Leaf-blades smooth : sepals and petals recurved. 3. L. superbum. 

1. Lilium Philadelphicum L. Red or Wood Lii^y. (Man. p. 265 ; 
I. F./. /ooj.) In dry woods, Me. to Ont., N. C and W. Va.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Franki^in ; Lan- 
caster ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; Northampton ; Chester ; Dei^aware. 

2. Lilium Canadense L. W11.D Yeli^ow Lily. Canada Lily. 
(Man. p. 265 ; I. F. /! 1006.) In swamps and meadows, N. S. to Minn., 
Ga. and Mo. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Franklin ; Luzern^e ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Somerset ; Lan- 
caster ; Chester ; Allegheny. 

3. Lilium superbum L- Turk's-cap Lily. Man. p. 265 ; I. F. 
/. 1008.) In meadows and marshes. Me. to Minn., N. C and Tenn. — 



LILIACEAE 83 

Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bradford ; Delaware ; 
B1.AIR ; Bucks ; Ai^IvEgheny ; Marion ; Bedford ; Montgomery ; 
Erie ; Chester. 

3. TULIPA L. 
1. Tulipa sylvestris ly. Wii^d Tui^ip. (Man. p. 1046. ) In meadows, 
eastern Pa. Introduced from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

4. ERYTHRONIUM L. 

Perianth white, pink or purplish within : styles united to above the middle, 

topped by 3 spreading stigmas. i. E. albidum. 

Perianth yellow within : styles wholly united : stigma terminal. 

2. E. Americanum. 

1. Erythronmm albidum Nutt. White Adder's Tongue. (Man. 
p. 266; I. F./. loij.) In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to Minn., Ga. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : A1.1.EGHENY ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Union. 

2. Erythronium Americanum Ker. Yei^i^ow Adder's Tongue. 
(Man. p. 266; I. F. /. 1012.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to 
Ont., Minn., Fla., Mo. and Kr^.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Chester. 

5. QUAMASIA Raf. 

1. Quamasiahyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. Wild Hyacinth. (Man. 
p. 267; I. F. y. 1018.) In meadows and along streams, Pa. to Minn., 
Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny. 

6. ORNITHOGALUM L- 

Flowers in corymbs, erect. i. O. umbellatum . 

Flowers in racemes, drooping. 2. O. ntiians. 

1. Omithogalum umbellatum L. Star-oe-BethlEhem. (Man. p. 
268; I. V.f. loig.) In fields, Mass. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Northamp- 
ton ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

2. Omithogalum nutans L. Drooping Star-oe-Bethlehem. (Man. 
p. 268 ; I. F. /. 1020.) Escaped in the eastern States. Native of Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Erie. 

7. MUSCARI Mill. 

Perianth 2-3 mm. long, globular : leaves erect. i. M. botryoides. 

Perianth 4-6 mm. long, urn-shaped : leaves recurving. 2. M. racemosuni. 

1. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. Grape -hyacinth. (Man. p. 268 ; 
I. F. y. I02!.) In meadows, thickets and along roadsides, Mass. to Ohio 
and Va. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Lancaster. 

2. Muscari racemosum(L.) Mill- Starch Grape-hyacinth. (Man. 
p. 268 ; I. F. /. 1022.) Escaped, N. Y. to Md. Native of Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster. 



84 CONVALIvARIACEAE 

8. HEMEROCALLIS L. 
1. Hemerocallis fulva L. Day LiiyV. (Man. p. 261 ; I. F. /. ppo.) 
In meadows and along streams, N. B. and Ont. to Va. and Tenn. Native 
of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Phii^a- 
DEiyPHiA ; Chester ; Monroe ; DeIvAware ; Ai.i.egheny. 

9. YUCCA Iv. 
1. Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's NeEdi^e. (Man. p. 269 ; I. F. /. 
1022.) In sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tenn. and La. — Pennsylvania : LAN- 
CASTER, Mt. Joy. 

Fam. 4. CONVALLARIACEAE Link. Lii.y-of-the-Vai.i.ey Famii^y. 

Leaves reduced to scales : branchlets very numerous, filiform. 

I. Asparagus. 
Leaves normal : stems or scapes simple or sparingly branched. 
Sepals and petals distinct. 
Plants scapose : leaves basal. 2. Clintonia. 

Plants caulescent : leaves cauline. 
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Sepals and petals 3 each : stamens 6. 3. Vagnera. 

Sepals and petals 2 each : stamens 4. 4. Unifolium. 

Flowers axillary or opposite the leaves, solitary, or a few in the clusters. 
Fruit a berry : filaments mostly longer than the anthers. 
Flowers axillary : filaments dilated : anthers acute. 

5. Streptopus. 
Flowers terminal : filaments slender : anthers obtuse. 

6. DiSPORUM. 

Fruit a capsule : filaments mostly shorter than the anthers. 

7. UVULARIA. 

Sepals and petals partly united into a tube. 
Flowers axillary : perianth tubular : anthers sagittate. 8. Salomonia. 
Flowers in terminal racemes : perianth campanulate : anthers oblong. 

9. CONVALLARIA. 

1. ASPARAGUS L. 
1. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. (Man. p. 270; I. F. /. 
J021. ) Escaped, especially along salt marshes, N. B. to Va. Native of Bu. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Phii.adei.phia ; Frank. 
i,iN ; Chester ; Dei^awAre ; Luzerne ; Ai,i.egheny. 

2. CLINTONIA Raf. 

Perianth greenish yellow : sepals and petals over i cm. long : flowers nodding : 
berries blue. i. C. borealis. 

Perianth white : sepals and petals less than i cm. long : flowers erect : ber- 
ries black. 2. C. umbellulata. 

1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yeli^ow CwnTonia. (Man. p. 
270 ; I. F.y. i02g.) In moist woods, Newf. to Minn, and N. C. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Centre ; Tioga ; SchuyIvKili. ; Erie ; Somerset; 
Lackawanna ; Pike. 

2. Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Torn White Ci^intonia. 
(Man. p. 271 ; I. F. /. 1030.) In woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga. and 



CONVAIvIvARIACEAE 85 

Tenn. — Pennsylvania Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; BIvAIR ; Armstrong ; 
Aivi^EGHENY : Mercer ; Somerset. 

3. VAGNERA Adans. 
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers numerous. i. V. racemosa. 

Inflorescence racemose : flowers few-several. 

lycaves several to many : berries striped. 2. V. stellata. 

Leaves 2-4 : berries red. 3. V. trifolia. 

1. Vagnera racemosa (Iv.) Morong. W11.D Spikenard. (Man. p. 
271 ; I. F.y. lo^i.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C, Ga.; 
Mo. and Kriz.—Pennsylvatiia : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Chester ; 
Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Franklin ; Erie; Pike; Ai^IvEGheny. 

2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Star-fi.owEREd Soi^omon's 
Seai<. (Man. p. 271 ; I. F./. ioj2.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, Va., 
Ky., Kans. and CaX.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny ; Centre ; Chester. 

3. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. ThrEE-i<Eaved Soi^omon's Seai,. 
(Man. p. 271 ; I. F. f. 10J3.) In bogs and wet woods, Newf. to B. C, 
Conn., Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike; Erie. 

4. UNIFOLIUM Adans. 

1. TTnifollum Canadense (Desf. ) Greene. Fai,SE Lii.y-of-The-Val- 
i,EY. Two-i^EAVED SoIvOMON's Seai., (Man. p. 271; I. F. /. 1034.) 
In moist woods, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., N. C, Iowa and S. Dak. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lu- 
zerne ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset ; York ; Berks ; 
Ai,i.EGHENY ; Miffi^in ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Pike ; Lackawanna. 

5. STREPTOPUS Michx. 
Leaf-blades green, sessile : perianth rose or purple : anthers 2-pointed. 

I. .S". roseus. 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, clasping : perianth greenish white : anthers i- 
pointed. 2. 5. ample xifolius. 

1. Streptopus roseus Michx. Sessii,E-i,Eaved Twisted-stai^k. 
(Man. p. 272; I. V. /. ioj8.) In moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., 
Mich, and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Susquehanna; SuIvIvIvan ; 
Tioga ; B1.AIR ; Somerset ; Pike, Bushkill Falls ; Erie. 

2. Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. CIvASPing-i^eaved Twisted- 
STAI,K. (Man. p. 272 ; I. F. /. /oj/.) In moist woods. Lab. to Alaska, 
N. C, Ohio, Mich, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Sui^IvIVAn; 
Carbon, Onoko Glen ; Bi,air ; Erie ; Pike. 

6. DISPORUM Salisb. 
1. Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. Hairy Disporum. 
(Man. p. 272 ; I. F./. 1035.) In woods, Ont. to N. Y., Ga. and Tenn. — 
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Birmingham ; Bi,air ; Crawford, Ham- 
marley ; ERIE ; SOMERSET ; Fayette ; Cambria. 



86 TRILLIACEAE 

7. UVULARIA ly. 

Sepals and petals each with 2 ridges on either side of a deep nectary : capsule 
obovoid or turbinate, 3-lobed. 
Sepals and petals papillose within. i. U. perfoliata. 

Sepals and petals smooth within. 2. U. grandifiora. 

Sepals and petals without ridges or nectary : capsules elliptic or oval, 3-winged. 

3. l\ sessilifolia. 

1. Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate Beu^wort. (Man. p. 260; 
I. F. f. g86.) In moist woods, Quebec and Ont. to Fla. and Miss. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Frankun ; Columbia ; Del- 
aware ; Chester ; Allegheny. 

2. Uvularia grandifiora J. K. Smith. IvARGE- flowered Bellwort. 
(Man. p. 260; I. F. /. gSj.) In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., Ga., Tenn. 
and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Clearfield ; Mercer ; 
Allegheny ; Fayette ; Brie. 

3. Uvularia sessilifolia h. Sessile- leaved Bellwort. (Man. p. 
260 ; I. F, yi g88. ) In moist woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and 
Ark, — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Leba- 
non ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Mercer ; Chester ; Erie ; Dela- 
ware ; Susquehanna ; Fayette ; Allegheny. 

8. SALOMONIA Heist. 

Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : filaments rough, adnate to the perianth for 
about K its length. i. 5". hiflora. 

Leaf-blades glabrous : filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth for about % 
its length. 2. S. commutata. 

1. Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon's Seal. 
(Man. p. 273; I. F. y", lo^g.) In woods and thickets, N. B. to Mich, 
and Fla. — Pe^msylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franklin ; Erie ; Pike ; Delaware. 

2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Smooth Solomon's 
Seal. (Man. p. 273 ; I. F.y". 1040.) In moist woods and along streams, 
R. I. to Man., Ga., La., Utah and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Dela- 
ware ; Allegheny. 

9. CONVALLARIA L- 

1. Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-The-valley. (Man. p. 273;!. 
F.y. 1041.) On the higher mountains of Va., N. C. and S. C. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Philadelphia, escaped. 

Family 5. TRILLIACEAE Lindl. Trillium Family. 

Flowers several in umbel-like clusters : sepals and petals nearly alike : flow- 
ering stems with a whorl of leaves and a whorl of bracts. i. Medeola. 

Flowers solitary : sepals and petals very different : flowering stems (scapes) 
with only a whorl of leaf -like bracts. 2. Trillium. 

1. MEDEOLA L. 
1. Medeola Virginica L. Indian Cucumber- ROOT. (Man. p. 274; I. 
F. /. 1042.) In moist woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn. 



SMILACACEAE ^7 

— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; IvAncaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset ; Pike ; York ; DeivAware ; Ai,ivE- 

GHENY. 

2. TRILLIUM Iv. 

Flower sessile. i , J", sessile. 

Flower pedicelled. 
Bracts not narrowed into petiole-like bases. 
Peduncles erect, or rarely declined, then several times longer than the 
sepals. 
Petals lanceolate, slightly longer than the sepals. 2. T. erectum. 
Petals oblanceolate orobovate-oblanceolate, much longer than the sepals. 

3. T. grandifioruni. 
Pedicels recurved or declined, shorter than the sepals or only slightly 
longer. 4. T. cernuum. 

Bracts narrowed into petiole-like bases. 
Blades of the bracts acuminate at the apex : petals veiny, over 2.5 cm. long. 

5. T. undulatum. 
Blades of the bracts obtuse at the apex : petals not veiny, less than 2.5 cm. 
long. 6. T. nivale. 

1. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-fi^owerEd Wake-robin. (Man. p. 
274; I. F. y". 104J.) In moist woods and thickets, Pa. to Minn., Fla., 
Miss, and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Ai.i.egheny ; Washington ; Erie. 

2. Trillium erectum L. Ii^l-scented Wake-robin. (Man. p. 275 ; 
I. F. /. 1047.) In woods, N. S. to James' Bay and Man., N. C, Tenn. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Sui.- 
IvIVAN ; Venango ; Bi,air ; Huntingdon ; Cwnton ; Erie ; Somer- 
set ; AiyivEGHENY. 

3. Trillium gran diflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large- fi^owered Wake- 
ROBIN. (Man. p. 275; I. F. /. 1046.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Ei^k ; Ve- 
nango ; A1.1.EGHENY ; Erie. 

4. Trillium cernuum L- Nodding Wake- robin. (Man. p. 275; I. 
F. y. 104.8.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and ^o. — Pennsylva- 
nia: Northampton; PhiIvAdei^phia ; Lancaster; Dei^aware ; 
Montgomery. 

5. Trillium undulatum Willd. Painted Wake-robin. (Man. p. 
275 ; I. F. f. 104^.) In woods, N. S. to Wis., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkii.1. ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; 
BivAiR ; Cambria ; Erie ; Somerset ; Lackawanna. 

6. Trillium nivale Ridd. Eari^y WakE-ROBIn. (Man, p. 274; I. F. 
/. 1045.) In woods and thickets. Pa. to Minn., Ky. and Iowa. — Penn- 
sylvania : Westmorf:land ; Aij^EGheny. 

Family 6. SMILACACEAE Vent. Smii.ax Famii^y. 

1. SMIL AX L 

A. Stems herbaceous, annual, unarmed : ovules 2 in each cavity. 

Peduncles becoming much longer than the subtending bracts: leaf-blades 
prominently 7-9-nerved. i. S. herbacea. 



8S SMIIvACACEAE 

Peduncles shorter than the subtending bracts or slightly longer : leaf -blades 
prominently 5-nerved. 2. .S". lamnifolia. 

B. Stems woody, perennial, prickly : ovules solitary in each cavity. 
Peduncles of pistillate plants much longer than the petioles. 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. 3. .S'. glauca. 

I^eaf-blades green on both sides. 
Peduncles of pistillate plants fully twice or four times as long as the 
petioles during anthesis. 
Peduncles about twice as long as the petioles in fruit : spines on lower 

part of stem numerous, bristle-like. 4. ^. hispida. 

Peduncles 3-4 times as long as the petioles in fruit : spines few, stout 
and rigid or wanting. 5. 5. Pseudo- China. 

Peduncles of pistillate plants barely twice as long as the petioles. 

6. 5". Bona-nox. 
Peduncles of pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or barely surpassing 
them. 7. .S". rotu7idifolia. 

1. Smilax herbacea L- Carrion-flower. (Man. p. 276; I. F. /. 
/050. ) In woods and thickets, N. B. to N. Dak., Fla., La. and Neb. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Halberd- leaved Smilax. (Man. p. 
276 ; I. F.y, losi.) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to S. C. and Tenn. — Penn- 
sylvania: Delaware, Tinicum. 

3. Smilax glauca Walt. Glaucous-leaved Greenbrier. (Man. 
p. 276 ; I. F. /. /05J. ) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franklin ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Montgomery ; Schuylkill ; 

AlrLEGHENY. 

4. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. (Man. p. 277 ; I. F. 
f. io§s- ) In thickets, Out. to Minn., Neb., Va. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 

Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; 
Somerset ; Fulton. 

5. Smilax Pseudo-China L. Long-STalked Greenbrier. (Man. 
p. 277 ; I. F./. 1056.) In dry thickets. Pa. to Neb., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Allegheny ; Clearfield ; Huntingdon ; Franklin, 

6. Smilax Bona-nox L. Bristly Greenbrier. (Man. p. 277 ; I. F. 
f. lo^j.) In thickets, Mass. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 

Delaware. 

7. Smilax rotundifolia L. Greenbrier. CaTbrier. (Man. p. 277; 
I. F./. 1054.) In woods and thickets, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Chester ; 
Lackawanna ; Somerset ; Franklin ; Schuylkill ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

Order 9. AMARYLLIDALES. 

Stamens 6. 

Upright herbs : flowers perfect. Fam. i. Amaryllidaceae. 

Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. Dioscoreaceae. 

Stamens 3. Fam, 3. Iridaceae. 



IRIDACEAE 89 

FAMII.Y I. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryi,i.is Famii^y. 

Perennial from corms or short rootstocks. 

Ovary and capsules one-half inferior. i. Aletris. 

Ovary and capsules wholly inferior. 2. Hypoxis. 

Perennial from coated bulbs. 3. Narcissus. 

1. ALETRIS Iv. 
1. Aletris farinosa L. Star-grass. Coi.ic-root. (Man. p. 269; 
I. F./. I02J.) In dry soil, Me. to Minn., Fla. andTenn. — Pennsylvania: 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Ci^inton. 

2. HYPOXIS L. 
1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L-) Coville. Star-grass. (Man. p. 280; I. 
F. f. 1066.) In dry soil, Me. to Assiniboia, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Coeumbia ; 
Huntingdon ; Frankein ; Monroe ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; 
Aeeegheny. 

3. NARCISSUS L. 

1. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L. Daeeodie. (Man. p. 279.) Es- 
caped, Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancas. 
TER. 

Famie^y 2. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Famiey. 
1. DIOSCOREA L. 
1. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root. (Man. p. 281; I. F./. 
1068.) In moist thickets, R. I. to Ont. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Coeumbia ; Lackawanna; Fueton ; Frankein ; Delaware ; Alle- 
gheny. 

Family 3. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family. 
Styles alternate with the stamens. 
Filaments distinct : seeds drupe-like. i. Gemmingia. 

Filaments united : seeds dry. 2. SiSyrinchium. 

Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. 3. Iris. 

1. GEMMING-IA Fabr. 
1. Gemmingia Chinensis (L) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. (Man. 
p. 284 ; I. F./. 1082.) On hills and along roadsides, N. Y. to Ga., Ind. 
and Mo. Nat. from Asia. — Pennsylva?iia : Northampton; Bucks; 
Chester; Lancaster; York; Delaware; Allegheny. 

2. SISYRINCHIUM L. 

Scapes simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes. 
Capsules 2-4 mm. long- : leaf-blades mostly less than 1.5 mm. wide, 

1. .S. tmicronahitn. 
Capsules 4-6 mm. long : leaf- blades mostly over 1.5 mm. wide. 

2. .S. angustifoliuni . 
Scapes branched or bearing two or more terminal peduncles. 

Foliage becoming dark in drying : broadly winged scapes over 1.5 mm. wide. 

3. .S". graniinoides. 
Foliage green in drying : narrowly winged scapes less than 1.5 mm. wide. 

4. S. Atlanticuni. 



90 ORCHIDACEAE 

1. Sisyrinchiummucronatum Michx. Michaux's Bi,uk-Kvkd Grass. 
(Man. p. 286.) In meadows and fields, Mich, to N. J. and Va. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe; Pikp;. 

2. Sisyrlnchium angustlfolium Mill. Pointed Bi.ue eyed Gras3. 
(Man. p. 286; I. F. /. 1085.) In fields, Newf. to B. C, Va., Kans. and 
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester ; AIvI^egheny. 

3. Sisyrlnchium graminoides Bicknell. Stout BIvUE-eyed Grass. 
(Man. p. 287 ; I. ¥./. io8j. ) In grassy places, sometimes in woods, Mass. 
to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Armstrong; 
Lancaster ; Pike ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; Ali.e- 

GHENY. 

4. SisyrinchiumAtlanticum Bicknell. Eastern Bi.ue-Eyp;d Grass. 
(Man. p. 287 ; I. F. y. 1084.) In moist fields and brackish marshes, Newf. 
to Fla., mostly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley. 

3. IRIS L. 

Plants usually over 3 dm. tall : outer perianth-lobes larger than the inner. 

Leaf -blades over i cm. wide. i. /. versicolor. 

Leaf-blades less than i cm. wide. 2. /. prismatica. 

Plants usually less than i dm. tall : outer and inner perianth-lobes nearly equal. 

3. /. verna. 

1. Iris versicolor L. Larger Bi.ue-fi,ag. (Man. p. 282 ; I. F. /. 
io6g.) In marshes and wet meadows, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; 
Perry; Erie; Chester; Ali^egheny. 

2. Iris prismatica Pursh. Si^Ender Bi.ue-fi,ag, (Man. p. 283 ; I. F. 
f. 10J4.) In wet grounds, N. B. to Pa. and N. C, mainly near the coast. 
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, New Texas ; DeIvAWARE ; Chester. 

3. Iris verna L. Dwarf Iris. (Man. p. 284; I. F. /. 1080.) On 
shaded hillsides and in woods. Pa. to Ga. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Lan- 
caster, Wakefield. 

Order 10. OECHIDALES. 

Family i. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Famii^y. 

Anthers 2 : lip a large inflated sac. i. Cypripedium. 

Anther solitary : lip various. 

A. Anther adnate to the column, erect, persistent. 

a. Lip with a tubular spur at the base : anther adnate to the apex of the 
column ; sacs separate. 
Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch. 2. Galeqrchis. 

Glands of the stigma not enclosed in a poiich. 
•■'Lip or its lobes neither laciniate nor fringed. 
Anther-sacs mostly parallel : stems not scape-like. 

Valves of the anthers dilated at the base, enclosing the glands be- 
low. 3. Perularia. 
Valves of the anthers not dilated at the base. 

Glands of the stigmas surrounded by a thin membrane. 

4. COELOGLOSSUM. 



ORCHIDACE.^K 91 

Glands of the stigmas naked. 
Beak of the stigma with 2 or 3 appendages. 

5. Gymnadeniopsis. 
Beak of the stigma not appendaged. 6. I,imnorchis. 
Anther sacs divergent : stems scape-like. 7. Lysias. 
i-K-f j^{p Qj- iiQ lobes fringed or laciniate. 8. Blephariglottis. 

b. lyip spurless, or if with a spur, this merely sac-like : anther adnate to 
the back of the column : sacs approximate. 
I^ip flat, at least not saccate. 
Stems with alternate leaves, these often scale-like : lip neither cleft 

nor parted. 9. Gyrostachys. 

Stems with opposite leaves : lip 2-cleft or 2-parted. 

10. Listera. 
lyip sac-like. 11. Peramium. 

B. Anther attached to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. 
Pollen in loose powdery masses. 

Scapose plants : leaves basal or wanting. 
I^eaves basal, sheathing the scape: bracts alternate: column winged 

at the apex. 12. IvImodorum. 

I^eaves wanting or mere basal scales : bracts whorled at the top of the 
scape. 13. IsoTRiA. 

Caulescent plants. 
Column club-shaped or very short, wingless : pollen masses 2 or 2- 
parted. 
Flowers normally solitary, terminal : lip crested. 

14. POGONIA. 

Flowers axillary, in few-flowered racemes : lip not crested. 

15. Triphora. 
Column dilated above, petal-like : pollen masses 4. 

16. Arethusa. 
Pollen in waxy masses. 

Pollen masses without either elastic connecting tissue or stalks. 
Stems bearing normal leaves. 

I,eaf sheathing the scape to near the middle : column minute, 

2-toothed at the apex. 17. Achroanthes. 

lyCaves barely, sheathing the scapes : column elongated, incurved, 
margined above. 18. L,eptorchis. 

Stems bearing clasping or sheathing scales. 

Rootstocks coral-like : lips with a short spur adnate to the ovary, 

proper leaves none. 19. Corallorhiza. 

Rootstock corm-like : lip spurless : proper leaf solitary, absent dur- 
ing anthesis. 20. Aplectrum. 
Pollen masses with connecting tissue and stalks. 

21. Tipularia. 

1. CYPRIPEDIUM h. 

Scapose : leaves 2, basal : lip with a fissure down the front : sterile stamen 

glandular-pubescent : stigma broadest at the apex. i. C. acaule. 

Caulescent : leaves several : lip with a rounded opening : sterile stamens 
glabrous : stigma broadest at the base. 
I^ip longer than the sepals and the lateral petals. 2. C. reginae. 

lyip shorter than the sepals and lateral petals or about as long. 

Sterile stamen lanceolate : lip white. 3. C. candidum. 

Sterile stamen triangular : lip yellow. 

Ivip bright yellow, 1.5-3 cm. long : stigma acute. 4. C.parvijiorutn. 

lyip pale yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long : stigma obtuse. 5. C. hirsulum. 



"92 ORCHIDACEAE 

1. Cypripedium acaule Ait. Moccasin Fi^owkr. ' Stemless Ladies' 
Supper. (Man. p. 291 ; I. F./. io8g.) In sandy or rocky woods, Newf. 
to Ont., N. C, Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: SchuylkiIvL ; Monroe; 
Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Erie ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Somer- 
set ; Frankun ; Huntingdon; Chester; Delaware; Venango; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

2. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Ladies' S1.IPPER. (Man. p. 
29 ; I. F. f. logo.) lu swamps and woods, N. S. to Minn, and Ga. — 
Pennsylvaiiia : Huntingdon; CIvEarfiei^d ; Erie ; Luzerne. 

3. Cypripedium candidum Willd. Small White Ladies' Slip- 
per. (Man. p. 291 ; I. F.y. /op/.) In bogs and meadows, N. Y. and N. 
J. to Minn, and Mo. — Pefinsylvania : Lancaster. 

4. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladies' Slip- 
per. (Man. p. 291; I. F.y". logj.) In rich woods and thickets, Newf. 
to Wash., and along the mountains to Ga. and to Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton; Lehigh; Monroe; Lancaster; Huntingdon; 
Elk ; Luzerne ; Venango. 

5. Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. Large Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 
(Man. p. 291 ; I. F./. 1092.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Ala. 
and Neb. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Cam- 
bria ; Chester ; Venango ; Allegheny. 

2. GALEORCHIS Rydb. 
1. Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Showy Orchis. (Man. p. 
292 ; !.¥./. iog4.) In rich woods, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Neb. — Penn- 
sylvania: Northampton ; Monroe; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

3. PERULARIA Lindl. 
1. Perularia flava (L-) Rydb. Small PalE-green Orchis. (Man. 
p. 292 ; I. F. /. iio^.) In moist spil, Oat. to Minn., Fla. La. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie. 

4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. 

1. Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Pari. Long-bra cted Orchis. 
(Man. p. 292 ; I. F, f. iioj.) In woods and meadows, N. B. to B. C, N. 
C. and Neb. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; 
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Pike ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Susquehanna. 

5. GYMNADENIOPSIS Rydb. 

1. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx. ) Rydb. Small Green Wood 
Orchis. (Man. p. 293 ; I. F./. 1104.) In wet or moist w^oods, Newf. 
to Minn., Fla. and I^a.— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Blair ; Erie ; Somerset ; Montgomery ; Lebanon ; 
Centre ; Lackawanna ; Chester ; Delaware ; Erie. 



ORCHIDACEAE 93^ 

6. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. 
Perianth greenish or greenish yellow : lip lanceolate, scarcely, if at all dilated 
at the base. i. L. hypoborea. 

Perianth white : lip manifestly rhomboid-dilated at the base. 

2. L. dilatata. 

1. LImnorchis hypoborea (L.) Rydb. Tai^i, LEafy Green Orchis; 
(Man. p. 294 ; I. F. f. iioo.) In bogs and wet woods, N. S. to Alaska^ 
N. J., Colo, and Oregon. — Pennsylvania : Wayne, Mt. Pleasant; EriB^ 
Union City ; SusouEhanna. 

2. Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Tai.1. White Bog Orchis. 
(Man. p. 294; I. F. f. iioi.) In bogs and wet woods, N. S. to Alaska, 
Me., N. Y., Utah and Ore. — Petmsylvania Erie, Union City. 

7. LYSIAS Salisb. 

Perianth greenish white : spur twice as long as the ovary, i. L. orbiculata. 
Perianth yellowish green : spur about as long as the ovary. 2. L. Hookeriana.. 

1. Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. IvARGE Round-i.eaved Or- 
chis. (Man. p. 294 ; I. F. /. iog6.) In rich woods, Newf. to B. C, N. 
C. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Centre ; Hunting- 
don ; Bi,air ; Erie ; Somerset ; Chester ; Susquehanna ; Ai.i,e- 

GHENY. 

2. Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. Hooker's Orchis. (Man. 
p. 295 ; I. F. y. logj.) In woods, N. S. to Minn., N. J., Pa. and Iowa. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Tioga ; Bi,air ; EriE- 

8. BLEPHARiaLOTTIS Raf. 
I,ip fringed. 
Spur about K as long as the ovary. i. B. cristata. 

Spur as long as the ovary or much longer. 
Perianth white. 2. B. Blephariglottis^ 

Perianth yellow or orange-yellow. 3. B. ciliaris. 

lyip 3-lobed or 3-parted : segments entire, incised or fringed. 
Segments of lip incised or erose. 4. B peramoena. 

Segments of lip fringed. 
Body of segments i mm. broad or narrower, slightly broadened. 

5. B. lac era. 
Body of segments fan-shaped. 
lyip 1-1.5 cm. broad. 6. B. psy codes. 

Lip 2-2.5 cm. broad. 7. B. grandiflora. 

1. Blephatiglottis cristata (Michx.) Raf. Crested YELI.OW Orchis. 
(Man. p. 295 ; I. F. /. 1106.) In bogs, N. J. to Fla. and La. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Montgomery, bog near Willow Grove. 

2. Blephariglottis Blephariglottis (Willd.) Rydb. White Fringed 
Orchis. (Man. p. 296 ; I. F. /! 1108.) In bogs and swamps, Newf. to 
Minn, and N.J. — Peimsylvania : Monroe; Wayne; Tioga. 

3. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L-) Rydb. Yellow Fringed Orchis. 
(Man. p. 296; I. F. /. 1107.) In meadows, Vt. (?) and Ont. to Mich., 
Fla. and Tex. — /V;/«^jV/z/a;/za .• Monroe; Centre; Schuylkill; FuIv- 



94 ORCHIDACKAE 

ton; Huntingdon; IvACkawanna ; Lancastkr ; Lkkanon ; Ches- 
ter ; Northampton. 

4. Blephariglottia peramoena (A. Gray) Rydb. FringeIvESS PurpIvE 
Orchis. (Man. p. 297 ; I. F.y. 1113.) In moist meadows, N. J. to 111., 
Va. and Ky, — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Lancaster, New Texas ; 
Cambria, Johnstown ; Somerset ; Ai,i.egheny. 

5. Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Rydb. Ragged Orchis. (Man. 
p. 296 ; I. F./. i/op.) In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., Ga. 
and Mo. — Pennsylz'anta : Monroe ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lebanon ; Luzerne ; Bi,air ; Ai.i.egheny ; Armstrong ; 
Montgomery ; Fui^ton ; Centre. 

6. Blephariglottis psycodes (L) Rydb. Smai^IvER Purpi^E-fringed 
Orchis. (Man. p. 296; I. F.y". 11 12.) In meadows and swamps, Newf. 
to Minn., N. C. and Ind. — Pemisylvania : Monroe; Luzerne; Hun- 
tingdon ; B1.AIR ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; 
Chester ; DeIvAware. 

7. Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigel. ) Rydb. Large PurpIvE- 
Fringed Orchis. (Man. p. 296; I. F. /////. ) In rich woods and 
meadows, N. B. to Mich, and N. C. Pennsylvaina : Northampton; 
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Bi.air ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Franklin ; 
LancAvSTER ; Chester ; Delaware; Susquehanna. 

9. GYROSTACHYS Pers. 
Flowers alternate, forming a one-sided spike by the twisting of the rachis. 
Leaves with blades at the base of the stem, fugacious ; blades oblong, 
elliptic or ovate. 
Lips white : tuberous root solitary. i . G. simplex. 

Lips green in the middle : tuberous roots several. 2. G. gracilis. 

Leaves with blades, extending some distance up the stem, persistent; blades 
linear. 3. G. praecox. 

Flowers 3-ranked, forming a cylindric spike : rachis barely twisted. 
Lateral sepals free and separate. 
Lip with a cuneate base and 2 stout reflexed callosities. 

4. G. cernua. 
Lip with a truncate base and 2 small spreading callosities. 

5. G. plantaginea 
Sepals and petals more or less converging into a hood. 6. G. stricta. 

1. Gyrostachys simplex (A. Gray) Kuntze. LITTLE Ladies 
Tresses. (Man. p. 300 ; 1. F. 1126.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Md 
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Bucks. 

2. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel. ) Kuntze. Slender Ladies' Tresses 
(Man. p. 301 ; I. B. f. 1127.) In dry fields and open woods, N. S. to 
Minn., Fla., La. andKans. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Luzerne ; North 
ampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Mont 
gomery ; Lackaw^anna ; York ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

3. Gyrostachys praecox (Walt.) Kuntze. Grass-leaved Ladies 
Tresses. ' (Min. p. 300 ; I. F./. 1125.') In grassy places, N. Y. to Fla 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna, Moosic Lake ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster. 



ORCHIDACEAE 95 

4. Gyrostachys cemua (L) Kuntze. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. 
(Man. p. 300; I. F. f. 112^.) In wet meadows and swamps, N. S. to 
Minn,, Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northamp- 
ton ; Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Lebanon ; 
Armstrong ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware, Tini- 
cum ; Chester ; Fayette ; Ai.legheny. 

5. Gyrostachys plantaginea (Raf.) Britton. Wide-i.Eaved Ladies' 
Tresses. (Man. p. 300; I. F./. 1122.) Moist banks and woods, N. B. 
to Minn., Va. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; 

FRANKIvIN. 

6. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Hooded Ladies' Tresses. (Man. 
p. 299; I. V.f. 1121.) In bogs, Newf. to Idaho, Me., Pa., Minn, and 
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Crawford, Hammarley. 

10. LISTERA R. Br. 

Column very short, 0.5 mm. long or less : lip linear or nearly so. 

Lip with lateral teeth : rachis and pedicels glabrous. i. L. cordata. 

Lip without lateral teeth : rachis and pedicels glandular. 2, L. australis. 
Column relatively long, 1.5 mm. long : lip wedge-shaped. 3. L. Smallii. 

1. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. HearT-i,eaved Twaybi^ade. 
(Man. p. 301 ; I. V.f. ii2g.) In moist woods, N. S. to Alaska, N. J. and 
Oregon, — Pennsylvania : Wayne, Mt. Pleasant ; Centre. 

2. Listera australis Lindl. Southern Twaybi^ade. (Man. p. 302 ; 
I. V. f. 1 130. ) In bogs, N, Y. and N. J. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Chester, N. Valley hills. 

3. Listera Smallei Wiegand. Smai^i^'s Twayblade. (Man. p. 301 ; 
1. F./. I J 28a. ) In damp woods in the mts. from Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. 
— Pennsylvania : Somerset. 

11. PERAMIUM Salisb. 
Spike one-sided, somewhat spirally twisted : lip ending in an oblong recurved 
tip: stigma 2-toothed. i. P, ophioides. 

Spike cylindric : tip ending in ovate straight tip : stigma entire. 

2. P,pnbescens. 

1. Peramium ophioides ( Fern aid ) Rydb. White-bi.otched RaTTi^e- 
SNAKE P1.ANTAIN. (Man. p. 302.) In cold, mossy woods, Prince Ed- 
ward Island to Man. and N. C. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Centre ; 
B1.AIR. 

2. Peramium pubescens (Willd. ) MacM. Downy RaTTi^esnake 
P1.ANTAIN. (Man. p. 302 ; I. F./. 1132.) In dry woods, Newf. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; LancAvSTER ; Dauphin, 
Monroe ; Luzerne ; Lebanon ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Franki^in ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Aij^egheny ; Montgomery ; Centre ; York. 

12. LIMODORUM L. ^ 

1. Limodorum tuberosum L. Grass-pink Cai^opogon. (Man. p. 
298; I. F. y. 114S') lu bogs and meadows, Newf. to Minn., Fla. and 



9G ORCHIDACEAE 

lAo.—Pennsylva7iia: Monror ; Carbon; SUvSQUKhanna ; Wayne; 
Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Northampton ; Dhi.aware ; Erie ; Mont- 
gomery ; Lancaster; Lackawanna; Pike; Chester. 

13. ISOTRIA Raf. 

Lip crested along a narrow line above the face : pedicel as long- as the capsule 
or longer. i . /. verticillata. 

Lip crested over the face and lobes : pedicel shorter than the capsule. 

2. /. affinis. 

1. Isotria verticellata (Willd. ) Raf. Whorled Pogonia. (Man. p. 
297 ; I. F. f. III.) In moist woods, Ont. to Wis., Ind. and Fla. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Schuyi.- 
KI1.1. ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; DeIvA- 
ware ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. Isotria affinis (Austin) Rydb. Smai,i,er Whori^ed Pogonia. 
(Man, p. 297 ; L F. /. 1118.) In moist woods, Conn., Pa. and N.J. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Berks ; Phii,adei.phia. 

14. POGONIA Juss. 
1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. (Man. p. 297 ; 
I, F.y". 1114.) In meadows and swamps, Newfoundland to Ont., Fla. 
and Kans. Also in Japan. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Luzerne ; Monroe ; 
Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Erie, Saunders; Montgomery; 
Lancaster ; Berks ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; Delaware. 

15. TRIPHORA Nutt. 
1. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. Nodding Pogonia. (Man. 
p. 298 ; I. F. /. I II 5.) In rich woods, Ont. (?) to R. I. Fla., Wis. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Lehigh ; Lancaster ; 
Northampton ; Chester ; Delaware. 

16. ARETHUSA L. 
1. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. (Man. p. 298; I. F. /. 1119.) 
In bogs, Newfoundland to Minn., N. C. and Ind. — Pennsylvania: 
Wayne ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

17. ACHROANTHES Raf. 
Lip entire at the acute apex. \. A. monophylla. 

Lip 3-toothed at the broad apex. 2. A. unifolia. 

1. Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. White Adder's-mouth. 
(Man. p. 303 ; I. F./". 11134.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Pa. and Neb. 
— Pefinsylvania : Wayne ; Centre ; Susquehanna. 

2. Achroanthes unifolia (Mich X.) Greene. Green Adder's-mouth. 
(Man. p. 303; I. F.y. 1135.) In woods and thickets, Newf. to Minn., 
Fla., Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lackawanna ; 
Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; 
Centre ; Mifflin ; Delaware. 



ORCHIDACEAE ^'^ 

18. LEPTORCHIS Thouars. 

Petals linear : lip 2.5-3.5 mtn. broad : capsules oblong, i. L. Loeselii. 

Petals filiform or linear-filiform : lip 9-12 mm. broad : capsules clavate-oblongf. 

2. L. lilii folia. ■ 

1. Leptorchis Loeselii (L.) MacM. LoESEL's Twaybi^ade. (Man. p. 
303 ; I. F. /. 1137. ) In wet thickets, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ala. and Mo. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Berks, near Reading ; Erie, Presque Isle ; 
Chester; Bucks. 

2. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Large Twayblade. (Man. p, 
303 ; I. F.y. 1136.) In moist woods and thickets, Me. to Minn., Ga. and 
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Ches- 
ter; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Mifflin ; Delaware ; Ai,le- 

GHENY. 

19. CORALLORHIZA R.Br. 

Lip not 3-lobed, but often erose or finely toothed. 

Lip not notched, clawless : perianth 6-8 mm. long : column narrowly winged. 

1. C. odontorhiza. 
Lip notched, clawed : perianth 12-14 mm, long : column strongly winged. 

2, C. Wtsteria7ia, 
Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward. 

Spur obsolete : lip shallowly 3-lobed : capsules 8-10 mm. long. 

3, C. Corallorhiza. 
Spur prominent: lip deeply 3-lobed : capsules 12-20 mm. long. 

4. C. multijlora. 

1. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Small- flowered 
Coral-root. (Man, p. 305 ; I. F. / 1140.) In woods, Mass. to Mich., 
Fla. and Mo, — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Huntingdon ; 
Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Lancaster ; Allegheny ; Chester. 

2. Corallorhiza "Wisteriana Conrad. Wister's Coral-ROOT. (Man, 
p. 305 ; I. F.y. 114T.) In woods, Mass. to Fla., Ohio and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : PH11.ADELPHIA ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester. 

3. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L- ) Karst, Early Coral-ROOT. 
(Man. p. 305 ; I. F.y", I139.) In woods, N. S, to Alaska, N.J,, in the 
mountains to Ga., and to Mich, and Wash, — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; 
Tioga ; Lancaster. 

4. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large Coravroot. (Man. p. 
306 ; I. F,/. 1 1 42.) In woods, N. S. to B. C, Fla., Mo. and Cal. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Frank- 
lin ; Bucks ; Columbia ; Armstrong ; Erie ; Lancaster ; Alle- 
gheny ; Chester. 

20. APLECTRUM Nutt. 

1. Aplectrum spicatum (Walt) B.S.P. Adam-and-Eve. Putty- 
ROOT. (Man. p. 305 ; I, F.y. 1147.) In woods and swamps, Ont. to the 
N. W.Terr,, Ore., Ga., Mo. and Qa\.— Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water 
Gap ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Mifflin ; Centre ; 
Armstrong; Allegheny; Franklin; Chester. 
7 



98 SALICACKAE 

21. TIPULARIA Nutt. 
1. Tipularia unifolia (Muhl.) B.S.P. Crank-fi.y Orchis. (Man. 
p. 304; I. F. f. 1144.) In woods, Vt. to Mich., Fla. and Iva. — Pennsyl- 
vania : DEI.AWARE, near Darby. 

Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 

Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. 

Order 1. PIPERALES. 

Famii^y I. SAURURACEAE Ivindl. Lizard's-taii. Famii^y. 

1. SAURURUS L. 

1. Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's-Taii,. (Man. ,p. 307 ; I. F./. 1148.) 
In swamps and streanis, Ont. , to Minn., Conn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Miffi^in ; York ; 
Chester ; Dei^aware ; Aixegheny. 

Order 2. SALICALES. 
FAM11.Y I. SALICACEAE Iviudl. W11.1.0W Famii^y. 

Bracts incised : disk cup-like : stamens usually 10 or more, rarely 7-8 : stigmas 
elongated and expanded : winter buds with several scales. i. Populus. 

Bracts entire : disk merely i or more axillary glands : stamens less than 10 : 
stigmas short, not expanded : winter buds with i scale each. 2. Salix. 

1. POPULUS L. 

Petioles terete or channeled. 
Leaf-blades persistently white tomentose beneath, 3-5-lobed. 

I. P. alba. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed. 

Stigmas dilated : leaf -blades acuminate : anthers about as broad as long : 

capsules less than i cm. long. 2. P. candicans. 

Stigmas narrow : leaf -blades blunt : anthers about twice as long as broad : 
capsules over i cm. long. 3. P. heterophylla. 

Petioles much flattened laterally. 
Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular. 
Leaf-blades crenate-dentate : bracts usually surpassing the pistil. 

4. P. tremuloides. 
Leaf-blades sinuate-dentate : bracts usually shorter than the pistil. 

5. P. grandidentata. 
Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform. 

Stamens 6-8 : branches erect. 6. P. dilatata. 

Stamens 50 or more : branches spreading. 7. P. deltoides. 

1. Populus alba L. White or SiIvVER-leaf Poplar. (Man. p. 
308 ; I. F.y. 1 164.) In yards and along roadsides, N. B. to Va. Native of 
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. Populus candicans Ait. Balm of GilEad. (Man. p. 309.) In 
woods and fields, N. B. to N. J., west to Minn., mostly escaped from cult. 



SAIvICACEAE 99 

— Pennsylvania : Monrob ; Ai,i.kgheny ; Northampton ; Dei<aware; 

IvEHIGH ; SUIvIvIVAN. 

3. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp or Downy Popi^ar. (Man. p. 
308 ; I. F.y, 1 1 61. ) In swamps, Conn, and N. Y. to Ga. and La., north in 
the Miss, valley to Ind. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER ; Dei^aware. 

4. Populus tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. (Man. p. 310; 
I. F. y". 1 170.) In dry or moist soil, Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J. 
Pa., Ky., in the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and to Lower Cal. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Chester ; Schuyi.kii,i, ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Centre ; Ai^legheny ; Phii^adei^phia ; Lackawanna ; Tioga. 

5. Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-Toothed Aspen. (Man. 
p. 310; I. F. y. ii6g.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., N.J. and in the 
Alleghenies to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Chester ; Carbon ; Schuyxkii.1, ; Monroe ; Montgomery ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Centre ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i.egheny ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Lacka- 
wanna. 

6. Populus dilatata Ait. Lombardy Popi^ar. (Man. p. 309. ) Com- 
monly escaped from cultivation. Nat. of Eu. Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny. 

7. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. (Man. p. 309 ; I. F. 
f 1172.) lu moist soil, especially along streams and lakes, Quebec to 

the N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Colo, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Erie, 
Presque Isle ; Lancaster. 

2. SALIX L. 
A. Capsule glabrous, except for a few silky hairs in 5". fluviatilis. 
Stamens 3-7. 
Pedicels slender, three to five times as long as the glands. 

Stipules and petioles glandless. i. 5*. nigra. 

Stipules and petioles prominently glandular. 2. 5". liicida. 

Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 3. S.fragilis. 

Stamens 2. 
Filaments pubescent at the base : bracts caducous. 
Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity. 

Style manifest: leaf-blades mainly lanceolate. 3. S.fragilis. 

Style wanting : leaf-blades linear or nearly so, 10. 5'. interior. 
Pedicels less than i mm. long at maturity. 
Branches and branchlets not drooping : leaf-blades lanceolate. 

4. 6". alba. 
Branches and branchlets drooping : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or 
nearly linear. 5. .S. Babylonica. 

Filaments glabrous : bracts persistent. 
a. Leaf-blades toothed. 

Leaves with glabrous blades at maturity : capsules pedicelled. 
Leaf-blades less than thrice as long as broad, glaucous beneath. 

6. 5". glaucophylla. 
Leaf-blades over thrice as long as broad : green beneath. 

7. .S. cordata. 
Leaves with densely pubescent blades at maturity : capsules sessile. 

8. 6". adenophylla. 

I r r ^ 



100 SALICACEAE 

b. L,eaf-blades entire. 9. S. myriilloides. 

B. Capsule pubescent, usually silky or tomentose. 
Filaments distinct. 
Capsules markedly pedicelled. 

Leaf-blades not densely pubescent beneath at maturity. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. 
Filaments pubescent : capsules glabrate. 10. S. interior. 

Filaments glabrous : capsules permanently pubescent. 

II. S. petiolaris. 
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. 

Bracts reddish brown and pubescent with long hairs, cuneate or obo- 

vate. 12. S. discolor. 

Bracts yellow, linear-oblong or lanceolate. 13. 5. Bebbiana. 

Leaf-blades densely white-pubescent beneath. 
Leaves with the blades white tomentose beneath. 
Style wanting, or, if present, less than i mm. long. 
Leaf-blades mainly ovate-lanceolate, slender-petioled. 

13. S. Bebbiana. 
Leaf -blades mainly oblanceolate, short-petioled. 

Mature pistillate aments 2-3 cm. long : leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long. 

14. S. humilis. 
Mature pistillate aments about i cm. long : leaf-blades 2-5 cm. 

long. 
Style over i mm. long. 
Leaves with the blades silvery silky beneath. 
Capsules subsessile. 
Filaments united. 

1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. 
1173.) Along streams and lakes, N. B. to Ont., Fla. and CaL — Penn- 
sylvania : Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Bucks ; Chester ; North- 
ampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Allegheny ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Clearfield. 

2. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. (Man. p. 313; I. F. 
f. 1 176.) In swamps and along streams and lakes, Newf. to the N. W. 
Terr., N. J., Ky. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lehigh; 
Lancaster ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Clearfield ; Crawford. 

3. Salix fragilis L- Crack or Brittle Willow. (Man. p. 313; 
I, F. /. 1 177.) Escaped, Mass. to N. J. and Pa. Nat. of Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Ches- 
ter ; Monroe. 

4. Salix alba L. White Willow. (Man. p. 313 ; I. F./. 1178.) In 
moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to Pa., sparingly escaped from cult. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Monroe ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Chester. 

5. Salix Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. (Man. p. 314; I. F. 
f. 1179- ) Sometimes spreading from cult. Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania : 

Commonly naturalized along streams, especially on farms, throughout the 
State. 

6. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Broad-leaved Willow. (Man. p. 
314; I. F. y. 1199.) On sand dunes and in sandy soil, Lake Mich., 
northern IlL, Wis. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe. 



15. 5. tristis. 




16. 5. Candida. 




17. 5. sericea. 




18. S. viminalis. 




19. .S. purpurea. 




Man. p. 312 ; I. F. 


/. 



SALICACEAK 101 

7. Salix cordata Muhl. HearT-leaved W11.1.OW. (Man. p. 314; 
I. F. /. 1198.) In wet soil, N. B. to B. C, south to Va., Mo., Colo, and 
Ca\\i.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Dau- 
phin \ Cameron ; Erie ; Franki^in ; Chester. 

7a. S. cordata angustata (Pursh) Anders. (Man. p. 314.) Lan- 
caster ; Fayette. 

8. Salix adenophylla Hook. Furry Wiivi^ow. (Man. p. 315 ; I. F. 
/. 1203.') On lake and river shores, Labrador to Ont., Penn. and Mich. 
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

9. Salix myrtilloides L. Bog Wii,i.ow. (Man. p. 316 ; I. F./ 1204. ) 
In bogs, N. B. and Quebec to B. C, south to N. J. and Iowa. Also in 
northern Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

10. Salix interior Rowlee. Sand-bar W11.1.OW. River-bank Wii,- 
LOW. (Man. p. 316; I. V. f. ij8i.) Along streams and lakes, Quebec 
to the N. W. Terr., Va., Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; York ; Ai,i.egheny. 

11. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. S1.ENDER Wiivi<ow. (Man. p. 
316; I. F. /. 1189.) In swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., Tenn. and 
yixoh.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Dei^aware. 

12. Salix discolor Muhl. Gi^aucous or Pussy W 11,1,0 w. (Man. p. 
316; I. F. f. ii8y.) In swamps or on moist hillsides, N. S. to Man., 
Del. and Mo.— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Erie ; 
Ai,i,EGHENY ; Chester. 

13. Salix Bebbiana Sargent. Bebb's Wii^low. (Man. p. 317; I. F. 
/. 1184.) In dry soil and along streams, Anticosti to B. C, south to N. 
J., Pa., Neb. and Utah. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton; 

Cl,EARFIEI,D. 

14. Salix humUis Marsh. Prairie Wii,i,ow. (Man. p. 317; I. F./. 
118^.) In dry soil, N. S. to Ont., Ga., Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franki^in-; Huntingdon ; Venango ; 
Monroe ; Delaware. 

15. Salix triatis Ait. Dwarf Gray or Sage W11.1.OW. (Man. p. 
318 ; I. F. /. 1186.) In dry soil, N. S. (?), Me. to Minn., south to Fla. 
and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Franki^in ; Monroe ; Dei^aware. 

16. Salix Candida Fluegge. Hoary Wiivi^ow. (Man. p. 318 ; I. 
F. /. 1193.) In bogs, Lab. to the N. W.Terr., south to N. J., western 
N. Y. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne; also reported from PikE- 

17. Salix sericea Marsh. SiIvKY Wieeow. (Man. p. 318 ; I. F. /. 
it88.) In swamps and along streams. Me, to Mich, and Va. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Phieadeephia ; Lancaster ; Mc>n- 
roe ; Frankein ; Chester ; Delaware ; Aeeegheny. 

18. Salix vimlnalis L. OsiER WiEEOW (Man. p. 318; I. F. /. 
1194.) Cult, and occasionally escaped in the Eastern and Middle States. 
Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylva7iia : Delaware. 



102 JUGLANDACEAE 

19. SalLx purpurea L. PurpIvK Wii^IvOw. (Mau. p. 320; I. F. /. 
ij8o) Sparinjjly escaped in the Atlantic States. Native of Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; LancAvSTER. 

Orders. MYRICALES. 

Famii^y I. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Famii^y. 

Leaf-blades entire or toothed ; stipules wanting : scales surrounding- the ovary 

2-4, very short, inconspicuous. i. Myrica. 

Leaf-blades pinnatifid ; stipules present : scales surrounding the ovary 8, sub- 
ulate, conspicuous. 2. Cqmptgnia. 
1. MYRICA L. 
Leaves appearing after the flowers : fruits winged by the partially adnate bract- 
lets, in close heads. i. M. Gale. 
Leaves appearing before the flowers : fruits not winged, separate ; bractlets 
deciduous. 2. M. Carolinensis. 

1. Myrica Gale L. SwEET GalE. (Man. p. 321 ; I. F./. 1159.) In 
wet places, Newf. to Alaska, Va., Mich, and Wash. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Schuyi^kill. 

2. Myrica Carolinensis Mill. Waxberry. Bayberry. (Man. p. 321; 
I. F.y. J 161.) In dry or moist sandy soil, N. S. to Fla. and Ala. and on 
the shores of L. Erie. In bogs in northern N. J. and Pa. Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe; Schuylkili. ; Erie, Presquelsle; Lebanon; Lan- 
caster. 

2. COMPTONIA Banks. 
1. Comptonia peregrina (L. ) Coulter. SweeT-FERN. (Man. p. 321 ; 
I. F. /. 1 162.) In dry soil, N. S. to Man., south to N. C. and Ind.— 
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

Order 4. JUGLANDALES. 

Family i. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Walnut Family. 
Staminate aments stout, simple : fruit with an indehiscent epicarp and a sculp- 
tured endocarp. i. Juglans. 
Staminate aments slender, branched : fruit with a dehiscent epicarp and a 
smooth endocarp. 2. Hicoria. 
1. JUGLANS L. 
Fruit globular, glabrous : nuts not angled : heart-wood dark brown. 

1. /. nigra. 
Fruit elongated, viscid-pubescent : nuts angled : heart-wood light brown. 

2. J. cinerea. 

1. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. (Man. p. 323 ; I. F. /. 1J49.) 
In rich woods, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster ; DELAWARE; Al^LEGHENY. 

2. Juglans cinerea L- Butternut. (Man. p. 323 ; I. F. /. irjo) 
In]^rich or rocky woods, N. B. to N. Dak., south to Del., in the Alleghenies 



JUGLANDACEAE 10;3 

to Ga., and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks ; Lebanon; 
Franki^in;' Huntingdon; Lancaster; Tioga; Monroe ; Chester ; 
dei.aware ; al.i,egheny. 

2. HICORTA Raf. 

Bud-scales valvate : lateral leaflets mostly falcate. i. H. minima. 

Bud-scales imbricated : lateral leaflets not falcate. 
Middle lobe of the staminate calyx much longer than the lateral : husk of 
the fruit freely splitting- to the base. 
Bark close but rough : foliage scurfy or pubescent. 2. H alba. 

Bark shaggy, separating in long plates : foliage glabrous or puberulent. 
Leaflets 7-9: nuts pointed at both ends. 3. H. laciniosa. 

Leaflets 3-5 : nuts rounded or notched at the base. 4. H. ovata. 
Middle lobe of the staminate calyx usually about equal to the lateral : husk 
of the fruit not freely splitting to the base. 
Bark shaggy : fruit mostly subglobose : nut thin-shelled : seed sweet. 

5. H. mifrocarpa. 
Bark close : fruit mostly obovoid : nut thick-shelled : seed bitter. 

6. H. glabra. 

1. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton. BiTTER-NUT. Swamp Hick- 
ory. (Man. p. 324 ; I. F./". i '52.) In moist woods and swamps, Quebec 
to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Franki^in ; 
Lancaster; Chester ; York; Dei^aware ; Bucks. 

2.'Hicotia alba (L-) Britton. WhiTE-hearT Hickory. (Man. p. 
325; I. F. /. 7/5(5.) In rich soil, Mass. to Ont., 111. and Neb., Fla. and 
'^^yi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Franki^in ; Lancaster ; Hun- 
tingdon^ ; Monroe; Chester; Delaware ; Phii,adei.phia. 

3. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sargent. Big Shag-bark. (Man. p. 
324; I. F.y. 1155-) In rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Ind., Iowa, Kans. and 
Ind. "Tq^xx.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lan- 
caster ; Berks ; York ; Philadelphia ; Allegheny. 

4. Hicoria ovata (Mill. ) Britton. Shell-bark Hickory. (Man. p. 
324; I. F. y. 1154.) In rich soil, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania.: Northampton; Huntingdon; Monroe; Lan- 
caster ; Chester ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Ali^egheny. 

5. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Smali.- fruited Hickory. 
(Man. p. 325; I. F. /. 1 157.) In rich woods, Mass. to Mich., south to 
Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Lancaster; 
Franki^in ; Chester ; Delaware. 

6. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nuT Hickory. (Man, p. 
325 ; I. F.y. 1158.) In dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn., south to Fla. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster ; Franklin; Northampton; 
Chester ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; York ; Bucks ; Allegheny. 

Order 5. FAGALES. 

Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. i. Betulaceae. 

Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate flowers each with an involucre which 
becomes a cup or bur in fruit. Fam. 2. Fagaceae. 



104 BETULACEAE 



Family i. BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch Family. 

Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistillate 
flowers with a calyx. 
Staminate flowers without bractlets : pistillate flowers numerous in spike- 
like aments : nuts relatively small. 
Fruit subtended by a flat 3-cleft and incised bractlet. 1. Cakpinus. 

Fruit enclosed in a membranous bladdery bractlet. 2. Ostrya. 

Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets each : pistillate flowers 2-4 in capitate 
aments : nuts relatively large. 3. Corylus. 

Staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axil of each bract, with a calyx. 

Stamens 2 ; filaments 2-cleft, each branch bearing an anther-sac : fruiting 

bracts 3-lobed or entire, deciduous. 4. Betula. 

Stamens 4 : anther-sacs adnate : fruiting bracts woody, erose or toothed, per- 
sistent. 5. Alnus. 

1. CARPINUS L. 

1. Carpiaus Caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam. Water Beech. (Man. 
p. 326 ; I. F./. 120J.) In moist woods and along streams, N. S. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Somerset ; Alle- 
gheny ; Erie. 

2. OSTRYA Scop. 

1. Ostrya Virginica (Mill.) Willd. Iron-wood. Hop-hornbeam. 
(Man. p. 327 ; I. F. /. 120S.) In dry woods, Cape Breton Id. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Tioga ; Northampton ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Erie. Piesque 
Isle ; Allegheny. 

3. CORYLUS L. 
luvolucral bractlets 2, broad, laciniate. i. C. Americana. 

I nvolucral bractlets united, tubular above. 2. C. ro strata. 

1. Corylus Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. (Man. p. 327 ; I. F. f. 
i2og.) In thickets, Me. and Oat. to Man., Fla. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton, College Hill ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked HazEL-N'TJT. (Man. p. 327 ; I. F. 
f. 1210.) In thickets or woods, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Tenn., Kans. and 

Ore. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Northampton ; 
Tioga; Berks; Montgomery'; Chester; Lancaster; Fulton; 
Huntingdon; Somerset. 

4. BETULA L. 
Pistillate and fruiting aments peduncled. 
Bark of trunk chalky white. 

Leaf-blades deltoid, acuminate. i. B. populifolia. 

Leaf-blades ovate. 2. B papyrifera. 

Bark reddish or greenish brown. 3. B. yiigra. 

Pistillate and fruiting aments sessile at the ends of short branches. 
a. Bark brown : leaf-blades shining above : mature bracts with 2 short diver- 
gent laterallobes : nut with triangular-obovate wings. 4. B. lerita. 



BETUIvACEAE 105 

b. Bark yellowish or silvery : leaf-blades dull above : mature bracts with 2 
ascending lateral lobes : nuts with orbicular-ovate wings. 

5. B. lutea. 

1. Betula populifolia Marsh. White Birch. (Man. p. 328 ; I. F. /. 
J2II.) In moist or dry soil, N. B. to Ont., Pa. and Del. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Monroe ; Schuyi,kii,i. ; Luzerne ; Susquehanna ; 
Lackawanna ; Pike ; Bucks, Springfield. 

2. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch. (Man. p. 
328; I. F. f. 1212.) In woods, Newf. to Alaska, northern Pa., Mich, 
and Wash. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Centre, Bear 
IVIeadows ; Luzerne ; B1.AIR ; Tioga ; Lackawanna. 

3. Betula nigra L. RivER or Red Birch. (Man. p. 328 ; I. F. /. 
1214.) Along streams and lakes, Mass. to low^a, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; INIon- 
ROE; Tioga; Chester. 

4. Betula lenta L. Cherry, Black or Sweet Birch. (Man. p. 
328 ; I. F. f. J 2/^.) In moist soil or on hillsides, Newf. to western Ont., 
Fla. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Luzerne; Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fulton ; Monroe ; Lacka- 
wanna; Tioga; Pike; Chester; Allegheny. 

5. Betula lutea Michx f. Yellow or Gray Birch. (Man. p. 329 ; 
I. F. f. 1216.) In woods, Newf. to Man., N. C. and Tenn., mainly in the 
AUeghenies. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Dauphin; Lancaster; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Somerset ; Pike. 

5. ALNUS Gaertn. 

Leaf-blades glaucous or finely tomentose beneath. i. A. incana. 

Leaf-blades green, sometimes sparingly pubescent beneath. 

Leaf-blades finely serrate : foliage not glutinous : species native. 

2. A. rugosa. 
Leaf-blades dentate-serrate : foliage glutinous ; species naturalized. 

3. A. ghitinosa. 

1. Alnus incana (L. ) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder. (Man. 
p. 330 ; I. F./. 1221.) In wet soil, Newf, to the N. W. Terr., southern 
N. Y., Pa. and Neb. Also in En. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, 
Pocono Plateau ; Luzerne ; Centre ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Somerset ; 
Lackawanna ; Pike ; Northampton. 

2. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch, Smooth Alder. (Man. p. 330; 
I. F,/, 1222.) In wet soil or on hillsides. Me, to Minn,, Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Luzerne ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; 
Allegheny. 

3. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Medic. European Alder. (Man. p. 330; 
I, F.y. 1223.) In wet places, N, Y., Pa. and N. J., escaped from cult. 
Native of Eu, — Pennsylvania : Northampton. 



106 FAGACEAK 



Famii^y 2. FAGACEAE Drude. Beech Famii^y. 

Starainate aments globose, drooping on slender-bracted peduncles : nuts 3- 

angled or 3 winged. i. FagUS. 

Staminate aments elongated, slender. 
Staminate aments erect or ascending : nuts 1-3, included in a very spiny in- 
volucre. 2. Castanea. 
Staminate aments drooping: nut seated in or rarely surrounded by an in- 
volucre of imbricated scales. . 3. Quercus. 

1. FAGUS Iv. 
1. Fagus Americana Sweet. American Beech. (Man. p. 331 ; I. 
F.y^ 122^.) In rich soil, N, S. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : 
Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Erie; Chester; Mon- 
roe ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Dei^aware ; AIvLEGheny. 

2. CASTANEA Adans. 
Leaf-blades glabrous: large forest tree. i. C. dentata. 

Leaf-blades white-tomentose beneath : shrub or small tree. 2. C. pumila. 

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American ChesTnuT. (Man. 
p. 331 ; L F./ 1226.) In rich soil, Me. to M.ich..'aindiTenn.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster; Franklin ; 
York ; Dei^aware ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

2. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. (Man. p. 332; I. F./. 
1227.) la dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ind., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
York ; Lancaster ; Chester. 

3. QUERCUS L. 

A. Leaf-blades or their lobes bristle-tipped : styles elongated : nuts often 
pubescent within. 
a. Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed or dilated near the apex. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 

Leaf-blades green and glabrous on both sides. 
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped. 

Cup over 18 mm. wide. i. Q. rubra. 

Cup less than 18 mm. wide. 2. Q. palustris. 

Cup of the acorn turbinate. 3. Q. coccinea. 

Leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 

Cup of the acorn turbinate : leaf-blades brown or rusty-pubescent 

beneath. 4. 0. velutina. 

Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades gray- or white-pubescent 
beneath. 
Large tree : leaves with lanceolate lobes. 5. Q. digitala. 

Shrub or small tree : leaves with triangular lobes, 

6. O. nana. 
Leaf-blades dilated near the apex. 
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades spatulate, glabrous. 
; 7. Q. nigra. 

Cup of the acorn hemispheric: leaf-blades obovate, brown-tomentose 
beneath. 8. O. Marylandica. 



FAGACEAH 107 

b. Leaf -blades entire, rarely lobed or toothed on vigorous shoots. 
Lower surface of the leaf -blades glabrous. 9. Q. Phellos. 

Lower surface of the leaf-blades pubescent. 10. Q. imbricaria. 

B. Leaf-blades or their lobes or teeth without bristles ( except on shoots) : 
nuts often glabrous within. 
Leaf-blades prominently and deeply lobed. 

Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale, or glaucous beneath : cups shallow. 

II. Q. alba. 
Mature leaf-blades pubescent beneath : cup fully y^ as long as the nut. 
Upper scales of the cup not awned. 12. Q. minor. 

Upper scales of the cup awned. 13. Q. macrocarpa. 

Leaf -blades coarsely toothed. 
Acorns peduncled. 
Peduncles much longer than the petioles. 14. Q. platanoides. 

Peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles. 15. Q. Prinus. 

Acorns sessile. 
Tall tree : leaf-blades mostly broadest below the middle. 

16. Q. acuminata. 
Diffuse shrub or small tree : leaf-blades broadest above the middle. 

17. Q. prinoides. 

1. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. (Man. p. 333; I. F./. 1228.) N. 
S. to Minn., Fla., Kans., and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; Lacka- 
wanna ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Quercus palustris Du Roi. Swamp or Pin Oak. (Man. p. 333 ; 
I. F. f. I22g.) In moist ground, Mass. to Wis., Del. and Ark. — Penn- 
sylvania : Chester ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; York ; 
Delaware ; Allegheny. 

3. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. (Man. p. 333 ; I. V.J. 
J231.) In dry soil. Me. to Minn., Fla. and Mo, — Pennsylvania : CHES- 
TER ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Northampton ; Lacka- 
wanna ; Franklin ; Dei^aware ; Allegheny. 

4. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Quercitron. (Man. p. 
334 ; I. V.f. 1232.) Me. to Minn., FJa. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Hunt- 
ingdon ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Monroe ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

5. Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Spanish Oak. (Man. p. 334; 
I. F./. /2JJ.) In dry soil, N. Y., N. J. to Fla., Mo. and Tc^.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Chester; Delaware; Philadelpia ; Franklin. 

6. Quercus nana (Marsh.) Sarg'ent. Bear or Scrub Oak. (Man. p. 
334; I. F. y". 1234.) In sandy or rocky soil, Me. to O., N. C. and the 
mountains of Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Pike ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Chester ; F'ranklin ; Delaware ; 

Al^LEGHENY. 

7. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. (Man. p. 335; I. F. /. 1236.) 
Along streams and swamps, Del. to Ky., Mo., Fla. and Tex. Adv. north- 
ward. — Pennsylvania : Locally introduced in the southeastern part of the 
State,, . '.,.' , ' ,/ ; 



108 FAGACEAE 

8. Quercus Marylandica Muench. Ei.ack jack or Barren Oak. 
(Man. p. 334; I. F. /. /2jj.) In dry soil, h I. to O., Neb., Fla. and 
Tex.—Penjisy/vania: Northampton; Berks; Bucks, Bristol; Lan- 
caster; Chester; Delaware; Crawford; Montgomery. 

9. Quercus Phellos L- Wii^low Oak. (Man. p. 335 ; I. F./, /<?/.) 
In moist woods, L- I., N. Y. to Fla., Mo. and Tex. — Penrisylvania : Phii^- 
ADE1.PHIA ; Chester; Lancaster; Bucks; Delaware. 

10. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. (Man. p. 335; I. F. 
/. I2jg.) Central Pa. to Mich., Neb., Ga., Tenn. and Ark. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lehigh ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Indiana ; Philadelphia, 
Haddington ; Allegheny. 

11. Quercus alba L. White Oak. (Man. p. 335; I. F. /. 1240.) 
Me. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Franklin; Delaware; 
Northampton; Lancaster; Chest kr ; Monroe, Pocono ; Lacka- 
wanna ; Tioga ; Allegheny. 

12. Quercus minor (Marsh.) Sargent. POST OR Iron Oak. (Man. 
p. 335 ; 1. F./. J 241.) In dry soil, Mass. to Mich., Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Leb- 
anon ; Delaware. 

13. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup or Bur Oak. (Man. 
p. 336 ; I. F.y". 1243.) In rich soil, N. S. to Man., Mass., Pa., Kans. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Northampton ; Cen- 
tre ; Allegheny. 

14. Quercus platanoides( Lam.) Sudw. Swamp White Oak. (Man. 
p. 336; I. F,/. 1244.) In moist or swampy soil, Quebec to Mich., Ga. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; 
Franklin ; York ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

15. Quercus Prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. (Man. p. 336; I. F. 
/. 1246.) In dry soil, Me. to Ont., Ala. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; 
Monroe ; York ; Allegheny. 

16. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sargent. ChestnuT or Yellow 
Oak. (Man. p. 336; I. F. /. 1247.) In dry soil, preferring limestone 
ridges, Vt. and Ont. to Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Hunting- 
don ; Franklin; Lancaster; Northampton; Chester. 

17. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. (Man. p. 336 ; 
I. F. f. 1248.) In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me, to Minn., Ala. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Cen- 
tre ; Franklin ; Blair ; Lebanon ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Pike ; 
Delaware. 

Order 6. URTICALES. 

A. Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes in the accrescent sepals and form- 
ing a syncarp. 
a. Flowers not on a receptacle : fruits not forming syncarps : sepals neither 
thick and juicy nor enveloping the achenes. 
*■ Style or stigma i, the latter sometimes tufted: ovule erect: filaments 
inflexed in the bud. Fam. i. Urticaceae. 



URTICACEAE 109 

** Styles or stigmas 2 : ovule pendulous : filaments erect in the bud. 

Fam. 2. Cannabinaceae. 
b. Flowers on the outside or inside of a receptacle : fruits forming syncarps : 
sepals accrescent, enveloping the achenes. Fam. 3. Moraceae. 
B. Fruit a samara or a drupe, sometimes nut-like. Fam. 4. Ulmaceae. 

Family i. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Netti^K FamiIvY. 
Plants armed with stinging hairs. 
leaves opposite : staminate flowers with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : achenes 

equilateral: style terminal. 1. Urtica. 

leaves alternate : staminate flowers with 5 sepals and 5 stamens : achene 
oblique : style lateral. 2. Urticastrum. 

Plants glabrous, or at least destitute of stinging hairs. 
Flower-clusters not involucrate : leaves mostly opposite. 
Flower-clusters in axillary often clustered cymes : achene not included. 

3. Adicea. 
Flower-clusters spicate on slender mostly simple branches : ache n 
eluded. 4. Boehmeria. 

Flower-clusters involucrate : leaves alternate. 5. Parietaria. 

1. URTICA L 

Stems copiously bristly : leaf-blades of an ovate type. i. U. dioica. 

Stems sparingly bristly : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. U. gracilis. 

1. Urtica dioica L. Stinging or Great Netti^e. (Man. p. 342; 
I. F./. 1263.^ In waste places, N. S. to Minn., S. C. and Mo. Nat. from 
Bu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster; Huntingdon; 
FRANK1.1N ; Chester ; Delaware. 

2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. (Man. p. 342 ; I. F. /. 
J264.) In dry soil, N. S. to B. C, N. C, La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; EriK ; Monroe ; Frank- 
i,in; Allegheny. 

2. URTICASTRUM Fabr. 

1. Urticastrum divaricatum (L. ) Kuntze. Wood-nettlE. (Man. 
p. 343 ; I. F. /. J267.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
Franklin ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

3. ADICIA Raf. 

1. Adicia pumila (L.) Raf. ClEarweed. Richweed. (Man. p. 
343 ; I. F. y! J268.) In moist, wet places, N. B. to Ont., Minn,, La. and 
Kans. Also in Japan. — Pd-^m-yy/z^'^wm .• Northampton ; York ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. 

1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. False Nettle. (Man. p. 343 ; 
I. F. /. 1269.) In moist soil, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Frank- 
lin ; Chester ; Delaware. 



110 MORACEAE 

la. B. cylindrica scabra Porter. (Man. p. 343.) Northampton; 
Lancastp:r ; Bedford ; Crawford ; Erif. 

5. PARIETARIA L. 
1. Parietarla Pennsylvanica Muhl. PfnnsyTvVania Pfixitory. 
(Man. p. 343 ; I. F. /. J 270.) On dry rocks and banks, Ont. lo B. C, 
Fla., Colo, and Mcx. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Lancaster; Franki^in ; 
Chester. 

Family 2. CANNABINACEAE Lindl. Hop or Hemp Family. 

Stems twining : leaf-blades usually 3-lobed : fruit a drooping- cone with thin 
imbricated bracts. i. Humulus. 

Stems erect : leaf-blades 3-7-parted : fruit spicate on stiff branches. 

2. Cannabis. 
1. HUMULUS Iv. 
1. Humulus Lupulus Iv. Hop. (Man. p. 341 ; I. F. /. /261.) In 
thickets and on river banks, N. S. to Man., Pa., in the Alleghenies to 
Ga.; to Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and N. M^x. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; IvAncaster ; Erie ; York ; Chester ; Dela- 
ware; Allegheny. 

2, CANNABIS L. 
1. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. (Man. p. 341 ; I. F. / 1262.) In 
waste places, N. B. to Minn., N. C, Tenn. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Allegheny. 

Family 3. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family. 

Staminate and pistillate flowers in ament-like spikes. i. MORUS. 

Staminate flowers in ament-like racemes : pistillate flowers in heads. 

Plants armed ; leaves entire. 2. Toxylon. 

Plants unarmed ; leaves serrate and often lobed. 3. Broussonetia. 

1. MORUS L. 

Leaf-blades softly pubescent beneath : fruit deep red or purplish, i. M. rubra. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or slightly hairy on the nerves beneath: fruit white or 
pinkish. 2. M. alba. 

1. Morus rubra L- Red Mui^berry. (Man. p. 340 ; I. F. /. 12S7.) 
In rich soil, Vt. to S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Ai^legheny ; Cambria ; 
Chester ; Delaware. 

2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. (Man. p. 340; I. F./ /^5<?.) 
In woods or waste places, Me. and Ont. to Fla. Introduced from the Old 
World. — Penfisylvania : Northampton; Lancaster; Columbia; 
Franklin ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. TOXYLON Raf. 
1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. (Man. p. 340; I. F./. 
J2^g.) In rich soil, Mo. and Kans. to Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware. 



LORANTHACEAE 111 

3. BROUSSONETIA Iv'Her. 

1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry. (Man. 
p. 340 ; I. F. /. 1260. ) Escaped, N. Y. to Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster ; Franki^in. 

Famii^y 4. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Ei,m Family. 

Fruit a samara : embryo straight. i. Ulmus. 

Fruit a drupe : embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 2. Celtis. 

1. ULMUS L. 

Leaf-blades smooth, or roughish above : samaras 10-12 mm. long. 

I. U. Americana. 
Leaf -blades very rough above : samaras 14-24 mm. long. 

Leaf-blades typically over 10 cm. long and samaras over 2 cm. long : native 

species. 2. U.fulva. 

Leaf-blades typically less than 9 cm. long and samaras less than 2 cm. 
long : naturalized species. 3. U. campestris. 

1. Ulmus Americana L. American, White or Water Elm. ( Man . 
p. 338; I. F. y. 12^0.) In moist soil, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Monroe ; 
Tioga ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allkgheny. 

2. Ulmus fulva Michx. SlippERY or Red Elm. (Man. p. 338; I. 
F. y. I2JJ.) In woods and along streams, Quebec to N. Dak., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

3. Ulmus campestris L. (Man. p. 338.) Adventive or naturalized 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, on Bushkill. 

2. CELTIS L. 

Leaf -blades smooth or nearly so above. i. C. occidentalis. 

Leaf-blades very rough above. 2. C. crassifolia. 

1. Celtis occidentalis L- HackbERRY. SuGar-berry. (Man. p. 339 ; 
I. F. f. 1255.) In dry soil, Quebec to Man., La., N. C, Mo. and Kans. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon; Monroe ; Chester ; Delaware; Allegheny. 

2. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Hackberry. (Man. p. 339.) N. Y. to S. 
C, Ohio, 111., Mo. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancas- 
ter ; Dauphin. 

Order 7. SANTALALES. 

Tree-parasites : leaves opposite, often scale-like : fruit baccate. 

Fam. I. LORANTHACEAE. 

Root-parasites : leaves alternate (in our genera): fruit a drupe or' nut. 

Fam. 2. Santalaceae. 

Family i. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. Mistletoe Family. 

Anthers i-celled : berry peduncled : leaves scale-like, with united bases. 

1. Razoumofskya. 
Anthers 2-celled : berry sessile : leaves with thick flat blades. 

2. Phoradendron. 



112 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

1. RAZOUMOFSKYA HofTm. 
1. Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze. Small MiSTi^ETOE. (Man. 
p. 344 ; I. F. f. 1 27 1.) On twigs of spruces, N. H., northern N. Y. and 
the Pocono region of VsL.—Pennsylvafiia: Monroe, Lehigh Pond, 
bog near Tannersville on Picea Mariana ; Pike. 

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. 
1. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American MISTLETOE. 
(Man. p. 345 ; I. F. f. 12^2.) Parasitic on deciduous trees, N. J. to Mo., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ; 
Delaware ; Chester. 

Family 2. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood Family. 

Herbs: flowers perfect. i. Comandra. 

Shrubs: flowers dioecious or polygamous. 2. Pyrularia. 

1. COMANDRA Nutt. 
1. Comandra umbellata (L.)Nutt. Bastard !Toad-flax. (Man. 
p. 345 ; I. F. /. 12/J.) In dry fields and thickets, Cape Breton Island to 

B. C, Ga, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; 
Lancaster; Lebanon; Huntingdon; Pike; Chester; Delaware; 
Allegheny. 

2. PYRULARIA Michx. 
1. Pyrnlaria pubera Michx. Oil-Nut. Buffalo-nut. (Man. p. 
346 ; I. F./. I2j6.) In rich woods, Pa. to Ga., mostly in the mountains. 
Pennsylva7iia : Westmoreland, near Mt. Pleasant, 

Order 8. ARISTOLOCHIALES. 
Family i. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume. Birthwort Family. 

Acaulescent herbs : perianth regular, persistent : filaments distinct. 

1. Asarum. 
Caulescent vines or herbs : perianth irregular, deciduous : anthers sessile. 

2. Aristolochia. 

1. ASARUM L. 

Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, not reflexed, longer than the hypanthium. 

1. A. Canadense. 
Sepals triangular, merely acute, reflexed, about as long as the hypanthium. 

2. A. reflexum. 

1. Asarum Canadense L. Wild Ginger. (Man. p. 348 ; I. F. f. 
I2J'/.') In rich woods, N. B. to Quebec, Ont. and N. C. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Lancaster ; Allegheny ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
Somerset ; Chester ; Delaware. 

2. Asarum reflexum Bicknell. Short-lobed Wild Ginger. (Man. 
p. 349; I. F. /. 12^/5.) In rich soil, along streams, Conn, to Iowa, N. 

C. and Kans.— Pennsylvania : Delaware; Lancaster; Franklin; 
Bucks ; Northampton ; Allegheny. 



POLYGONACEAE 113 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA L. 

L,ow herb : calyx about i cm. broad : capsules globular, about i cm. in diam- 
eter. I. A. Serpentaria. 

Tall twining- vine : calyx about 2 cm. broad : capsules oblong-cylindric, 5-75 
cm. long-. 2. A. macrophylla. 

1. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia SnakerooT. (Man. p. 
349 ; I. F, f. 1281A In dry woods, Conn, to Mich., Fla., La, and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dei.aw.are ; Berks; Franklin; 
Huntingdon ; Westmoreland ; Armstrong ; Lancaster ; Somer- 
set; Chester; Allegheny. 

2. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. Dutchman's Pipe. (Man. p. 
350; I. F. f. 12S3.) In rich woods, Pa. to Minn., Ga. and Kans.— Penn- 
sylvania : Greene; Allegheny. 

Order 9. POLYGONALES. 
Family i. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Famely. 
Stigmas tufted. i . Rumex. 

Stigmas minute, capitate. 
Seed with an embryo dividing the endosperm by an S-shapcd curve. 

2. Fagopyrum. 
Seed with an embryo curved along one angle of the endosperm. 

3. Polygonum. 
1. RUMEX L. 

Leaf-blades hastate : flowers dioecious : plants acid. 
Inner sepals not developing wings : achene granular. i. R. Acetosella. 
Inner sepals developing wings at maturity : achene siuooth. 

2. R. Acetosa. 
Leaf-blades not hastate : flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious : plants scarcely 
or not at all acid. 
Leaves with flat blades, manifestly bright or light green, or glaucescent. 
All 3 sepal-wings usually bearing tubercles. 3. R. verticillatus. 

Only I sepal-wing usually bearing a tubercle. 4. R. altissimus. 

Leaves with crisped blades, manifestly dark or deep green, not glaucescent. 
Sepal-wings entire, more or less undulate. 

Lower leaf-blades narrowed or acuminate at the base. 

Only I sepal-wing bearing a tubercle. 5. R. Patientia. 

All 3 sepal-wings bearing a tubercle. 6. R. Britannica. 

Lower leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base. 

All 3 sepal-wings usually bearing tubercles. 7. R. crispus. 

Only I sepal-wing bearing a tubercle. 8. R. sanguineus. 

Sepal-wings fringed with spiny teeth, 9. R. oblusifolius. 

1. Rumex Acetosella L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. (Man. p. 354 ; 
I. F. f. /2gg.) In dry fields and on hillsides throughout N. Am. except 
the extreme north. Chiefly nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Columbia; Huntingdon; 
Monroe ; Tioga ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. Rumex Acetosa L. Sorrel. Sour Dock. (Man. p. 355 ; I. F. 
f. J301.) In sandy or stony soil, Labrador to Alaska. Nat. from Eu. 

in Vt., N. Y. and Pa. — Pefinsylvania : Tioga, Brookfield. 
8 



114 POLYGONACEAE 

3. Rumex verticillatus L. vSwamp Dock. (Man. p. 355; I. F. /. 
1304.^ Ill swamps, Quebec to Iowa, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Franklin; Susqup:hanna. 

4. Rumex altissimus Wood. Tall or Peach-leaved Dock. (Man. 
P- 355 ; I- ^-f- ^3<^S-) Along streams and in swamps, Mass. to Neb. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor; Crawford. 

5. Rumex Patientia L. Patience Dock. (Man. p. 356; I. F. /. 
/306.) In waste places, Vt. to Wis., Pa. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : 

6. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water-dock. (Man. p. 356 ; I. F. 
/. 1307.) In wet places, N. B. to Minn., N, J., Pa., Ill, and Iowa. — 

Pennsylvania : Wayne. 

7. Rumex crispus L. Curled Dock. (Man. p. 356 ; I. F./. 1309.) 
In fields and waste places, nearly throughout the U. S. and southern B. 
Am. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin ; Delaware; Ali^E- 

GHENY. 

8. Rumex sanguineus L. Bloody or Red-veined Dock. (Man. p. 
356; I. F. y. 1311.) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. to Va. and La. 
Nat. or adv. from Eu.- Pennsylvania : Bucks, Rockfield. 

9. Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. (Man. 
P- 357 ; I- F- f- ^3^3-) Iri waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Ore., Fla. and 
Tex. Native also of Asia. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Centre ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Delaware; 
ai.legheny. 

2. FAGOPYRUM L. 

1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L. ) Karst. Buckwheat. (Man. p. 358; 
I. F.y. 13 16. ) In waste places, escaped in all parts of northern U. S. and 
southern B. Am. Native of eastern Eu. or western Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Cumberland, 

3. POLYGONUM L- 

Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate : filaments, 
at least the inner, dilated. 
Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or spreading. 
Achene pointed at the apex, rounded at the base. 
Leaf -blades mostly acute at the apex : achenes not pinched at the apex. 

1. P. aviculare. 
Leaf-blades mostly obtuse at the apex : achenes pinched at the apex. 

2. P. Ht to rale. 
Achene pointed at both ends. 3. P. Bellardi. 

Stems erect or ascending, more or less diffusely branched above. 
Leaf-blades without lateral impressions : mature calyx corrugated. 

4. P. erectum. 
Leaf-blades with lateral impressions : mature calyx not corrugated, 

5. P. tenue. 
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base: ocreae various, not 2-lobed: filaments 

slender. 



POLYGONACEAE 115 

Ocreae cylindric, truncate or with a spreading- limb. 
Sepals 4 : calyx curved : stamens 4. 6. P. Virginianum. 

Sepals 5, if fewer the stamens more than 5 : calyx not curved. 
Racemes solitary or 2 : plants mainly aquatic. 
Ocreae without spreading borders. 
L,eaf -blades with more or less acuminate tips. 

7. P. gmersum. 
Leaf-blades blunt or merely acute at the apex. 

8. P. amphihium. 
Ocreae with spreading- borders. 9. P. Harlwrightii. 

Racemes several or numerous : plants mainly terrestrial. 
Ocreae without spreading limbs. 
Ocreae naked or merely ciliolate. 
Racemes more or less drooping-. 
Styles united only at the base. 10. P. incarnatum. 

Styles united to beyond the middle. 11. P. la pa thi folium. 
Racemes erect, 12. P. Pennsylvanicum. 

Ocreae fringed with bristles. 
Racemes erect. 
Flower-clusters contiguous or mainly so. 
Achenes lenticular. 13. P. Persicaria. 

Achenes 3-angled. 
Racemes oblong-cylindric. 13. P. Persicaria. 

Racemes linear. 14. P. hydropiperoides. 

Flower-clusters mostly separated. 15. P. punctatum. 

Racemes drooping. 
Flower-clusters contiguous : foliage strigose. 

16. P. Careyi. 
Flower-clusters mostly separated : foliage glabrous or nearly so, 

17. P. Hydro piper. 
Ocreae with spreading limbs. i?>. P. orientate. 

Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. 
Sepals neither keeled nor winged, 
lyeaf-blades sagittate : achenes 3-angled. 19. P. sagittatum. 

Leaf-blades hastate : achenes lenticular. 20. P. arifolium. 

Sepals keeled or winged, conspicuously so at maturity. 
Stems stout, erect, not twining. 21. P. Zuccarinii. 

Stems relatively slender, twining. 
Outer sepals keeled at maturity. 
Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillarj^and terminal clusters and 

simple racemes : achene granular. 22. P. Convolvulus. 

Inflorescence consisting mostly of axillary and terminal panicled 
racemes : achene smooth. 23, P. cilinode. 

Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings. 
Sepal-wings not incised. 24. P. scandens. 

Sepal-wings incised. 25. P. cristatum. 

1. Polygonum aviculare L. KnoTwekd. Door-weEd. (Man. p. 
363; I. F.y. 1337.) In cultivated and waste grounds, almost through- 
out N. Am. Asia and Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; 
Bucks ; Erie ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Franki^in ; Dei<aware : Ai,- 

LEGHENV. 



116 POLYGONACEAE 

2. Polygonum littorale Link. Shore Knotweed. (Man. p. 363 ; 
I. V.f. fJjS.) On shores and in waste places, N. B. to Calif., Va., ID. 
and Kans, Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lycoming. 

3. Polygonum Bellardi All. Bei^LARD's KnoTweed. (Man. p. 363; 
I. F. f. 1339. ) In waste grounds. Locally in the eastern U. S. Adv. 
from eastern Eu. or western Asia. — Pennsylvatiia : Phit^adeIvPHIA, Mif- 
flin St. Wharf. 

4. Polygonum erectum L. Erect Knotweed. (Man. p. 364; I. F. 
/. 1342.) In moist or dry soil, Out. to the N. W. Terr,, Tenn. and 

Ark. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester; Lancaster ; 
FrankIvIN ; Ai^i^egheny. 

5. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. (Man. p. 365 ; 
I. V. f. J346.) Dry soil, Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Lackawanna ; 
Franklin; Bucks; Chester; York. 

6. Polygonum Virginianum L. Virginia Knotweed. (Man. p. 363 ; 
L F.y. 1336.) In woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ; Franklin ; Lancaster ; Chester ; 
Delaware; Allegheny. 

7. Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Brilton. Swamp Persicaria. 
(Man. p. 360; I. F. y*. 1321.) In swamps or moist soil, Ont. to B. C, 
Va., La. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Dauphin ; Chester. 

8. Polygonum amphibium L. Water Persicaria. (Man. p. 360; 
I. F. y. /J/p.) In ponds and lakes, Quebec to Alaska, northern N. Y., 
Ky., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, in the 
Juniata ; ERIE ; LANCASTER ; Northampton. 

9. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. Hartwright's Persicaria. 
(Man. p. 360 ; I. F. f, 1320.) In swamps or moist soil, Hudson Bay ;o 
Ore., Pa., Kans., Nev. and Lower Calif. — Petinsylvania : Franklin; 
Crawford, Hammarby ; Monroe, Delaware Water Gap. 

10. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Slender Pink Persicaria. 
(Man. p. 360 ; I. F. f. J323.) In wet soil, Vt. to 111., Fla, and hsi.— Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; York. 

11. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Dock-leaved Persicaria. (Man. 
p. 361 ; I. F. y! 1324.) In waste places, throughout temperate N. Am. 
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Chester, W. 
Chester. 

12. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum L. Pennsylvania Persicaria. 
(Man. p. 361 ; I. F. y. 1323.) In moist soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

13. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. (Man. p. 361; I. F. 
/. 132^.) In waste places, throughout N. Am., except the extreme 
north. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ; 
Franklin ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Delaware ; Alle- 
gheny. 



POLYGONACEAE 117 

14. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. 
(Man. p. 362 ; I. F. f. 1332. ) In swamps or wet soil, N. B. to Calif., Fla. 
and Mex. — Pennsylva7iia : Northampton; Dauphin; Franki^in ; 
Bucks ; Chester ; I^ancaster ; Pike ; Delaware ; Ali^Egheny. 

15. Polygonum punotatum Ell. Dotted or Water Smart weed. 
(Man. p. 362 ; I. F. f. 1334. ) In swamps and wet places, throughout N. 
Am. except the extreme north. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Ai^legheny. 

16. Polygonum Careyi Olney. Carey's Persicaria. (Man. p. 362 ; 
I. F. /. 1329.) In marshes, Mich, to R. I., N. J. and Pa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe, Pocono Summit ; Carbon. 

17. Polygonum Hydropiper L. Smart-weed. Water Pepper. 
(Man. p. 362 ; I. F. f. 1333-) In moist waste places, almost throughout 
N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Dei^aware ; Ai,i,egheny. 

18. Polygonum orientale L. Prince's FeaTher. (Man. p. 363 ; I. 
F. f. 1335.) In waste places, generally escaped in eastern N. Am. Nat. 
of India. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Frank- 
lin ; Chester ; Dauphin ; Dei<aware ; Allegheny. 

19. Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-i,eaved Tear-thumb. (Man. 
p. 365 ; I, F.y. 1354..) In wet soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Kans. 
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Erie ; Franki^in ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; York ; Monroe ; Dei^aware ; Ai.i.egheny. 

20. Polygonum arifolium L. Halberd-i^eaved Tear-thumb. (Man. 
p. 366; I. F. /. 1355.) In moist or wet soil, N. B. to Minn., S. C. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Dei^aware, Tiuicum ; Ai.i,egheny. 

21. Polygonum Zuccarinii Small. Japanese Knotweed. (Man. p. 
366 ; I. F.y". 1353.^ Escaped from cultivation, Pa., N. Y., N. J. and Mo. 
Nat. oi ^2i^QM.— Pennsylvania : Phii,adei<phia ; Bucks. 

22. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Bi^ack Bindweed. (Man. p. 365; 
I. V. f. 1348.) In waste or cult, grounds, nearly throughout N. Am. 
except the extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native of Asia. Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton; Bucks; Franklin; Lancaster; Monroe ; 
Chester ; Delaware : Allegheny. 

23. Polygonum cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed. 
(Man. p. 365; I. V.f. 1349.) ^^ rocky places N. S. to Minn, and Pa., 
south in the Alleghanies to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Perry ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Allegheny. 

24. Polygonum scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. (Man. 
p. 365; L F. y. 13S0.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to Ont. and the 
Rocky Mountains, Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks; Erie; Franklin; Lancaster; Perry; Lackawanna; 
Chester ; Dei^aware ; Ai<i,egheny. 

25. Polygonum oristatum Engelm. & Gray. CrESTEd False Buck- 
wheat. (Man. p. 366 ; I. P\y. 1332.) Sandy woods and rocky banks, 



ia8 CHENOPODIACEAE 

N. Y. to Ga., the I. T. and Te^.—Pemisylva?iia : Delaware, Castle 
Rock. 

Order 10. CHENOPODIALES. 

Fruit a utricle, achene or berry, sometimes an anthocarp, not valvate or merely 
circumscissile. 
Fruit various, not an anthocarp. 
Fruit utricular. 

Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting. 
Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or in the margin of a short 

hypanthium. Fam. i. Chenopodiaceae. 

Stamens inserted on the margin of a hypanthium which ultimately 
exceeds the sepals in length, Fam. 2. Scleranthaceae. 

Bracts, or stipules when present, scarious. 

Stipules wanting : sepals scarious. Fam. 3. Amaranthaceae. 

Stipules present : sepals herbaceous or scarious-margined. 

Fam. 4. ILLECEBRACEAE. 

Fruit baccate or an achene, or aggregate. Fam. 5. Phytolaccaceae. 
Fruit an anthocarp, the achene surrounded by the calyx-tube. 

Fam. 6. Nyctaginaceae. 
Fruit a capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. 

Ovary several-celled : corolla wanting. Fam. 7. Aizoaceae. 

Ovary i-celled : corolla mostly present. 
Sepals 2 : leaves mostlj- alternate. Fam. 8. Portulacaceae. 

Sepals 4 or 5 : leaves mostly opposite. Fam. 9. Caryophyllaceae. 

Famii^y I. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Famh^y. 

Embryo annular or conduplicate, neither spiral nor coiled : endosperm copious. 
Fruit enclosed by the calyx or equalled by the sepals or bractlets. 
Flowers perfect or some pistillate : calyx fleshy, herbaceous or mem- 
branous. 
Mature calyx without a horizontal wing. 
Sepals or calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 

Calyx herbaceous, slightly fleshy in fruit. i. Chenqpodium. 

Calyx very fleshy and bright red in fruit. 2. Blitum. 

Sepals or calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 

Stigmas 3 : leaf-blades pinnatifid. 3. Roubieva. 

Stigmas 2 : leaf-blades entire. 4. Kochia. 

Mature calyx with a broad horizontal wing. 5. Cycloloma. 

Flowers dioecious or monoecious : pistillate flowers without a calyx : fruit 
enclosed by 2 bractlets. 6. Atriplex. 

Fruit much surpassing the calyx. 7. Corispermum. 

Embryo spirally coiled : endosperm wanting or scant. 

Mature calyx wingless : leaf-blades not spine-tipped. 8 Dondia. 

Mature calyx with a horizontal wing : leaf-blades spine-tipped. 

9. Salsola. 
1. CHENQPODIUM L. 

A, Embryo forming a complete ring : plants neither glandular nor aromatic, 
a. Seed horizontal. 
*Seed and pericarp firmly attached together, 
t Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves : mature se- 
pals keeled. 



CHENOPODIACEAE H^ 

IvOwer surface of the leaf-blades decidedly mealy : inflorescence dense, 

I. C. albuvi. 

Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous orglabrate : inflorescence lax- 
Panicles leafy-bracted. 2. C. viride. 
Panicles naked. 3. C. hybridum. 
tt Flowering branches shorter than the accompanying leaves: matuie,' 
sepals not keeled. 

Leaf-blades relatively narrow, entire. 4. C. polyspermum. 

L,eaf-blades relatively broad, coarsely toothed. 
Seeds blunt-edged : leaf-blades of a triangular type. 

5. C. urbicuvi. 
Seeds sharp-edged : leaf- blades of a rhombic type. 

6. C. murale. 
*■* Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another. 

Foliage and inflorescence pale and copiously mealy, even at maturity. 

7. C. leploph} lltivi. 
Foliage and inflorescence green and glabrous, at least at maturity. 

8. C. Bosciqmitn^ 
b. Seed vertical. 

Leaf-blades of an oblong type, sinuate-pinnatifid : seed sharp-edged, 

9. C. gla-ucum. 
Leaf-blades of a triangular type, entire or nearly so : seed blunt-edged. 

10. C. Bonus-Henricus, 
B. Embryo horseshoe-shaped, forming an incomplete ring : plants glandular 
and aromatic. 

Leaf-blades pinnately lobed. 11. C. Boirys. 

Leaf-blades entire, undulate or coarsely toothed. 

Spikes conspicuously leafy-bracted. 12. C. ambrosioides. 

Spikes nearly naked or minutely bracted. 13. C. anthelminticum.. 

1. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed. (Man. 
p. 369; I. F. f. 1359.) In waste places, throughout N. Am. except the 
extreme north. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Erie ; Franki^in ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; 
DEIyAWARE ; Ai^uegheny. 

2. Chenopodium viride L. Pigweed. (Man. p. 369. ) Range of the 
preceding. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster. 

3. Chenopodium hybiidum L- Maple-i^Eaved GooSEFOOT. (Mair. 
p. 370; I. F. f. 1368.) la woods and sometimes in waste places, Quebec 
to B. C, N. Y., Ky., Kans., Utah and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester. 

4. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Many-sEEded Goosefoot. 
(Man. p. 370; I. F. /. J362.) In waste places and on ballast, Mass. to 
N.J. Adv. from En. — Pennsylvania: Phii^adelphia, ballast ; Bucks. 

5. Chenopodium urbicum L. Upright or City GoosEFooT. (Man. 
p. 370; I. F. /. 1366.) lu waste places, especially in cities, N. S. and 
Ont. to N. Y. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Al,lEGHeny. 

6. Chenopodium murale L. NETTI.E- leaved GoosefooT. (Man. 
p. 370; I. F. /. J36J.) In waste places, Me. to B. C, to Fla. and Mex; 
Nat. from Eu. — I^ennsylvania : Northampton ; Franklin ; Bucks ; 
Lancaster. 



120 CHHNOPODIACEAE 

7. Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. Narrow-i,eavkd 
GOOSEFOOT. (\lau. p. 369; I. F. /. 1361.) In dry soil, Man. and the 
N. W. Terr, to Mo., N. Mex. and Ariz. Also on the shores of L. Erie and 
on sands of the seashore, Conn, to N. J. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, 
Bristol. 

8. Chenopodium Boscianum Moq. Bosc's GoosEFooT. (Man. p. 
370; I. F./. 1363.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., N. 
^. ■a.xxiH:^!^.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Franki^in; Bucks; Lan- 
caster ; Berks. 

9. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. (Man. p. 
369; I. F. f. 1360.) In waste places throughout N. Am. except the ex- 
treme north. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lan- 
caster ; Dauphin ; Ai,i.egheny. 

10. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Good King Henry. (Man. 
p. 371 ; I. F. /. T3JO.) la waste places, N. S. and Ont. to Mass. and N. 
Y. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvaiiia : Erie. 

11. Chenopodium Botrys L. JerusaIvEm Oak. (Man. p. 371 ; I. 
F. f. 1371.) lu waste places, N. S. to Ore., N. Y., Ky. and Mex. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Monroe ; Dauphin ; Chester. 

12. Chenopodium ambrcsioides L. Mexican Tea, (Man. p. 371 ; 
I. V.f. 1372.) In waste places, Me. and Ont., to Fla., west across the con- 
tinent to Calif. Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; PHiiyADKivPHiA ; Franki^in ; Chester ; Dei/A- 
WARE ; Allegheny. 

13. Chenopodium anthelminticumL- WormsEED. (Man. p. 371; I. 
V. f. 1373.) In waste places, N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Fla. and Mex. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Indiana; Chester; 
Allegheny. 

2. BLITUM L. 

1. Blitum capitatum L. Strawberry Blite. (Man. p. 372; I. F. 
/. 1373.) In dry soil, N. S. to Alaska, N, J., 111., Minn., in the Rocky 
Mts. to Col, and Utah, and to Neb. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Lancaster. 

3. ROUBIEVA Moq. 

1. Roubieva multifida (L.) Moq. CuT-lEaved GoosefooT. (Man. 
p. 371 ; I, F. y. 1374.) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. and Va. Nat. 
or adv. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast. 

4. KOCHIA Roth. 

1. Kochia sooparia (L.) Roth. Kochia. (Man. p. 374; I. F. /. 
1387.) In waste places, Ont., Vt, and N. Y. Adv. from Eu. Native 
also of Asia. — Pe^msylvania : Allegheny. 



SCIvERANTHACEAB 121 

5. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 
1. Cycloloma atriplicifolia (Spreng.) Coulter. Cyci^oIvOMa. (Man. 
p. 372 ; I. F. f. 1376.) Along streams and on banks, Man. to the N. W. 
Terr., 111., Neb. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: PhiIvADEIvPHIA, Fairmount 
Park. 

6. ATRIPLEX L. 
Plants without scurf or nearly so : leaf-blades narrow or triangular-hastate, 
slender-petioled. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. \. A. pa tula. 

Leaf-blades triangular-hastate. 2. A. hasiala. 

Plants densely scurfy : leaf-blades rhombic-ovate, short-petioled, 

3, A. rosea. 

1. Atriplex patula Iv. Spreading Orache. (Man. p. 373; I. F./. 
1378. ) In waste places and ballast, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y. and N. J. 
Nat. from Ku. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Ai^i^egheny ; Lack- 
awanna, Scranton. 

2. Atriplex hastata L. Hai.bERD-i.eaved Orache. (Man. p. 373 ; 
I. F.y. 1379.) In salt meadows and waste places, mostly near the coast, 
N. B. to S. C, and in saline soil, Man. to B. C, Neb. and Utah. Also in 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Erie ; Le- 
high ; Dei^aware ; Philadei^phia ; Luzerne ; Ai^legheny. 

3. Atriplex rosea L. RED Orache. (Man. p. 373; I. F. /. 1380.) 
In waste places and ballast, N. S. to northern N. Y., Pa. and N. J. 
Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adELPHIA, chiefly on ballast. 

7. CORISPERMUM L. 
1. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Bug-SEEd. (Man. p. 375 ; I. F. 
f. 1388.) In swampy soil, shores of the Great Lakes to the N. W. Terr., 
Arctic Am,, B. C, Kans., Tex. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Penn- 
sylvania : Erie. 

8. DONDIA Adans. 

1. Dondia maritima (L. ) Druce. Low Sea-BwTe. (Man. p. 376; 
I, F.y. 1394.) On sea beaches, stony and muddy shores, Me. to N. Y. 
and Pa. Also on the coasts of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, 
chiefly on ballast. 

9. SALSOLA L. 

1. Salsola Kali L. Sai^Twort. (Man. p. 377; I. F. /. 1396.) On 
sea beaches, Cape Breton Id. to Fla. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Philadelphia, chiefly on ballast. 

Family 2. SCLERANTHACEAE Lindl. Knawel Family. 

1. SCLERANTHUS L. 
1. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. (Man. p. 405: I. F. /. 1324.) 
In fields, waste places or on dry rocks, Quebec and Ont. to Pa. and Fla. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Phil- 
adelphia : Delaware. 



122 AMARANTACEAE 



FamiIvY 3. AMARANTACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Famii^y. 

Stamens with distinct filaments : ovule i in each cavity. 

Perianth present in all flowers. i. Amaranthus. 

Perianth wanting in the pistillate flowers. 2. Acnida. 

Stamens with partially united filaments : ovules 2-8 in each cavity. 

3. Celosia. 
1. AMARANTHUS L. 
Utricle circumscissile. 
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in dense terminal spikes. 
Stems unarmed, without spines at the leaf-axils. 

Spikes strict : sepals mostly obtuse. i. A. relroflexus. 

Spikes drooping : sepals mostly acute, 2. A. hybrldus. 

Stems furnished with a pair of spines at each leaf-axil. 3. A spinosus. 
Flowers in small axillary clusters usually surpassed by the leaves. 

Sepals 4 or 5 : stems prostrate : seeds 1.5-2 mm. long. 4. A. blitoides. 
Sepals 3: stems erect: seeds about i mm. long. 5. A. albus. 

Utricle indehiscent. 
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in continuous or interrupted spikes. 

6. A. lividus. 
Flowers in axillary clusters surpassed by the leaves. 7. A. pumilus. 

1. Amaranthus retroflexus L- Rough Pigweed. (Man. p. 378; 1. 
V. f. 139S.) In cult, or waste soil, throughout N. Am. except the ex- 
treme north. Also in Eu. Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : 
PhHvADEi^phia ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Chester ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slender Pigweed. (Man. p. 378 ; I. 
F. f. 1399. ) In waste grounds, range of the preceding species. Nat. from 
tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ;: 
Erie ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2a. A. hybridus paniculatus (L.) Uline & Bray. (Man. p. 378.) — 
Bucks; Northampton; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Lancaster; Erie ; Frank- 
iviN ; AIvIvEGheny. 

3. Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth. (Man. p. 378 ; I. 
F. y. J400.) In waste and cult, soil, Mass. to Pa., Ohio, Kans., Fla. and 
Mex. Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Dei^aware. 

4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. (Man. 
p. 378; I. F. y. 1401.) In waste places, especially along the principal 
routes of travel, Me. to Minn., N. J., Mo. and Kans. Nat. from west of 
the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylva7iia : PhiIvADEi<phia, ballast ; Bucks ; A1.LE- 

GHENY. 

5. Amaranthus albus L. Tumbi^e weed. (Man. p. 378 ; I. F. /. 
1402.) In waste or cult, soil throughout N. Am. Nat. from tropical 
Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; DeIvAware. 

6. Amaranthus lividus L. Purpwsh Amaranth. (Man. p. 379; I. 
V.f. 1405.) In waste places, Mass. to N. Y. Adv. from tropical Am. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIyPHIA, chiefly on ballast. 



N YCT AGIN ACB AE 123 

7. Amaranthus pumilus Raf. Coast Amaranth. (Man. p. 379; 
I. F. y. 1408.) On sea beaches, R. I. to N. C. Pennsylvania: Phila- 
de;i,phia, chiefly on ballast. 

2. ACNIDA L. 

1. Acnida cannabma L. Sai,T-marsh WaTKR-hemp. (Man. p. 380; 
I. F.y. i4og.) In salt and brackish marshes and up the rivers to fresh 
water, Mass. to ¥\a..— Pennsylvania: Phii^adEIvPHIa; Dei^awarK; Bucks, 
Riverton. 

3. CELOSIA Iv. 

1. Celosia argentea Iv. Common to all tropical regions, introduced 
into temperate countries. — Pennsylvania : Montgomery, Norristown. 



Famii^y 4. ILLECEBRACEAE Lindl. Knotwort Famii^y. 
1. ANYCHIA Michx. 
Sepals ovate : utricle nearly as long as the calyx : foliage pubescent. 

1. A. dichotoma. 
Sepals oblong : utricle surpassing the calyx : foliage glabrate. 

2, A. Canadensis, 

1. Anychia dichotoma Michx. Forked Chickweed. (Man. p. 405 ; 
I. F. y. 1522.) In dry woods and open places, Me. to Minn., Fla., Ala. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Montour, Harrison ; Northampton ; Berks ; 
Montgomery; IvAncaster; Franki^in; Bedford; Ai^i^egheny. 

2. Anychia Canadensis (L. ) B. S. P. Si^Ender Forked Chick- 
weed. (Man. p. 405 ; I. F./. 1523.) In dry woods, Ont. to Mass. and 
Ga., Minn, and Ark. — Pe7insylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Lancaster ; Ali^egheny. 

FAM11.Y 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. Pokeweed Famii^y. 
1. PHYTOLACCA L. 

1. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-berry. Gar- 
get. (Man. p. 381 ; I. F./. 1413.) In various situations, Me. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. Nat. in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Hunting- 
don ; Erie ; Frankwn ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lackawanna ; 

AlyLEGHENY. 

FAMII.Y 6. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Four 0'ci.ock Famii^y. 
1. ALLIONIA Loefl. 
Leaf-blades triangular-ovate, the lower ones cordate at the base. 

I. A. nyclaginea. 
Leaf-blades linear. 2. A. albida. 

1. Allionia nycta§inea Michx. HEart-i^Eaved Umbreli,a-wort. 
(Man. p. 382; I. F. /. 1416.) In dry soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
Pa., La., Tex. andN. Mex. — Pennsylvania: PHii^ADEiyPHiA ; Wayne. 

2. Allionia albida Walt, Pai,e Umbrei,IvA-worT. (Man. p. 382; 
I. F./. 1417 ) In dry soil, S. C. and Georgia, and adventive northward. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 



124 PORTUIvACACEAK 

FAMII.Y 7. AIZOACEAE A. Br. Carpet-werd FAMii^r. 

1. MOLLUGO h. 

1. MoUugo verticillata h. Carpet-werd. (Man. p. 384; I. F. /. 
/42J.) In waste places and cult, grounds, N. B. to Minn., Fla., Tex. 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Lycoming ; 
C01.UMBIA ; FrankIvIn ; Ai^i^egheny ; Chester ; Delaware. 

Family 8. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Purslane Family. 

Ovary and capsule superior : capsule 3-valved. 
Sepals deciduous : stamens more numerous than the sepals or petals : cap- 
sules many-seeded. i. Talinum. 
Sepals persistent : stamens as many as the sepals or petals : capsules few- 
seeded. 2. Claytonia. 
Ovary and capsule wholly or partly inferior : capsule circumscissile. 

3. Portulaca. 

1. TALINUM Adans. 

1. Talinum teretifolium Pursli. Fame-Flower. (Man. p. 385 ; 1. F. 
/, 1^26.) On dry rocks, Pa. to Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Delaware. 

2. CLAYTONIA L. 

Leaves of a linear type, mostly over 7 cm. long-. i. C. Virginica. 

Leaves of an elliptic or oblong type, mostly less than 7 cm. long. 

2. C. Caroliniana . 

1. Claytonia Virginica L. Spring Beauty. (Man. p. 385 ; I. F. /. 
I42g.) In moist woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

2. Claytonia Caroliniana Micbx. Carolina Spring Beauty. (Man. 
p. 385 ; I. F. /. 1430.) In damp woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. C. aloDg the Alleghenies, and to Ohio and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Wyoming ; Blair ; Luzerne ; Clarion ; Armstrong ; Allegheny. 

3. PORTULACA L. 

Leaf-blades flat: corolla 0.5-1 cm. broad. 1. P. oleracea. 

Leaf-blades terete : corolla 2.5-5 cm. broad. 2. P. grandifiora . 

1. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Pussley. (Man. p. 386 ; I. 
F. f. 1434.) In fields and waste places, northeastern U. S. and in warm 
and tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Allegheny. 

2. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Sun-plant. 
(Man. p. 387 ; I. F. f. 1437.) In waste places and on roadsides. Introd. 
from S. Am. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Philadelphia; Dau- 
phin; Allegheny. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE 



125 



Family 9. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink Famii^y. 

Sepals united : ovary stipitate : petals clawed. 

Calyx-tube with at least twice as many ribs as lobes. 
Styles 5. 
Calyx-lobes foliaceous, alternate with the styles. i. Agrostemma. 

Calyx-lobes small, opposite to the styles. 2. Lychnis. 

Styles 3 or rarely 4. 3. Silene. 

Calyx with 5 ribs, nerved or nerveless. 
Petals appendaged at the base of the blade. 4. Saponaria. 

Petals unappendag-ed. 
Calyx-tube 5-angled, without bractlets. 5. Vaccaria. 

Calyx-tube terete or nearly so, subtended by bractlets. 6. Dianthus. 
Sepals distinct : ovary sessile : petals not clawed. 
Stipules wanting. 
Petals 2-cleft or 2-parted. 
Capsules relatively short, ovoid or oblong. 7. Alsine. 

Capsules relatively long, cylindric. 8. Cerastium. 

Petals entire, toothed or slightly notched. 
Styles as many as the sepals. g. Sagina. 

Styles fewer than the sepals. 
Petals entire or emarginate : flowers in dichotomous or capitate cymes, 
or solitary. 
Seeds not strophiolate. 10. Arenaria. 

Seeds strophiolate. 11. Moehringia. 

Petals toothed, flowers in umbel-like cymes. 12. Holosteum. 

Stipules present. 

Leaves whorled : styles and valves of the capsule 5. 13. Spergula. 
Leaves opposite : styles and valves of the capsule 3. 14. Tissa. 

1. AG-ROSTEMMA L. 

1. Agrostemma Githago L. Corn CockIvE or Campion. (Man. p. 
388; I. F. y". 1438.) In grain fields and waste places, throughout north- 
eastern U. S. Adv. from Eu., occurring also in northern Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter; Lancaster; Franki^in; Huntingdon; Erie; Dei^aware; 

Al,I,EGHENY. 

2. LYCHNIS L. 

Calyx-lobes not twisted : plants more or less pubescent or glandular, not woolly. 
Mature calyx much enlarged or inflated. 
Flowers opening in the evening: corolla white or pink. i. L. alba. 
Flowers opening in the morning : corolla red. 2. L. dioica. 

Mature calyx campanulate. 3. L. Flos-cuculi. 

Calyx-lobes twisted : plants densely white-woolly. 4. L. Coronaria. 



1. Lychnis alba L. Evening Lychnis. (Man. p. 392 ; I. F. /. 
'455'^ In waste places and on ballast, Ont. and in the Eastern and 
Middle States. Adv. or Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne; 
Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phii,adei.phia. 



126 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

2. Lychnis dioica L. Red Campion. (Man. p. 392 ; I. F. /. 1456.^ 
In waste places and on ballast. N. vS., Ont., New Eng. and the Middle 
States. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancastkr, Safe Harbor. 

3. Lychins Flos-cuculi L. Cuckoo Flower. Ragged Robin. 
(Man. p. 392 ; I. F. f. 1458.) In moist waste places, N. B. to N. J. and 
Pa. Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei,phia, on or near ballast, 
also in waste places about the larger cities. 

4. Lychnis Coronaria (L. ) Desr. Mui^IvEIN Pink. (Man. p. 392; I. 
F. y. T462.) Roadsides and waste places, Mass. to Pa. Native of Eu. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Carversville ; AIvI^egheny, 

3. SILENE L. 

Leaves, at least most of them, in whorls of 4. i. 5. stellata. 

Leaves merely opposite. 
Calyx inflated. 
Flowers few, leafy-bracted. 2, 5*. alba. 

Flowers numerous, not leafy-bracted, 3. .S". vulgaris. 

Calyx merely filled hy the mature capsule. 
Inflorescence cymose or paniculate. 

Plants day-blooming : corolla pink or red. 
Perennials : plants more or less clammy-pubescent. 
Corollas crimson : petals cleft. 4. .S*. Virginica. 

Corollas pink : petals emarginate. 5. 5". Caroliniana. 

Annuals : plants with stems glutinous at or about the nodes. 
Mature calyx ovoid : inflorescence paniculate. 6. S. antirrhina. 
Mature calyx clavate : inflorescence cymose. 7. S. Armeria. 

Plants night-blooming : corolla white. 8. .S". noctiflora. 

Inflorescence racemose. 9. S. Anglica. 

1. Silene stellata (L. ) Ait. Starry Campion. (Man. p. 389; I. F. 
/. f44T.) In woods, R. I. to Minn., S. C. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: J^\J- 
zERNE ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Chester ; 

DEIvAWARE ; AlvI^EGHENY. 

2. Silene alba Muhl, Western White Campion. (Man. p. 389; 
I. F.y! 1442-) In shaded or moist places, Pa. to Minn, and Iowa. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster ; Washington ; Ai.i,egheny ; Armstrong. 

3. Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke, Bi^adder Campion. (Man. 
p, 389 ; I. F. f. 1443.) In meadows and waste places, N. B. to Ont., N. 
J. and 111. Nat. from Eu. and nat. also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Phii.adei.phia ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

4. Silene Virginica L. Fire Pink. (Man. p. 390; I. F. /. 1445.) 
In dry woods, N. J. to Ont,, Minn., Ga. and Mo. -^Pennsylvania : Clar- 
ion ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Allegheny ; Westmoreland. 

5. Silene Caroliniana Walt. Wild Pink. (Man. p. 390; I. F. /. 
1448.) — In dry or rocky soil. Me. to Ga. central N. Y., Pa. and Ky. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; York ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Columbia ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE 127 

6. Silene antirrhina Iv. Si^eEpy CaTchfIvY. (Man. p. 390; I. F. /. 
1449.) In waste places and woods, New Eng. to B. C, Fla. and Mex.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia 
DELAWARE; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon 
Allegheny. 

7. Silene Armeria Iv. SwEET William GaTChfly. (Man. p. 390 
I. F.y". 1450.) In waste places and spontaneous, N. B. to Mich., N.J 
and Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; LancaS' 
ter ; Allegheny. 

8. Silene noctiflora L. Night- flowering Catch fly. (Man. p 
391 ; I. F. f. i4Si-^ In waste places, N. S. and N. B. to Man., Fla. and 
Mo. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Philadelphia 
berks ; Washington ; Allegheny. 

9. Silene Anglica L. English CaTchfly. (Man. p. 391 ; I. F. /. 
J4S2.) Iti waste places. Me. to Ont., N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton. 

4. SAPONARIA L. 

1. Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. (Man. p. 
393 ; I. F. f. 1466.) Roadsides and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; SchuylkilI/ ; Bucks ; 
Chester; Lancaster; Delaware; Dauphin; Franklin; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Bedford ; Allegheny, 

5. VACCARIA Medic. 

1. Vaccaria Vaccaria (L. ) Britton. Cow-herb. (Man. p. 394 ; I. 
F. y. 1467.) In waste places, Ont. to B. C, Fla. and La. Also in the 
Rocky Mt. region. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northamp- 
ton ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Crawford. 

6. DIANTHUS L. 

Annual species. 

Bracts with broad scarious blades. i. D. prolifer. 

Bracts with narrow long-tipped herbaceous blades. 2. D. Armeria. 

Perennial species. 3. D. barbaius. 

1. Dianthus prolifer L. Proliferous Pink. (Man. p. 394; I. F. 
f. 1468.) In waste places and on ballast, Staten Island, N. Y., N. J. and 
eastern Pa. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 

2. Dianthus Armeria L. DepTFOrd Pink. (Man. p. 394; I. F. /. 
1469.) In fields and on roadsides, Ont. and Me. to Md., Mich. Nat. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe; Bucks; Phila- 
delphia ; Delaware ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny ; Somerset. 

3. Dianthus barbatus L. SwEET William. Bunch Pink. (Man, 
p. 394; I. F. y. 1 47 1.) In waste places in the Eastern and Middle 
vStHtes. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Allegheny. 



128 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

7. ALSINE h. 
Styles 5. I. A. aqualica. 

Styles 3 or rarely 4. 

Leaf-blades relatively broad. 

Plants with glabrous foliage, or with a few scattered hairs. 

2. A. vlifrinosa. 
Plants more or less pubescent, the stems with 2 pubescent lines, the peti 
oles often ciliate. 
Sepals 3-4 mm. long : petals shorter than the sepals. 3. A. media. 
Sepals 5-7 mm. long : petals longer than the sepals. 4. A. pubera. 
lyCaf-blades relatively narrow. 
Cyme with small scarious bracts. 
Petals parted : capsules about twice as long as the sepals : seeds smooth. 

5. A. longijolia. 
Petals cleft : capsules somewhat longer than the sepals : seeds rough. 

6. A. graminea. 
Cymes with foliaceous bracts. 7, A. borealis. 

1. Alsine aquatica (L. ) Britton. WATER Mouse-kar Chickweed. 
(Man. p. 395; I. V. f. I4J2.) In wet and waste places, Ont. to Pa., 
Also in B. C. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : PhiladeIvPHIA, Fair- 
mount Park. 

2. Alsine uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. BoG StarworT. Marsh 
ChickweEd. (Man. p. 395 ; I- F.y! J 474-) In cold brooks and springs, 
N. B. to Md. Also in B. C. and the N. W., Terr., Eu. and Asia.— 
Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Wayne ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Ches- 
ter; Lancaster; Columbia ; McKean. 

3. Alsine media L. Common Chickweed. (Man. p. 395; I. F. /. 
147S') Iti waste places, meadows and woods, throughout N. Am. Nat. 
from Hu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; North- 
ampton ; Columbia ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

4. Alsine pubera (Michx.) Britton. GREAT Chickweed. (Man. 
p. 395; I. F. y] J 476.) In moist, rocky places, N. J. and Pa. to Ind., 
Ky., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Montgomery; Philadelphia; 
Chester; Lancaster; York; Delaware; Fayette; Allegheny. 

5. Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Long-leaved Stitchwort. 
(Man. p. 396; I. F. y. 147S.) In low meadows and swamps, N. S. to 
Alaska, Ky., and La., and in the Rocky Mountain region, B. C, northern 
Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Tioga ; Clearfield ; Armstrong ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

6. Alsine graminea (L-) Britton. LESSER Stitchwort or STar- 
WORT. (Man. p. 396; I. F.y. 1479.) In fields and on roadsides, N. S., 
Quebec, Ont., N. Kng. and the Middle States. Native of Eu. and Asia. 
— Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Monroe ; Montgomery. 

7. Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort. 
(Man. p. 396 ; I. F./. 1482.) In wet places, R. I. to N. J., Minn, and B. 
C, and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in northern Ku. and Asia.— 
Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Montgomery. 



CARYOPHYLLACEAE 129 

8. CERASTIUM L- 

Petals shorter than the sepals or about equalling them in length. 
Pedicels shorter than the sepals at maturity. i. C. viscosum. 

Pedicels longer than the sepals at maturity. 

I^eaf-blades less than 4 mm. long : sepals 3-3.5 mm. long : capsules 5-7 mm. 

long. 2. C. seniidecandrum. 

lycaf-blades over 4 mm. long : sepals 5-6 mm. long : capsules 7-10 mm. long. 

3. C. vulgatuni. 
Petals manifestly longer than the sepals. 
Annual : foliage viscid : corollas 6-12 mm. broad. 4. C. longipedunculatuni. 
Perennial : foliage glabrous or pubescent : corollas 17-21 mm. broad, 

5. C. arvense. 

1. Cerastium viscosum L. Mousk-Kar Chickwkkd. (Man. p. 397; 
I. F.y. 1484.) In w^aste places and meadows, N. B. to Ont., Fla. and 
Mex. Nat. from Bu. , also in W. I., C. Am. and on the Pacific Coast. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Chester ; Dei^aware. 

2. Cerastium semidecandrum ly. Smai.1, Mouse-Ear Chickweed. 
(Man. p. 397 ; I. F.y. 148^.) In dry, sterile soil, N. J. and Pa. to Va. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

3. Cerastium vulgatum L. Larger Mouse-Ear ChickweED. (Man. 
p. 397 ; I. F. f. i486.) In fields and v^^oods, almost throughout North 
America. Mostly nat. from Eu. Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Luzerne ; Frankwn. 

4. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. Nodding Chickweed. 
(Man. p. 397 ; 1. F.y. 148/.) In moist, shaded places, N. S. and Hudson 
Bay to N. C, B. C, Nev. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

5. Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed. (Man. p. 398; I. F. 
f. 1489.) In dry, rocky places. Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Mo., Nev. and 

Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Lycoming ; Delaware ; York. 

5a. C. arvense oblongifolium (Torr. ) Hollick & Britton. (Man. p. 
398. ) Delaware ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Perry. 

5b. C. arvense velutinum (Raf.) Britton. (Man. p. 398.) CHESTER ; 
Lancaster. 

9. S AGIN A L. 

Sepals and petals mostly 4 : petals much shorter than the sepals or wanting. 

Stems and branches depressed-spreading : petals present, i. ^. procumbens. 

Stems and branches erect : petals obsolete or wanting. 2. 5. apetala. 
Sepals and petals mostly 5 : petals as long as the sepals or nearly so. 

3. 5". decumbens. 

1. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent Pearlwort. (Man. p. 
399; I. F.y. J494.) In moist places, Newf and Greenland to Mich., Pa. 
and N. J. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, 
streets of Bath ; Philadelphia. 



130 CARYOPHYI^LACEAE 

2. Sagina apetala Ard. Smai^i.-ixowered Pearlwort. (Man. p. 

399 ; I. F. f. 14%- ) I^i dry soil in woods and fields, Mass. to N. J. «ind 
Pa. Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Bucks. 

3. Sagina decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Decumbent Peari^wort. 
(Man. p. 399; I. F.y. 1496.) In dry soil, eastern Mass. to III., sonth to 
Fla., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania: Phie^adelphia. 

10. ARENARIA L. 

Capsule opening- by twice as many valves as there are styles. 

I. A. serpyllifolia. 
Capsule opening by as many valves as there are styles. 

Sepals acuminate : leaves rigid, subulate. 2. A. Michauxii. 

Sepals obtuse : leaves herbaceous or fleshy. 3. A. Groenlandica. 

1. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-IvEaved Sandwort. (Man. p. 

400 ; I. F. yi ^499 ) In dry or rocky places, throughout eastern N. Am.,, 
extending across the continent. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; PhiivAdeIvPhia ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankun ; Huntingdon ; Coi^umbia ; 
Ai,i.egheny. 

2. Arenaria Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. Rock Sandwort. (Man. 
p. 401 ; I. F. y] Tjod. ) In dry, rocky places, Ont. and Vt. to Va., west 
to Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgom- 
ery ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

3. Arenaria Groenlandica (Retz. ) Spreng. Mountain Sandwort 
or STarworT. (Man. p. 401 ; I. P\ /. /jop.) On dry rocks, Lab. and 
Greenland to N. Y., Conn , the mountains of southern N. Y. and Pa., 
and on the higher Alleghanies of Va. and N. C. — Pennsylvania: 

Monroe. 

11. MOEHRINGIA L. 

1. Moehringia lateriflora (L. ) Fenzl. Bi.unt-i,eaved Sandwort. 
(Man. p. 402 ; I. F. f. 1310.) In moist places, N. S. to Alaska, N. Y. 
and N. J. to Mo., extending to the Rocky Mts. of Utah. Also in Ore. 
and B. C. and Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylva?tia : Monroe ; Susquehanna ; 
Tioga ; Lancaster ; Bi,air ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Somerset ; Ches- 
ter; AlvIvEGHENY, 

12. HOLOSTEUM L. 

1. Holosteum umbellatum L. Jagged Chickweed. (Man. p. 398 ; 
I. F.y. 1492.) Fields, roadsides and waste places, Pa., Del. and Ga. 
Native of Eu. and Ksis..— Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

13. SPERGULA L- 
1. Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry. (Man. p. 402 ; I. F. /. 
^5^3- ) I^ fields and waste places, eastern Canada and the Eastern and 
Middle States. Adv. or uat. from Eu. — Pennsylvaiiia : Wayne; Mont- 
gomery ; Phii,adei.phia. 

14. TISSA Adans. 
1. Tissa rubra (L.) Britton. Sand Spurry. (Man. p. 403; I. F./. 
1316. ) In waste places and along roadsides, or sometimes maritime, N. 



NYMPHAEACEAE 131 

S. to Pa. and Va. Also introd. in Calif, and Oregon. Adv. from Eu. 
Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIa ; Lancaster ; Adams ; 
Dauphin; Coi,umbia. 

Order 11. RANALES. 

Water plants : emersed or floating leaves with peltate blades or a basal sinus. 
Gynoecium of 3 or more carpels : corolla present : plants with emersed or 

floating- leaves. Fam. i. Nymphaeaceak. 

Gynoecium of a single carpel : corolla wanting : plants with only submerged 
leaves. Fam. 2. Ceratophyi.laceae. 

Land plants, except some Ranunculaceae. 
Anther-sacs opening by slits. 
Hypanthium small or obsolete, at least not hollow. 
Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious, the plants neither vines nor 
herbs with compound leaves. 
Carpels more or less coherent or united into a cone-like structure. 

Fam. 3, Magnoliaceae. 
Carpels solitary or several, distinct, at least at maturity. 
Sepals 3 : petals 6 : fruit pulpy : endosperm channeled. 

Fam. 4. Anonaceae. 
Sepals 3-15 : petals about as many ; plants, if shrubby, not with a 
pulpy fruit : endosperm even. Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae. 
Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves. 

Fam. 6. Menispermaceae. 
Hypanthium hollow, enclosing the numerous carpels. 

Fam. 7. Calycanthaceae. 
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves, except in Podophyllum. 

Corolla present : hypanthium wanting. Fam. 8. Berberidaceae. 

Corolla wanting : hypanthium present. Fam. 9. Lauraceae. 

FAM11.Y I. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water Lii^y Famii^y. 

Carpels several and distinct from each other. 
Carpels not in a fleshy receptacle : sepals and petals 3 or 4 each : stamens 12- 

18. I. Brasenia. 

Carpels immersed in a fleshy receptacle : sepals and petals numerous ; sta- 
mens indefinite. . 2. Nelumbo. 
Carpels united into a compound pistil. 
Petals small, filament-like : stamens hyyogynous. 3. Nymphaea. 
Petals as large as the sepals : stamens epigynous. 4. Castalia. 

1. BRASENIA Schreb. 
1. Brasenia peltata ( Michx. ) Casp. Water-Shiei.d or -Target. 
(Man. p. 406 ; I. F. f. 1526. ) In ponds and slow streams, N. S. to Fla., 
Man. and t^yL.—P'mnsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Cambria, 
Williamsville ; Dei^aware. 

2. NELUMBO Adans. 
1. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. American Lotus. (Man. p. 408; 
I. F. /. 1534.) Shores of Lake Ontario to Mich., Conn., Fla., I. Terr, 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adeIvPhia ; Dei^aware, Marcus Hook. 



132 MAGNOLIACEAE 

3. NYMPHABA h. 

Stigmatic lines 12-24. i- ^- advena. 

Stigmatic lines 7-12. 

Petals fleshy : stigmatic lines mostly 9-12 : flowers mostly over 3 cm. thick. 

2. A'', hybrida. 
Petals thin : stigmatic lines mostly 7-9 : flowers mostly less than 3 cm. thick. 

3. TV. Kalmiana. 

1. Nymphaea advena Soland. Large YELivOW Pond Lily. (Man. 
p. 407 ; I. F. f. IS2J.) In ponds and slow streams, N. B. and N. S. to 
the Rocky Mts., Fla., Tex. and Utah. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna; 
Monroe ; Carbon ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Delaware. 

2. Nymphaea hybrida Peck. Red-disked Pond Lily. (Man. p. 
407; I. F. f. 1328.) In ponds and slow streams, Lake Champlain, Ont. 
to Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Silver Lake ; Monroe, Naomi 
Pines. 

3. Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx. ) Sims. Small Yellow Pond 
Lily. (Man. p. 407 ; I. F. f. 132^.) In ponds and slow streams, Newf. 
to Saskatchewan, Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, Tunkhan- 
nock ; Lancaster, Collin's Ferry. 

4. CASTALIA Salisb. 
Rootstocks not tuber-bearing : seeds oblong, 3 mm. long, stipitate, shorter than 

the aril : flowers fragrant. i. C. odorata. 

Rootstocks tuber-bearing : seeds globular, 6 mm. long, not stipitate, larger than 

the aril : flowers odorless. 2. C. tuberosa. 

1. Castalia odorata (Dry and) Woodr. & Wood. Pond Lily. Water 
Nymph. (Man. p. 407 ; I. F. /. 1531.) In ponds and slow streams, N. 
S. to Man., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Pike; Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Carbon ; Lancaster ; Chester ; 
Dauphin ; Erie. 

2. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Tuberous White Water 
Lily. (Man. p. 407; I, F. /". ISS^-) In ponds and streams, N. Y. to 
Mich., N. J., Pa. and eastern Neb. — Pe7insylva7iia : Crawford, Con- 
neant Lake. 

Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. Hornwort Family. 
1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 

1. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort. (Man. p. 409; I. F. 
f. 1336.) In ponds and slow streams, throughout N. Am. except the ex- 
treme north. — Pennsylvania: Wayne ; Northampton; Dauphin; 
Huntingdon; Lancaster; Erie; Chester; Delaware. 

Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Magnolia Family. 

Mature carpels dehiscent : leaf-blades not lobed. i. Magnolia. 

Mature carpels samara-like, indehiscent : leaf-blades 4-lobed. 

2. Liriodendron. 



RANUNCULACEAE 133 

1. MAGNOLIA L. 

Corolla white : styles or stigmas stout, persistent : follicles tapering. 

Leaf-blades elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 2-6 dm. long, mem- 
branous : fruit 1-1.5 dm. long. i. M. tripetala. 
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or oval, rarely broadest below the middle, 5-15 
cm. long, firm : fruit 3-5 cm. long. 2. M. Virginiana. 
Corolla greenish or yellow : styles or stigmas slender, deciduous : follicles 
rounded. 3. M. acuminata. 

1. Magnolia tripetala L. UmbrKLLA-TRKe;. (Man. p. 409 ; I. F. /. 
^539-) I^ woods, Pa. to Ga., Ark, and Miss, — Pennsylvania: Lan- 
caster ; York. 

2. Magnolia Virginiana L, Laurki. Magnoi^ia, Sweet Bay, (Man, 
p. 409; I. F. y", 1340.) In swamps, eastern Mass, and southward, mainly 
east of the Alleghenies to Fla., west through the Gulf States to Ark. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Lebanon ; Cumbereand ; Adams ; Frankein ; Delaware. 

3. Magnolia acuminata L, Cucumber Tree, (Man, p. 410; I. F. 
/. 1541.^ In woods, N, Y, to 111,, N. C. and Ark, — Pennsylvania : Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Clinton ; Tioga ; Wash- 
ington ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

2. LIRIODENDRON L. 
1. Llrlodendron Tulipifera L, Tulip-TrEE. (Man. p. 410 ; I. F. /. 
1542.^ In woods, Vt, to Mich., R, I., Fla,, Ark. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; 
Bedford ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

Family 4. ANONACEAE DC. Custard-apple Family. 
1. ASIMINA Adans. 

1. Asimina triloba (L. ) Dunal, Papaw. (Man, p. 410 ; I. F./, 1543.) 
Along streams, Ont. to Mich., N. J,, Pa. to Fla, and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Montgomery ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon, at 1,100 ft.; Fayette; Allegheny; Chester; Dela- 
ware. 

Family 5. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot Family. 

A. Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules or with only i or 
2 ovules in genera Nos. i and 6. 
a. Flowers regular. 
*" Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound. 
Petals wanting. 
Carpels ripening into a head of red berries. i. Hydrastis. 

Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles. 2. Caltha. 

Petals present. 
Petals flat, linear. 3. Trollius. 

Petals tubular, at least near the base. 
Plants caulescent : sepals persistent. 4. Helleborus. 

Plants scapose : sepals deciduous. 5. Cammarum, 



134 RANUNCULACEAE 

*■•'• Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decompound. 
Petals without spurs or wanting. 
Fruit dry follicles. 
Shrubs. 6. Xantiiorrhiza. 

Herbs. 
Low herbs, with solitary or few loosely panicled flowers. 

7. C(H'TIS. 

Tall herbs, with numerous flowers in strict, simple or branched 
racemes. 8. Cimicifuga. 

Fruit berry-like follicles. 9. Actaka 

Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 10. Aquilegia. 

b. Flowers irregular. 
Posterior sepal prolonged into a spur. 11. Delphinium. 

Posterior sepal more or less helmet-like. 12. Aconitum. 

B. Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each. 

Flowers, or their pedicels or peduncles, subtended by involucres. 
Involucre close under the calyx ; bracts entire. 13. Hepatica. 

Involucre remote from the calyx ; bracts toothed, divided or compound 
Styles subulate : leaf-segments sessile. 14. Anemone. 

Styles wanting : leaflets stalked. 15. Syndesmon. 

Flowers not subtended by involucres. 
Leaves opposite : sepals petal-like. 

Petals wanting. 16. Clematis. 

Petals present, smaller than the sepals. 17. Atragene. 

Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. 
Leaf-blades entire, toothed, palmately lobed or dissected. 
Petals wanting. 18. Trautvetteria. 

Petals present. 
Achenes transversely wrinkled : petals white. 

19. Batrachium. 
Achenes not transversely wrinkled : petals yellow, at least with- 
out. 
Achenes longitudinally ribbed. 20. Halerpestes. 

Achenes smooth, papillose or spiny, 
Achenes truncate at the apex : sepals mostly 3. 

21. Ficaria. 
Achenes beaked or beakless, but not truncate : sepals mostly 5. 

22. Ranunculus. 
Leaf-blades ternately decompound, 23. Thalictrum. 

1. HYDRASTIS Ellis. 
1. Hydrastis Canadensis L. G01.DEN Seai,. Orange-ROOT. (Man. 
p. 412 ; I. F./. I544-) In woods, Ont. to N. Y., Minn., Ga. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai^i^egheny. 

2. CALTHA L. 

Calyx mostly over 2.5 cm. broad : leaf-blades cordate, the sinus usually narrow. 

1. C. paliistris. 
Calyx mostly less than 2.5 cm. broad : leaf-blades flabelliform, the sinus broad. 

2. C.flabellifolia. 



RANUNCULACEAE 135 

1. Caltha palnstris L. Marsh-marigold. (Man. p. 412; I. F. f. 
1545.) Iti swamps and meadows, Newf. to the Rocky Mt. region, 
S. C, and I )wa. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks; 
PhiIvAdki^phia ; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon; 
Franklin; Ekie; Allegheny. 

2. Caltha flabellifolia Pursh. Mountain Marsh-marigold. (Man. 
p. 412; I. F. y. 15^6.) In cool shaded mountain springs Pa. and N. 
J. to Md. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tunkhannock ; Somerset, Negro 
Mt. 

3: TROLLiaS L. 

1. TroUius laxus Salisb. American Globe-flower. (Man. p. 
413 ; I. F. f. 154S.) In swamps, N. H. to Del., west to Mich. Also in 
Rocky Mts., Wash, and B. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks, Springtown ; Centre. 

4. HELLEBORUS L. 

1. Helleborus viridis L. Green Hellebore. (Man. p. 413 ; I. F. 
f. 1349.) In waste places, locally adv. from Eu. in N. Y., N. J,, Pa. and 
W. Va. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Bucks ; Delaware. 

5. CAMMARUM Hill. 
1. Cammarum hyemale (L.) Greene. Winter Aconite or Helle- 
bore. (Man. p. 413; I. F. y. 1550.) Nat. from Eu. in southeastern 
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, Bartram's Garden ; Delawarp:, 
Media. 

6. XANTHORRHIZA L'Her. 
1. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Shrub Yellow-rooT. (Man. p. 
414; I. F.yi I553-) In woods, southwestern N. Y. to Fla, — Pennsylva- 
nia : Muhlenburg's Catalogue. 

7. COPTIS Salisb. 
1. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Gold-thread. (Man. p. 413 ; I. F. 
f. 1551.) In damp mossy woods, and bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Md. and 
Minn. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton, Lebanon; 
Schuylkill ; Columbia ; Tioga ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Craw- 
ford ; Erie. 

8. CIMICIFUGA L. 
Carpels i or 2, sessile : seed wholly or partially in 2 rows. i. C. racemosa. 
Carpels 3-8, stipitate : seeds in i row. 2. C. Americana. 

1. Cimicifuga racemosa (L. ) Nutt. Black Snakeroot or Cohosh. 
(Man. p. 415; I. F. /. 1556.) In woods, Me. to Wis., Ga , and Mo. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin; Blair; Allegheny. 

la. C. racemosa dissecta A. Gray. (Man. p. 415.)— Delaware, 
Upper Darby. 

2. Cimicifuga Americana Michx. American Bugbane. (Man. p. 
415 ; I, F. f. 1338.) In woods, Pa. and along the mountains to Ga. — 
Pennsylvania : Blair, Kittaning Point. 



13() RANUNCUJvACKAE 

9. ACTAEA L. 

Pedicels slender, less than i mtn. thick: fruits red. i. A. rubra. 

Pedicels stout, over r mm. thick : fruits white. 2. A. alba. 

1. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Banp:bkrry. (Man. p. 414; I, 
F. / I554-) In woods, N. S. to the Rocky Mt. rej<ion, N. J. aud Pa. — 
— Pennsylvania: Susquehanna; Huntingdon; Erie. 

2. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. (Man. p. 415; I. 
F. f. 1555.) In woods, N. S. and Anticosti, to B. C, Ga. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phii^adei.- 
PHiA ; Berks; Chester; Lancaster; York; Lebanon; Schuyi,- 
Kiivi, ; Tioga ; B1.AIR ; Erie ; Somerset. 

10. AQUILEGIA L- 

Corollas mainly scarlet : petal-spurs straight or nearly so. 
. Sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 10-14 mm. long : spurs 2-2.5 cm. long : follicles 
with spreading tips. i. A. Canadensis. 

Sepals lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, 16-21 mm. long : spurs 3-3.5 cm. long : 
follicles with erect tips. 2. A. coccinea. 

Corolla mainly blue : petal-spurs incurved. 3 A.vidgatis. 

1. Aquilegia Canadensis L. Wii,d Coi^umbinE- (man. p. 416 ; I. F. 
f- ^559 ) In rocky woods, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
PhiIvAdei^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester; Lancaster; Franki^in ; 
Huntingdon ; Aixegheny ; Erie. 

2. Aquilegia coccinea Small, Large Red Coi^umbine. (Man. p. 
416.) Ou cliffs and in rocky woods, N. Y. to Mo., Neb. and Ala. — Pe?in- 
sylvania : Bedford. 

3. Aquilegia vulgaris L. European Coi^umbine. (Man. p. 416 ; I. 
F.y. 15^1.) Escaped into woods and fields, in the Eastern and Middle 
States, ill N. S. and N. B. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe ; Bucks ; Somerset. 

11. DELPHINIUM L 

Plants annual : carpel i : petals 2, unit. d. 

Follicles pubescent. i. D. Aj'acis. 

Follicles glabrous. 2. D. Consolida. 

Plants perennial : carpels 3 : petals 4, distinct. 

Follicles erect : racemes elongated. 
Leaf-segments narrow, the ultimate divisions linear or oblong-linear. 

3. D. Carolinianum. 
Leaf-segments relatively broad, the ultimate divisions lanceolate. 

4. D. urceolatiim. 
Follicles widely spreading : racemes short. 5. D. tricurne. 

1. Delphinium Ajacis L. Garden Larkspur. (Min. p. 416. ) la 
wa-^te places, N. Y. to Va., Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton; Phii,auei.phia ; Lancaster; Franki^in. 



RANUNCULACEAE 137 

2. Delphinium Consolida I^. Fiei^d Larkspur. (Man. p. 416 ; I. 
V.f. 1^62.) In waste places, nat. from Eu., N. J,, Pa. and southward. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

3. Delphinium Carolinianum Walt. Carowna Larkspur. (Man. 
p. 417 ; I. F. /. 1564.) On prairies and in open grounds, Man. to 111., 
Pa., Fla. and Tex. Also in the Rocky Mt. region. — Pennsylvania: 
Muhlenberg Catalogue. 

4. Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. Tai^i, Larkspur. (Man. p. 417 ; I. 
F. y! 136^.) In woods, Pa. to Minn., N. C, Ala. and Neb. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Huntingdon, near Petersburg ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

5. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. (Man. p. 417 ; 
I. F. f 1365 ) In woods, Pa. to the mountains of Ga., Minn, and Ark. 
— Pennsylvania : Ali^egheny ; Washington ; Fayette. 

12. ACONITUM L. 
1. Aconitum uncinatum L. W11.D Monkshood. (Man. p. 418; I. 
F. y. Js6y. ) In woods. Pa. and along the mountains to Ga. Also in 
Wis. — Pennsylvania : Muhlenberg Catalogue. 

13. HEPATICA Scop. 
Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres obtuse. 1. H. Hepatica. 
Lobes of the leaf-blades and bracts of the involucres acute. 2. H. acuta. 

1. Hepatica Hepatica (L. ) Karst. Round-lobed Liver-lEaf. 
(Man. p. 420; I. F. /. 1578.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Fla., Iowa and 
Mo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
ijN ; Huntingdon : Venango ; Somerset ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton. Sharp-i^obed Liver-LEaf. 
Man. p. 420; I. F.y. 1379,) In woods, Quebec and Ont. , south in the 
AUeghanies to Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. — Pennsylvania : Sui<livan ; 
Huntingdon ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Armstrong ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

14. ANEMONE L. 

Achenes densely woolly. 
Achene-beak about i mm. long : leaf-divisions of a cuneate type. 

I. A. cylindrica. 
Achene-beak about 2 mm. long : leaf-divisions of an ovate type. 

Sepals ^greenish : head of fruit mostly over i cm. thick: achenes with 
spreading styles, 2 A. Virginiana. 

Sepals clear white : head of fruit mostly less than i cm. thick : achenes 
with appressed or ascending styles. 3. A. riparia. 

Achenes glabrate or finely pubescent, never woolly. 
Bracts of the involucre sessile : achenes suborbicular. 4. A. Canadensis. 
Bracts of the involucre petioled : achenes oblong. 

Divisions of the involucral bracts lobed or incised, membranous. 

5. A. qui }i que folia. 
Divisions of the involucral bracts merely toothed, leathery at maturity. 

6. A. tri folia. 



138 • RANUNCULACEAE 

1. Anemone cylindrica A.Gray. Long- fruited Anemone. (Man. 
p. 419; I. F. y. J572.) Open places, N. B. and Ont., Man., N. J. and 
Kaiis. Also in Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Prcsque Isle ; 
LuzERNR. 

2. Anemone Virginiana Iv. Tai^i, Anemone. (Man. p. 419; I. F. 
/. 1573. ) III woods, N. S. and the Canadian Rocky Mts., to vS. C, Kans. — 

Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Lancaster; Franklin; Erie; Ai^i.egheny. 

3. Anemone riparia Fernald. River-bank Anemone. (Man. p. 
419.) On liver banks, Me. and Ont. to Vsl.— Pennsylvania : Bucks; 
Northampton. 

4. Anemone Canadensis L. Canada Anemonr. (Man. p. 419; I. 
F.y. J574-) Low grounds, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Pa., Kans. and in 
the Rocky Mts. to Colo. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Franki^in ; 
Erie, Prcsque Isle ; A1.I.EGHENY. 

5. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-Fi,ower. (Man. p. 419; l.V^./. 
1576.) In low woods, N. S. to the Rocky Mts. and Ga. Also in China. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuyi^kill ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE; Chester; Lancaster; C IvEar field ; Allegheny ; 
Erie. 

6. Anemone trifolia L. Mountain Anemone. (Man. p. 419; I. 
F.y! 1577.) Pa. to Va. and N. C, chiefly in the mountains. Also in the 
mountains of south-central Eu. Pennsylvania : Fayette. 

15. SYNDESMON Hoffmg. 

1. Syndesmon thalictroides (L. ) Hoffmg. RuE- anemone. (Man. 
p. 420; I. F.y. 1^80.)^ In woods, throughout eastern U. S., west to 
Kans. and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadel- 
phia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ; 
Blair ; Venango ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

16. CLEMATIS L. 

Stamens spreading : sepals spreading : flowers polygamo-dioecious. 

I. C. Virginiana. 
Stamens erect : sepals more or less converging : flowers perfect. 

Climbing vine : leaf-blades pinnate, not reticulated. 2. C. Viorna. 

Upright herb : leaf blades simple, reticulated. 3. C. ochrolenca. 

1. Clematis Virginiana L. Virginia Virgin's Bower. (Man. p. 
421 ; I. F. /. 1582.) N. S. to Man., Ga. to K^ins. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chestek ; Lancaster; 
Franklin ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Luzerne ; Schuyl- 
kill ; Allegheny. 

2. Clematis Viorna L. Leather- flower. (Man. p. 422; I. F.y". 
ij86.) Pa. to Ohio, Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Frank- 
lin ; Greene ; Allegheny. 



RANUNCUIvACEAK 139 

3. Clematis ochroleuca Ait. Erect SiIvKY Clematis. (Man. p. 
422; I. F. / 1588.) N. Y., Pa. and southward to Ga. — Pennsylvania : 
Chester, London Grove. 

17. ATRAGENE L. 
1. Atragene Americana Sims. Purple Virgin's Bower. (Man. 
p. 423 ; I. F.y. 1^92. ) Hudson Ba}^ to Man., N. C. and Minn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Sullivan ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

18. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. 
1. Trautvetteria Carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. (Man. 
p. 423 ; I. F. /". 1594.^ On shaded banks, Pa. to Mo. and Fla. — Pennsyl- 
vania: Fayette; Allegheny. 

19. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. 

Achene with a beak about i mm. long. i. B. divaricatum. 

Achene beakless or nearly so. 2. B. trichophyllum. 

1. Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm. Stief White 
Water -crowfoot. (Man. p. 429; I. F.y. 162J.) In ponds and slow 
streams, Ont., New England, northern N. J. and Pa. to the Pacific Coast, 
extending south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvafiia : 
Huntingdon ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

2. Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bossch. White WaTER- 
CROWFOOT. (Man. p. 429; I. F. y. 1626.) In ponds and streams, N. S. 
to B. C, to N. C. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Monroe ; Susquehanna ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon. 

20. HALERPESTES Greene. 
1, Helerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Seaside Crowfoot. 
(Man. p. 430 ; I. V.f. 163 1.) On sandy shores, Lab. to N. J., west to the 
N. W. Terr., and in saline soil throughout the western half of the conti- 
nent, extending into Mexico. Also in Asia and S. A. — Pennsylvania : 
Franklin. 

21. FICARIA Huds. 

1. Picaria Picaria (L.) Karst. LESSER Celandine. (Man. p. 430; 
I. F.y. i62g.) N. Y. and Pa. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Dela- 
ware ; Philadelphia. 

22. RANUNCULUS L. 

Aquatic, floating plants : submerged leaves with dissected blades : floating 
leaves with lobed blades. 
Achenes marginless : corolla 7-14 mm. broad. i. R. Ptirshii. 

Achenes callous-margined : corolla 18-36 mm. broad. 

2, R. delphinifolius. 
Terrestrial or mud plants : leaves with entire, toothed, lobed or divided blades. 
A. Mud plants : leaves with entire or denticulate blades. 

a. Annuals : achenes beakless. 3. R. pusillus. 



140 RANUNCUIvACEAE 

b. Perennial : stems creeping-, at least near the base : achenes beaked. 
Achenes minutely beaked : stems trailing. 4. R. replans. 

Achenes subulate-beaked : stems erect or ascending. 

5. R. obltisiuscultis. 
B. Terrestrial plants : leaves with all or some of the blades lobed or divided. 

Basal leaves with all or some of the blades crenate. 
Style very short. 
Basal leaves with cordate blades : foliage glabrous or nearly so. 

6. R. aborlivus. 
Basal leaves with truncate or cuneately narrowed blades ; foliage 

pubescent. 7. R, micranthiis. 

Style subulate, hooked, nearly K as long as the achene-body. 

8. R. Allegheniensis. 
Basal leaves with all blades lobed or divided. 

Foliage glabrous : stem hollow ; flowers relatively small. 

9. R. sceleratus. 
Foliage more or less pubescent :stems not hollow : flowers relatively 

large. 
Beaks of the achenes hooked. 10. R. recurvatus. 

Beaks of the achenes straight or slightly curved. 

Achenes with beaks less than Vi as long as the achene-bodies. 
Petals about as long as the sepals : head of fruit oblong or cylindric. 

11. R. Pennsylv aniens. 
Petals much longer than the sepals : head of fruit subglobose. 

Plants spreading and creeping, stoloniferous. 

12. R. repens. 
Plants erect, not stoloniferous. 

Sepals spreading. 13. R. acris. 

Sepals reflexed. 14. R. biilbosus. 

Achenes with beaks over ^ as long as the achene-bodies, the beaks 
sometimes partially deciduous. 
Plants stoloniferous : foliage glabrous or nearly so. 

15. R. sepientrionalis. 
Plants not stoloniferous : foliage copiously pubescent except some- 
times in age. 

Stems with silky or appressed pubescence. 

16. R.fascicularis. 
Stems with spreading pubescence, 17. R. hispidus. 

1. Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh's Buttercup. (Man. p. 
424; I. F.y". 1596.) In moist soil, Mich, and Minn, to western Oat., Pa. 
and Arctic Am., west to B. C, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. 
— Pennsylvania : Franki^in ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon. 

2. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. YEi.i,ow WaTER-CROWFOOT. 
(Man. p. 425 ; I. F./. 1595.) In ponds, Ont. to Mich., N. C. and Mo.— 
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, barrens, 

3. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Low Spearwort. (Man. p. 425 ; I. 
F. /. 1600. ) In marshes, N. Y. and N. J. to Mo., Fla. and Te^.— Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; York ; Frankun ; Chester. 

4. Ranunculus reptans L. Creeping Spearwort. (Man. p. 425 ; 
I. F,/. 1602. ) On shores, Newf. and Arctic Am., to N. J., Pa. and Mich., 



RANUNCULACEAE 111 

and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks , Lancaster ; Ci.earfiei.d. 

5. Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf. Water Plantain SpEarwort. 
(Man. p. 425; 1. F. f. i6oj.) In marshes, Me, and Ont. to Minn., Ga. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; DeIvAWare ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; York ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; B1.AIR. 

6. Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney- leaved Crowfoot. (Man. p. 
426; I. F. f. i6og.) In woods and nio-st grounds, Lab. and N. S. to 
Man., Fla., Ark. and Col. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton: 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting- 
don ; Allegheny. 

7. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. Rock Crowfoot. (Man. p. 426 ; 
I. V.f. 1610.) In rich woods, often on rocks, range apparently the same 
as the preceding. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Franklin; Lancaster; 
York. 

8. Ranunculus Allegheniensis Britton. Mountain Crowfoot. 
(Man. p. 427; I. F. f. 161 1.) Mass. to N. Y. and N. C, mainly in the 
mountains. — Pennsylvania : SOMERStT. 

9. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Celery leaved Crowfoot. (Man. 
p. 427 ; I. F. f. 1612.) In swamps and wet ditches, N. B. to Minn, and 
Fla., preferring saline or alkaline situations. — Pennsylvania : LANCAS- 
TER ; Dauphin ; Chester ; Delaware. 

10. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. • (Man. p. 
427 ; I. F. /. 161J.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; Franklin ; Allegheny ; Delaware. 

11. Ranunculus PennsylvanicusL.f. Bristly Buttercup. (Man. 
p. 427; I. F. y. 1616.) In wet open places, N. S. to B. C. and Ga. — 
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Lancaster; Dauphin; Franklin; 
Erie; Delaware. 

12. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. (Man. p. 427; 
I. F.y. 1618. ) Fields and roadsides, N. S. to Va. and locally in the inte- 
rior. Introduced from Eu. mainly. — Pennsylvayiia : Northampton; 
Bucks ; Bristol ; Philadelphia ; Delaware. 

13. Ranunculus aciis L. Tall Or Meadow Buttercup. (Man. p. 
427; I. V.f. 1611.) In fields, in the northern States and Can. Nat. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna; Monroe; Tioga ; Schuyl- 
kill ; Luzerne; Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Chester; 
Lancaster ; Blair ; Allegheny ; Delaware. 

14. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulbous Buttercup. (Man. p. 427; 
I. F.y. /6/j.) In fields and along roadsides, quite common in the east- 
ern U. S. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Isohiuamttou ; Monroe; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Delaware. 

15. Ranunculus septenttionalis Poir. Swamp or Marsh Butter- 
cup. (Man. p. 427 ; I. F\ f. i6/p.) In low ground and swamps, N. B. 



142 CAIvYCANTIIACEAE 

to Man., Ga. and Kd,xis.-—Pc:it}isylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^- 
Ai)p:r.PH[A ; Lancaster; Franki^in; Erie; AIvLEGheny. 

16. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Eari.y or Tufted Buttercup. 
(Man. p. 428; I. F. /. 162/.) lu woods, Ont. and N. Eug. to Man., N. 
C. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Frankijn. 

17. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. (Man. p. 
428; I. F. /. 1620.) In dry woods, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lebanon ; Franki^in ; 
Venango ; Armstrong ; Dei^aware. 

23. THALICTRUM L. 

Filaments subulate or filiform. 
Flowers strictly dioecious : leaflets not waxy beneath. 

Roots not yellow : petioles barely dilated at the base. i. T. dioicuni. 
Roots bright yellow : petioles widely dilated at the base. 

2. T. coriaceum. 
Flowers polygamous : leaflets more or less glandular or waxy beneath. 

3. T. piirpurascens. 
Filaments spatulate, often broader than the anthers. 4. T. polygamum. 

1. Thalictrum dioicum L. Eari^y Meadow-Rue. (Man. p. 431 ; I. 
F. f. 1634. ) In Avoods, Lab. and Anticosti, Saskatchewan to Ala. and 
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Erie ; Dei<aware ; York ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small. Thick-leaved Meadow- 
RUE. (Man. p. 431 ; 1. F. /. 1635.) In open places, mts. of Pa., Va., N. 
C. and Ky. — Pewtsylvania : Somerset. 

3. Thalictrum purpurascens L. PurpIvISH Meadow- ruE. (Man. p. 
431 ; 1. F. y] 163J. ) In woodlands, N. S. and Anticosti to the Saskatche- 
wan, Fla. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; D ei. aware ; 
Huntingdon ; Centre ; Ai,i.egheny. 

4. Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. Tai.1. Meadow Rue. (Man. p. 
431; I. F. f 163S.) Lab. and Quebec to Fla. and to Ohio. — Penn- 
sylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Lancaster; 
ScHUYi.Kii,i, ; C01.UMBIA ; Franki^in ; Perry ; Erie ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

Family 6. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Moonseed Family. 
1. MENISPERMUM L. 
1. Menispermum Canadense L. Canada Moonseed. (Man. p. 434 ; 
1. F. yi 1^49-^ In woods along streams, western Quebec to Man., Ga. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

Fam, 7. CALYCANTHACEAE Lindl. Strawberry-shrub Family. 
1. BUTNERIA Duham. 
1. Butneriafertilis (Walt.) Kearney. Smooth Strawberry-shrub. 
(Man. p. 435 ; I. F. f. 16^1.) In rich woods. Pa. to Ga. and Ala. — Penn- 
sylvania : Franklin, near Strasburg. 



LAURACEAK 143 

FAMII.Y 8. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Barberry Famii^y. 

Shrubs : leaves with pinnately compound blades, sometimes i-foliolate. 

1. Berberis. 
Herbs : leaves with simple or ternately compound blades. 

Anthers opening by valves hinged at the top. 

Ivcaf -blades ternately compound : seeds naked, berry-like. 

2. Caulophyllum. 
Leaf-blades simple : seeds enclosed. 3. Jeffersonia. 

Anthers opening lengthwise. 4. Podophyllum. 

1. BERBERIS L. 

1. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. (Man. p. 432 ; I. F. 
f. 1640.) In thickets, nat. from Fu. in the Eastern and Middle States, 
adv. in Canada and the West. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Frank- 
Wn; Susquehanna. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 
1. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Bi,uE Cohosh. (Man. 
p. 433; I. F. / 1643.) In woods, N. B. to Minn., S. C. and Neb.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei.phi a ; Monroe ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Tioga ; Erie ; Somerset ; 
dei.a.ware ; ai.i.egheny. 

3. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 

1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin-IvEaf. (Man. p. 433 ; I. F./. 
1645.) In woods, N. Y. to Wis., Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
MiFFi^iN ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Washington ; Ai.i,egheny. 

4. PODOPHYLLUM L. 

1. Podophyllum peltatum L. May Appi.e. Wild Mandrake. 
(Man. p. 433 ; I. V. f. 1646.) In low woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

Family 9. LAURACEAE Lindl. Laurel Family. 
Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : leaf -blades, or some of them, lobed. 

I. Sassafras. 
Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved : leaf-blades entire. 2. Benzoin. 

1. SASSAFRAS Nees & Eberm. 
1. Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras or Ague Tree. 
(Man. p. 436 ; I. F./. 16^4.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Ont., Mich., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. BENZOIN Fabric. 
1. Benzoin Benzoin (L. ) Coult. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. 
{Man. p. 437; I. F. f. 16^6.) In moist woods and along streams, Mass. 
to Ont., Mich., Kans., N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; 



144 PAPAVERACEAE 

Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Dela- 
ware ; AivivEGHENV. 

Order 12. PAPAVERALES. 

Sepals 2, or very rarely 3 or 4 : endosperm present. 
Flowers regular: stamens 8 or numerous : juice usually milky or colored. 

Fam. I. Papaveraceae. 
Flowers irregular : stamens 6 : juice usually watery. 

Fam. 2. Fumariaceae. 
Sepals 4-8 : endosperm wanting. 
Capsules 2-celled : stamens 6, tetradynamous. Fam. 3. Cruciferae. 
Capsules i-celled : stamens when 6, not tetradynamous. 

Calyx and corolla regular : gynoecium 2-carpellary : capsule 2-valved. 

Fam. 4. Capparidaceae. 
Calyx and corolla irregular : gynoecium 3-6-carpellary : capsule 3-6-valved. 

Fam. 5. Resedaceae. 

FAM11.Y I. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy Famii^y. 
Caulescent herbs : petals 4-6, mostly crumpled : stigmas over the placentae. 
Capsule dehiscent at the top or only to the middle. 
Leaf-blades unarmed. i. Papaver. 

Leaf-blades spiny-toothed. 2. Argemone. 

Capsule splitting to the base. 
Capsule pubescent, 3. Stylophorum. 

Stigma mitre-shaped, with a deflexed or spreading base on each side : 

capsule leathery, 2-celled by a spongy partition. 4. Glaucium. 
Stigma simple : capsules membranous, i -celled. 5. Chelidonium. 

Acaulescent herbs: petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud: stigmas over the 
valves of the capsule. 6. Sanguinaria. 

1. PAPAVER L. 
Plants glabrate, glaucous : leaves with lobed clasping blades : capsule sub- 
globose. I. P. somni/eruni. 
Plants hirsute, green : leaves with pinnately divided blades. 
Capsule glabrous. 
Capsule subglobose or turbinate. 2. P. Rhoeas. 
Capsule oblong above the narrowed base. 3. P. dubiiim. 
Capsule hispid. 4. P. Argemone. 

1. Papaver somniferum L. Opium or Garden Poppy. (Man. p. 
438 ; I. F. f. 16^8. ) In waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Phii,adei<phia ; Lancaster; 

DEI.AWARE ; Al^IvEGHENY. 

2. Papaver Rhoeas L. Fiei,d, Red or Corn Poppy. (Man. p. 438 ; 
I. F. /. i6^g.) In waste places and on ballast. Fugitive from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIa. 

3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-fruited Poppy. (Man. p. 
438; I. F. f. 1660.) In waste and cult, grounds, Pa. to Va. and south- 
ward. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Delaware; Lan- 
caster ; FRANK1.1N. 

4. Papaver Argemone L. Long Rough-fruited Poppy. (Man. p. 
438; I. F. /. 1661.) Waste grounds and on ballast. Fugitive from Eu. 
— Pennsylva?iia : Phii,adei<phia. 



FUMARIACEAK 145 

2. ARGEMONE L- 
1. Argemone Mexicana Iv. Mexican or Pricki^y Poppy. (Man. 
p. 439 ; I- ^-Z- ^6^3') 111 waste places, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. 
Adv. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Lancaster; 

Dei<aware. 

3. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. 

1. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx. ) Nutt. Yei^IvOW or Celandine 
Poppy. (Man. p. 440 ; I. F. /. 1666.) In low woods, western Pa. (?), 
Ohio to Tenn., west to Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Reported as col- 
lected in Allegheny County several times, but specimens apparently lost. 

4. GLAUCIUM Juss. 
1. Glaucium Glaucium (L. ) Karst. Yellow Horned or Sea Poppy. 
(Man. p. 440; I. F. f. i66j.) In waste places, Long Island and south- 
ward near the coast to Va. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadel- 
phia, on and about ballast. 

5. CHELIDONIUM L. 

1. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. (Man. p. 440 ; I. F./. 1668.) 
Waste places, roadsides and even in woods, common in the East. Nat. 
or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Chester; 
LancavSTer ; Monroe ; Franklin ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 

6. SANGUINARIA L. 

1. Sanguinaria Canadensis L. Bloodroot. (Man. p. 439; I. F./. 
1665.) In rich woods, N. S. to Man., Neb., Fla. and Ark. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

Family 2. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumitory Family. 
Each of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base. 
Petals lightly united, deciduous : seeds mostly crested : acaulescent herbs. 

1. BiCUCULLA. 

Petals permanently united and enclosing' the capsule : seeds crestless : vines. 

2. Adlumia. 
One of the two outer petals spurred at the base. 

Ovules several or many : fruit an elongated capsule. 3. CapnoideS. 

Ovule solitary : fruit a glabrous nutlet. 4. Fumaria. 

1. BICUCULLA Adans. 

Inflorescence racemose : flowers white, greenish, pale pink or purplish tinged. 
Rootstocks merely scaly : petal-spurs spreading : inner petals minutely 
crested. i. B. Cucullaria. 

Rootstocks with yellow tubers : petal-spurs rounded : inner petals conspicu- 
ously crested. 2. B. Canadensis. 
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers deep pink. 3. B. eximia, 

1. BicucuUa Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Dutchman's Breeches. 
(Man. p. 440; I. F./. i66g.) In woods, N. S. to Minn, and Wash., N. C, 
Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin; Allegheny; Erie; Delaware. 
10 



146 CRUCIFERAE 

2. BlcucuUa Canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. SquirreIv Corn. (Man. 
p. 441 ; I. F,/. i6jo.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., south along the 
mountains to Va. and Ky., west to Mo. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; 
York ; Bucks ; SuIvI^ivan ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Chester ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

3. Bicucullaeximia (Ker) Millsp. W11.D Bi,eeding-heart. (Man. 
p. 441 ; I. F./. i6ji.) In rocky places, N. Y. to Ga. and Teun., along 
the Alleghenies. — Pennsylvania : McKean. 

2. ADLUMIA Raf. 
1. Adlumla fungosa (Ait.) Greene. CIvIMBing Fumitory. (Man. 
p. 441 ; I. F.y. 1672.) In moist woods, N. B. to Mich., N. C. and Kans. 
— Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Bucks ; Chester ; York ; Susque- 
hanna ; Lawrence. 

3. CAPNOIDES Adans. 

Corolla pink or purple, with a yellow tip : stems erect. i. C. sempervirens. 
Corolla yellow : stems diffusely spreading. 2. Cflavulum. 

1. Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Pink Corydai^is. (Man. 
p. 441; I. F.y, i6'/3.) In rocky places, N. S. to the Canadian Rocky 
Mts., N. C. and Minn. Also in B. C. and Alaska. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; 
Monroe ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; 
Brie ; Somerset ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Pai.E Corydai^is. (Man. p. 
442; I. F. /. 1674.) In rocky woods, N. Y. to Ont., Minn., Va., Ky. 
and La. — Pennsylvania : PhiIvAdeIvPhia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; CumberIvAnd ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon. 

4. FUMARIA L. 
1. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. (Man. p. 442 ; I. V.f. 1680.) 
In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to Fla. and the Gulf States and 
locally in the interior. Fug. or adv. from Bu. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Phii,adei.phia ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Dei^awarb. 

FAMI1.Y 3. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Mustard Famii^y. 
A. Pods not stipitate. 
Pods flattened or compressed contrary to the narrow partition. 
Pods didymous, separating- from the partition as 2 plump nutlets. 

I. CORONOPUS. 

Pods flat, regularly dehiscent. 
Pods cuneate, wingless. 2. Bursa. 

Pods orbicular to elliptic or obovate, winged or margined at least at the 

apex. 
Pods orbicular or obovate : seeds 1-2. 
Seed solitary in each cavity of the pod. 3. Lepidium. 

Seeds several in each cavity of the pod. 4. Thlaspi. 

Pods neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition, terete or 
prismatic or flattened or compressed parallel to the partition, 
a. Pods terete or prismatic. 



CRUCIFERAE 147 

Pods regularly dehiscent. 
IvCngth of pod less than twice the width. 
Seeds flat : plants pubescent with mostly branched hairs. 

5. Camelina. 
Seeds turgid : plants pubescent with simple hairs or glabrous. 

6. RORIPA. 

lyength of pod over twice the width. 
Pods merely tipped by the short style or style wanting, not beaked. 
Pods terete or nearly so. 
Seeds in 2 rov/s in each cavity of the pod. 6. Roripa. 
Seeds in i row in each cavity of the pod. 
I^eaf -blades pinnatifid or coarsely toothed. 
Outer sepals not horned : corolla yellow or white. 

7. Sisymbrium. 
Outer sepals horned : corolla violet or purple. 

8. Iodanthus. 
I^eaf-blades entire or slightly toothed. 9. Hesperis. 

Pods 4-sided or 4-angled. 
Corolla white. 10. Stenophragma. 

Corolla yellow. 
Seeds flat : leaf -blades pinnatifid. 11. Barbarea. 

Seeds plump : leaf-blades entire or toothed. 
I^eaf -blades narrow : plant pubescent. 12. Erysimum. 
Leaf-blades cordate-clasping : plant glabrous. 

13. Cqnringia. 
Pods markedly beaked. 
Beak flat and sword-like. 14. Sinapis. 

Beak conic. 15. BraSSICA. 

Pods indehiscent. 
Pods elongated, transversely jointed or constricted between the seeds, 
the valves not reticulated. 
Pods not transversely jointed, merely constricted between the seeds. 

16. Raphanus. 
Pods transversely jointed, separating into 2 parts. 
Lower joint of the pod seedless or 2-4-seeded: cotyledons con- 
duplicate. 17. Rapistrum. 
Lower joint of the pod i-seeded : cotyledons accumbent. 

18. Cakile. 
Pods globular, the valves reticulated, 19. Neslia. 

. Pods flattened or compressed parallel to the broad partition. 
Pods suborbicular, or oval. 

Corolla yellow. 20. AlyssUM. 

Corolla white. 

Petals entire. 21. KONIGA. 

Petals cleft. 22. Berteroa. 

Pods oblong to narrowly linear. 
* Valves of the pods nerveless. 

Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 23. Draba. 

Seeds in i row in each cavity. 

Caulescent, with alternate leaves : embryo with equal cotyledons. 

24. Cardamine. 
Scapose, with 2-4 leaf-like bracts subtending the peduncle : em- 
bryo with unequal cotyledons. 25. Dentaria. 



148 CRUCIFERAE 

** Valves of the pods nerved. 

Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 

Pods oval, oblong or broadly linear. 23. Draba. 

Pods narrowly linear to linear-filiform. 26. Arabis. 

lyCaf-blades finely dissected or pinnatifid. 

Leaf-blades pinnately dissected. 27. vSophia. 

Leaf-blades pinnatifid. 28. Diplotaxis. 

B. Pods stipitate. 29. Lunaria. 

1. CORONOPUS Gaertn. 
Capsules finely wrinkled, crested. i. C. didymus. 

Capsules tuberculate -wrinkled, crestless. 2. C. Coronopus. 

1. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith. LESSER WarT-creSS. 
(Man. p. 446; I. F. f. i6go.) In waste places, Newf. to Mo., Calif, and 
Texas. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia, ballast. 

2. Coronopus Coronopus (L.) Karst. Wart or Swine's Cress. 
(Man. p. 446; I. F.y. i6gi.) In waste places and on ballast, N. B. to Fla. 
and the Gulf States. Fug. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adei.- 
PHIA, ballast ; CHESTER. 

2. BURSA Weber. 

1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L- ) Weber, Shepherd's Purse. (Man. p. 
459; I. F. /. 1752.) In fields and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,egheny. 

3. LEPIDIUM L. 

Blades of the stem-leaves auricled at the base and clasping. 
Pods longer than broad, winged. i. L. campestre. 

Pods broader than long, wingless. 2. L. Draba. 

Blades of the stem-leaves petioled or merely sessile, not clasping. 
Pods wingless. 3. L. ruderale. 

Pods more or less winged. 
Pods winged at the top. 

Cotyledons accumbent : corolla generally present. 4. L. Virginicutn. 
Cotyledons incumbent : corolla minute, obsolete or wanting. 

5, L. apetalum. 
Pods winged all around. 6. L. sativum. 

1. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. F1E1.D or Cow Cress. (Man. 
p. 445 ; I. F./. 1684.) In fields and waste places, N. B. and Ont. to Va., 
and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia ; DeIvAware ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Ai,i.egheny. 

2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. (Man. p. 445; I. F./. i68_5.) 
Near N. Y., and on ballast about the seaports. Also in Colo, and Calif. 
Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei<phia. 

3. Lepidium ruderale L. Roadside or Narrow-i^eavEd PeppER- 
GRASS. (Man. p. 445; I. F. f. 1686.) In waste places, on ballast and 
along roadsides about the cities, U. S. ,to Tex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; PhiIvAdei^phia. 



I 



CRUCIFKRAE 149 

4. Lepidium Virginicum L- Wii^d PeppER-grass. (Man. p. 446 ; I. 
F. f. i68y.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Minn., Fla,, Tex. 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester; 

DEI.AWARE; Al<I.EGHENY. 

5. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetai^ous Pepper-grass. (Man. p. 
446 ; I. F./ 1688.) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Calif., Tex. Apparently 
nat. from Eu. — Pennsylva^iia : Pike ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Phii^adeI/- 
phia. 

6. Lepidium sativum L. Garden or Town Pepper-grass. (Man. 
p. 446 ; I. F.y. i68g.) In waste places, Quebec to Pa. and B. C. Native 
ofEu. — Pennsylvania: Phii.adei.phia; Frankun. 

4. THLASPI L. 
1. Thlaspi arvense L. F1E1.D Penny-cress. (Man. p. 447 ; I. F./. 
i6g2. ) In waste places and on ballast, sparingly adv. or fugitive from Eu. 
in the Eastern and Middle States, also in Quebec, Man. and the N. W. 
Terr. — Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia ; Lancaster. 

5. CAMELINA Crantz. 
Plant glabrous or nearly so : silicles 6-8 mm. long-. i. C. sativa. 

Plant pubescent : silicles 4-6 mm. long. 2. C. microcarpa. 

1. Camelina sativa (Iv.) Crantz. Goi.d-oE-pi.Easure. Faese-Ei.ax. 
(Man. p. 459; I. F. /. 1753.) In fields and waste places throughout 
northern U. S. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; 
FRANKI.1N ; Huntingdon ; DEi.AVi^ARE ; Chester. 

2. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Smai.i.-fruiTEd Fai.se-ei.ax. 
(Man. p. 459 ; I. F. /. ly^ja.) In waste places, R. I. to B. C. and Tenn. 
Nat. or adv. from V,\x.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; D ei. aware ; 
FRANKI.IN. 

6. RORIPA Scop. 
Corolla yellow. 
Plants perennial by creeping or horizontal stems : petals mostly surpassing 

the sepals. i. R. sylvestris. 

Plants annual or perennial, with fibrous roots : petals mostly shorter than 
the sepals. 
Pods linear or narrowly oblong, as long as the pedicels or longer: stems 

glabrous or nearly so. 2. R. palustris. 

Pods subglobose or oval, shorter than the pedicels : stems pubescent. 

3. R. hispida. 
Corolla white. 
Leaf-blades pinnately divided : pods linear. 4. R. Nasturiiti^n. 

Leaf-blades lobed, pinnatifid, dissected or the upper ones merely toothed : 
pods oblong to globose. 
Species terrestrial : leaf-blades crenate, lobed or pinnatifid. 

5. R. Armoracia. 
Species aquatic : leaf-blades, at least those of the submersed leaves, finely 
dissected. 6. R. Americana. 

1. Roripa sylveatris (L.) Bess. Creeping YE1.1.OW WaTER-Cress. 
(Man. p. 452; I. F. y. 1713.) In low grounds and waste places, Mass, 



150 CRUCIFERAK 

to Va. and Ohio. Adv. or nat. from Ku. — Pennsylvaiiia : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; PiiiivADEiyPHiA. 

2. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Marsh or YelIvOW WaTER-cress. 
(Man. p. 452 ; I. F. /. 1717- ) In wet places, nearly throughout N. Am. 
except the extreme north. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Erie ; Dei^aware ; Ai,i,eghenv. 

3. Roripa hispida (Desv. ) Britton. Hispid YeIvI<ow-crESS. (Man. 
p. 453 ; I. F. /. 17/8.) In wet places, N. B. to B. C, Fla. and N. Mex. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adeI/Phia ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon. 

4. Roripa Nasturtium (L.) Rusby. WaTER-crESS. (Man. p. 453; 
I. F.y! 1721.) In brooks and streams, N. S. to Man., Va. and Mo. Nat. 
from Eu. Native also of northern Asia, introd. into S. Am. and -western 
N.Am. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Berks; 
Franki^in ; Erie. 

5. Roripa Armoracia (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Horseradish. (Man. 
p. 453; I. F. f. 1722.) Escaped into moist grounds. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Hunt- 
ingdon; Lancaster; Franki^in ; DeIvAware; Ai.i.egheny. 

6. Roripa Americana (A. Gray) Britton. Lake WaTER-crESS. 
(Man. p. 453 ; I. F. f. 1723.) In lakes and slow streams, Vt. to Fla. and 
La., from western Quebec to Minn. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adei^phia. 

7. SISYMBRIUM L. 

Corolla yellow : pods appressed to the rachis, 1-1.5 cm. long. 

I. 5. officinale. 
Corolla cream-colored : pods spreading, 5-10 cm. long. 2. 5. altissinium. 

1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. (Man. p. 
448; I. F.y. j6g6,) In waste places throughout northeastern U. S. Nat. 
from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Pemisylvania : Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Franki^in ; Erie ; Dei^aware ; 

Al,I,EGHENY. 

2. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tai^i, Sisymbrium. (Man. p. 448; 
I, F. f. 16^7. ) In waste places, Quebec to Alberta, N. Y. and Mo. Adv. 
from ^vi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Bucks ; Phii,a- 
DE1.PHIA. 

8. lODANTHUS T. & G. 

1. lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purpi^e or Fai,sE 
Rocket. (Man. p. 451 ; I. F.yi J712.) On river banks, western Pa. to 
Minn., Ky., La. and Tex.— /'<?;? ?/5j/z^a«za .• A1.1.EGHENY. 

9. HESPERIS L. 
1. Hesperis matronalis L- Dame's Rocket or Vioi^eT. (Man. p. 
467 ; L F.yi 1790.) In fields and along roadsides, escaped, Mass. to Pa. 
and Iowa. Nat. of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny. 



CRUCIFKRAB 151 

10. STENOPHRAGMA Celak. 
1. StenophragmaThaliana (Iv.) Celak. Mousk-Ear or Thai,B-crKSS. 
Wai^vcress. (Man. p. 463 ; I, F. y. 1770.) In sandy fields and rocky- 
places, Mass. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^in ; DEI.AWARE ; Ai,i;egheny. 

11. BARBAREA R. Br. 

Capsules slender-pedicelled, obtusely 4-angled : leaf -segments 3-9. 

Capsules spreading or ascending, i. B. Barbarea. 

Capsules erect and appressed. 2. B. stricta. 

Capsules stout-pedicelled, acutely 4-angled : leaf-segments 9-17. 

3. B. praecox. 

1. Barbarea Barbarea (L.) MacM. YeIvI^ow Rocket or Cress. 
(Man. p. 451 ; I. F.y*. i7og.) In fields and waste places, Lab. to Va. and 
locally in the interior. Also on the Pacific coast. Nat. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
DeI/Aware ; Aelegheny. 

2. Barbarea stricta Andrz. BrECT-Eruited Winter CrESS. Man. 
p. 451 ; I. F. f. 1710.) In fields and waste places, Quebec to the N. W. 
Terr., Fla. and N. Mex. In En. and Asia. — Pennsylva7iia : Monroe ; 
Northampton. 

3. Barbarea praecox (J. E. Smith) R. Br. Eari,y Winter CrESS. 
(Man. p. 451 ; I. F./. ////.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. and south- 
ward. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks. 

12. ERYSIMUM L. 
1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard. (Man. p. 
465 ; I. F.y. 178J.) Along streams and in fields, Newf. to N. J., west to 
the Pacific coast. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Luzerne. 

13. CONRINGIA Link. 
1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare'S-Ear. Treaci^E Mus- 
tard. (Man. p. 467; I. F. f. i7goa.) In waste places, Mich, to the 
N. W. Terr., and on the Atlantic coast from N. B. to Pa. — Pejmsylvania : 
Northampton, Bethlehem. 

14. SINAPIS L. 
1.- Sinapis alba L. White Mustard. (Man. p. 449 ; I. F. /. 1700.) 
In waste places and fields, mostly an escape. Adv. from Eu. Native 
also of western Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dei<aware. 

15. BRASSICA L. 

A. Upper leaf-blades merely sessile. 

Pods erect or appressed, short-beaked, less than 2 cm. long: pedicels ap- 
pressed. I. B. nigra. 

Pods more or less spreading, long-beaked, over 2 cm. long: pedicels not 
appressed. 



152 CRUCIFERAE 

Stem glabrous, more or less g-laucous : pedicels over 6 mm. long at matu- 
rity. 2. B.juncea. 
Stem hispid : pedicels less than 5 mm. long at maturity. 3. B. arvensis. 
B. Upper leaf-blades clasping. 4. B. campestris. 

1. Brassica nigra (L. ) Koch. Bi.ack Mustard. (Man. p. 449 ; I. F. 
f. 1701.) In fields and waste places tliroughout northeastern U. S. Nat. 

from Eu. Native also of Central Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phii^adklphia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; IvAncaster ; Frank- 
Wn; Huntingdon; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. (Man. p. 449 ; 
I. F.y. 770.2.) In waste places, N. H. to Mich., Pa. and Va. Adv. and 
nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Tioga. 

3. Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S.P. Wii^d Mustard. Chari^ock. 
(Man. p. 450 ; I. F. f. lyoj.) In fields and waste places. Adv. from Eu. 
and widely distributed. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster. 

4. Brassica campestris L.* Turnip. (Man. p. 450; I. F. /. 1704.) 
In cult, grounds, fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Al^EEGHENY. 

16. RAPHANUS L. 

Corolla yellow : pods 4-10-seeded, the valves longitudinally grooved. 

1. R. Raphanistrum . 
Corolla white or pink : pods 2-3-seeded, the valves not longitudinally grooved. 

2. R. sativus. 

1. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. W11.D Radish. (Man. p. 450 ; I. 
F. f, 1707.) In fields and waste places, N. B. and Ont. to Pa., also in 
B. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phii,adei.phia ; 
DeivAware ; Chester. 

2. Raphanus sativus L. Garden Radish. (Man. p. 451; I. F./. 
1708.) Cult, and occasionally spontaneous. Native of Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania: Northampton; Franki^in; Centre; Ai.i.egheny. 

17. RAPISTRUM Desv. 
1. Rapistrum rugosum (L/.) All, (Man. p. 460.) In waste places and 
on ballast, about seaports and rare inland. Introduced from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton, on old road College Hill ; also on ballast. 

18. CAKILB Gaertn. 
1. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. American Sea Rocket. (Man. 
p. 448 ; I. F. f. i6gg.) In sands of the seashore, Newf. toFla. and along 
the Great Lakes to Minn. — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle. 

19. NESLIA Desv. 
1. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. NESI.IA. (Man. p. 459; I. F. /. 
1734.) In waste places, Ont. to B. C. and in ballast about eastern sea- 
ports. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIA, on 
ballast. 



* Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage) has been found as an escape in 
Northampton County. 



CRUCIFBRAE 153 

20. ALYSSUM L. 
1. Alyssum alyssoides (Iv.) Gouan. YEI.1.0W or Smai.1. Ai^yssum. 
(Man. p. 466 ; I. F. /. z/.?/.) In fields, Ont. to N. J. and Iowa. Also in 
the far West. Nat. or adv. from Bu. — Peniisylvania : Pike; North- 
ampton; A1.1.KGHENY. 

21. KONIGA Adans. 

1. Koniga maritima (L.) R.Br. SwEET Ai^yssum. (Man. p. 466 ; I. 
F. f. 1788.) In waste places, escaped. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Lancaster. 

22. BBRTEROA DC. 

1. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Ai^yssum. (Man. p. 466; I. 
F. f. /7<?p.) In waste places, Me. to Mass., N. J. and Mo. Adv. or nat. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, ballast. 

23. DRABA L. 

Petals 2-cleft : pods elliptic to oblong--elliptic. i. D, verna. 

Petals entire : pods linear. 2. D. Caroliniana. 

1. Draba verna L. Vernai, WhiTi.ow-grass. (Man. p. 460 ; I. F. 
f, I7S5-) I^ fields, throughout northern U. S. Nat. from Eu. Also in 
B. C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Ai,i.egheny. 

2. Draba Caroliniana Walt. Carowna WhitIvOw-grass. (Man. p. 
460 ; I. F. /. IJ56.) In sandy fields, Mass. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster. 

24. CARDAMINE L. 

Leaf-blades, at least those of cauline leaves, pinnately divided. 

Stems scape-like : leaves basal or mainly so. i. C. hirsuta. 

Stems leafy. 
Pods erect, less than i mm. broad. 
Corolla 4 mm. wide or broader. 
Sepals about 2 mm. long. 2. C. Pennsyh'anica. 

Sepals about i mm. long. 3. C. arenicola. 

Corolla 3 mm. wide or narrower. 4. C. parvifiora. 

Pods spreading or ascending, over i mm. broad. 5. C. flexuosa. 

Leaf-blades entire or undulate. 
Stems erect from a tuberous base. 
Corolla purple. 6. C. purpurea. 

Corolla white. 7. C.bulbosa. 

Stems decumbent from a creeping base. 8. C. rotundifolia. 

1. Cardamine hirsuta L- Hairy BiTTER-cress. (Man. p. 454 ; I. 
F. /. 1725.) In moist places, Pa. to Mich, and N. C. Also in Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania : York, above Wrightsville. 

2. Cardamine Pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania BiTTER-crESS. 
(Man, p. 454 ; I. F.y. 1726.) In swamps and wet places, Newf. to Minn,, 
Fla,, Tenn, and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Franklin ; Lebanon; Sullivan; Clarion ; Delaware; Allegheny. 



154 CRUCIFERAK 

3. Cardamine arenicola Brittou. Sand BiTTKR-CRKSS. (Man. p. 454; 
I. F.y! 1727.) In moist or wet sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., Ky. and Tenn. 
— Pennsylvania : IvAncasTER, Safe Harbor. 

4. Cardamine par viflor a Iv. Smai,i,-fi.o\verKd Bitter-Cress. (Man. 
p. 454 ; I. F.y. 1728.) On dry rocks, Quebec to western Ont. and Oregon, 
and in the AUeghenies to Ga. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks. 

5. Cardamine flexuoBa With. Wood Bitter-cress. (Man. p. 454; 
I. F. f. i'j2g. ) In wet woods, streams and mountain swamps. Me. to 
Mich., N. C. especially in the mountains. Also in Bu. and Asia, and ap- 
parently in Wash. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Somerset. 

6. Cardamine purpurea (Terr.) Britton. Purpi^e Cress. (Man. p. 
455 ; I. F.y. 1732.) In cold springy places, Quebec and arctic Am. to the 
Canadian Rocky Mts., south to Md. and Wis. — Pennsylvania: York; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; AIvI^egheny. 

7. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. Bui^bous Cress. (Man. p. 
455 ; I. F,/. 1733.) In wet meadows and thickets, N. S. to Minn., Fla. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Wyoming ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Mercer ; Ali^egheny. 

8. Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. Round-i^eaved WaTER-cress ; 
(Man. p. 455 ; I. F. / 1734.) In cold springs, N. J. to Ohio, N. C and 
Ky. — Pen7isylvania : Dei^aware. 

25. DENTARIA L- 

Blades of basal and stem-leaves similar. 
Rootstocks tuberous, moniliform, not scaly : leaf-segments laciniate or lobed. 
Leaf-segments oblong to lanceolate. i. D. laciniata. 

Leaf-segments ovate. 2. D. maxima. 

Rootstocks elongated, continuous, scaly : leaf-segments toothed or incised. 

3. D. diphylla. 
Blades of basal and stem-leaves very dissimilar. 4. D. heterophylla. 

1. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. CuT-i.eaved ToothworT. (Man. p. 

455 ; I. F.y. I73S-) In moist or rich woods, Quebec, Minn., Fla. and La. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvADEi<phia ; Chester ; 
Lancaster; Franki^in; Susquehanna; Venango; Erie; Delaware. 

2. Dentaria maxima Nutt. Large ToothworT. (Man. p. 456 ; I. F. 
f. 1737.) In woods, Vt. to N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvariia : Ai,i,egheny. 

3. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Two-i^Eaved ToothworT. (Man. p. 

456 ; I. F. f. 1736. ) In rich woods and meadows, N. S. and N. B. to 
Minn., S. C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks; Huntingdon ; 
Bi,AiR ; SU1.1.1VAN ; Somerset ; Westmorei^and ; Venango ; Erie. 

4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Slender Toothw^orT. (Man. p. 
456 ; I. V.f. 1738.) In low woods, N. J. and Pa., and along the mountains 
to Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Adams ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; 
Huntingdon; Blair; Cambria; Franklin; Somerset; Allegheny. 



CRUCIFERAE 155 

26. ARABIS L. 

Basal leaves with pinnatifid blades. i. A. lyrata. 

Basal leaves with toothed blades. 
Seeds wingless. 2. A. dentata. 

Seeds winged or margined. 

Capsules erect or nearly so, sometimes appressed. 
Corollas over 7 mm. broad : capsules not appressed : style i mm. long. 

3. A. patens. 
Corollas less than 7 mm. broad : capsules appressed : stigma sessile. 

Seeds in i row in each cavity of the pod : stem pubescent. • 

4. A. hirsuta. 
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod : stem glabrous. 

5. A. glabra. 
Capsules recurved. 

Plants glabrous, glaucous : pods 1-2 mm. wide. 6. A. laevigata. 

Plants pubescent, at least below : pods 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. 

7. A. Canadensis. 

1. Arabis lyrata L. IvYRK-LBaved Rock-cress. (Man. p. 463; I. 
V. f. 1772.) Rocky or sandy places, Ont. to Man., Va., Ky. and Mo. 
Also in Japan. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Ali^egheny. 

2. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-creSS. (Man. p. 464 ; 
I. F. f. 1774-) In woods or on banks, western N. Y, to Minn., Tenn. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rock-cress. (Man. p. 464; 
I. F. /. 1776.) On shaded banks, Pa. to Minn., Ala. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Frankwn ; Huntingdon. 

4. Arabia hirsuta (L-) Scop. Hairy Rock-crESS. (Man. p. 464 ; 
I. F. /. J'777-) In rocky places, N. B. to B. C, the mountains of Ga., 
Ariz, and Calif. Also in EJu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Lancaster ; Chester. 

5. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. TowER Mustard. (Man. p. 465; I. 
F. /. 1781.) In fields and rocky places, Quebec to Pa. and the Pacific 
Coast. Also in Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Wayne ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; Ai,i.egheny. 

6. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock-cress. (Man. p. 
464 ; I. F. f. 1778.) In rocky woods, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvADEIvPHIA ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny ; Dei^aware. 

6a. A. laevigata Burkii Porter. (Man. p. 464.) Dauphin ; Frank- 

I,IN ; WESTMOREIyAND. 

7. Arabis Canadensis L. Sicki,e-pod. (Man. p. 464 ; I. F./. 1779.) 
In woods, Ont. to Minn., Ga., Ark. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Somer- 
set ; Dei<aware ; Ai,i,egheny. 



166 RESEDACEAE 

27. SOPHIA Adatis. 

Pods narrowly linear, 15-25 mm. long, i mm. wide, curved upward: seeds in 

I row. I. 5. Sophia. 

Pods oblong-, 6-8 mm. long-, straight : seeds in 2 rows. 2. S. pinnata. 

1. Sophia Sophia (Iv.) Britton. Herb-sophia. Flixweed. (Man. 
p. 462; I. F. /. Jj66.) lu waste places, N. B. to Ont., N. Y. and 111. 
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : PHii.ADEr.PHi a, bal- 
last. 

• 2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Tansy-mustard. (Man. p. 462 ; 
I. F. f. 176J.) In dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Phii,- 
ADE1.PHIA, ballast. 

28. DIPLOTAXIS DC. 

1. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Wai^i, Rocket. (Man. p. 450; 
I. F. /. ijo^.) In waste places and on ballast, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPhia, on ballast. 

29. LUNARIA L. 
1. Lunaria annua L. Honesty. (Man. p. 456; I. F. /. 1740.) Nat. 
from Eu. in Conn, and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon. 

Famii^y 4. CAPP ARID ACE AE Ivindl. Caper Famii^y. 

Receptacle elevated or elong-ated. i. Cleome. 

Receptacle neither elevated nor elong-ated, with or without an appendage. 

Appendage wanting : filaments united below and adnate to the stipe of the 
ovary. 2. Pedicellaria. 

Appendage present : filaments distinct. 3. Polanisia. 

1. CLEOME Iv. 
1. Cleome spinosa L. Spider-fi.ower. (Man. p. 46S; l.V.f. iyg2.) 
In waste places, N. Y. to 111., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adei.- 

PHIA ; AlvI^EGHENY. 

2. PEDICELLARIA Schrank. 
1. Pedicellaria pentaphylla (Iv. ) Schrank. Locally introduced into 
waste places in the eastern U. S. from tropical America and the Old 
WorXA.— Pennsylvania : Philadei^phia, on the Schuylkill. 

3. POLANISIA Raf. 
1. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Ci.ammy-weed. (Man. p. 468 ; I. F./. 
1796.) Sandy and gravelly shores, western Quebec to the N. W. Terr., 
Pa., Kans. and Colo. — Pennsylvatiia : York ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
C01.UMBIA ; Luzerne ; Bradford. 

FAM11.Y 5. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray. Mignonette Famii^y. 
1. RESEDA L. 

Leaf -blades entire : upper petals lobed, the lower entire. i. R. Luteola. 

Leaf -blades lobed or pinnatifid : petals, except sometimes the lowest, cleft or 
divided. 



DROSKRACEAE 157 

Corolla greenish yellow : 3 or 4 petals irregularly cleft. 2. i?. lutea. 

Corolla white : all the petals 3-cleft at the top. 3. R. alba. 

1. Reseda Luteolalv. Dyer's Rocket. (Man. p. 469 ; I. F./. 1798. ) 
In waste places, N. Y. and Pa., and in ballast about the seaports. Adv. 
from Eu. — Penfisylvania : Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia. 

2. Reseda lutea Iv. YE1.1.OW CuT-IvEaved Mignonexte. (Man. p. 
469; I. F. f. 1799.) In waste places, Mass, to N. J. and Mich, and in 
ballast about the seaports. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIv- 
PHIA, on ballast. 

3. Reseda alba L. White CuT-i.Eaved Mignonette. (Man. p. 
469; I. F. f. 1800.) In waste places, N. Y., Ohio, in ballast about the 
eastern seaports and in B. C. Adv. from southern Eu. — Pennsylvania : 
Phii.adei<phia, on ballast. 

Order 13. SARRACENIALES. 

Ovary 3-5-celled, with central placentae, surmounted by a peltate disk : leaves 
with hollow blades. Fam. i. Sarraceniaceae. 

Ovary i-celled, with a basal or parietal 'placenta, not surmounted by a peltate 
disk : leaves with filiform or dilated blades. Fam, 2. Droseraceae. 

Famii^y I. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Pitcher-pIvAnt Famii^y. 
1. SARRACENIA ly. 
1, Sarracenia purpurea Iv. PiTcher-pi.ant, Side-saddi,e F1.0WER. 
(Man. p. 470; I. F. /. 1801.^ In peat-bogs, Lab, to the Canadian 
Rocky Mts., Fla., Ky. and Minn, — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; 
Lackawanna ; Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Centre, Bear Meadows ; Lan- 
caster ; Erie. 

Famii,y 2. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. Sundew Famii^y. 
1. DROSERA L. 

Leaf-blades suborbicular or broader than long. i. D. rotundifolia. 

Leaf-blades linear-spatulate. 2. D. intermedia. 

1. Drosera rotundifolia L. Round- i^eaved Sundew. (Man. p. 
471 ; I. F. f. 1803.^ In bogs or wet sand. Lab. to Alaska, Fla. and 
Ala., and in the Sierra Nevada to Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Penfisyl- 
vania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Chester ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Centre; 
Crawford ; Venango ; Erie ; Delaware. 

2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. SpaTuIvATE-LEaved Sundew. (Man. 
p. 471 ; I. F. /. 1804.) In bogs, Anticosti and N. B. to Man., Fla. and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Bradford. 

Order 14. ROSALES. 

Aquatic alga-like fleshy herbs, with spathe-like involucres : perianth wanting. 

Fam. I. Podostemaceae. 
Terrestrial or swamp plants, without spathe-like involucres : perianth present, 
except in Liquidamhar. 



158 PODOSTEMACEAE 

Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy : stipules mostly wanting. 
Herbs. 

Carpels as many as the sepals : stamens as many as the sepals or twice 
as many. 
Plants succulent : carpels distinct or united at the base, opening 

lengthwise. Fam. 2. Crassulaceae. 

Plants not succulent : carpels united to the middle, circumscissile, 

Fam. 3. Penthoraceae. 
Carpels fewer than the sepals. 

Staminodia present : carpels 3-4, wholly united into a i-celled gynoe- 

cium. Fam. 4. Parnassiaceae. 

Staminodia wanting : carpels mostly 2, distinct or partially united. 

Fam, 5. Saxifragaceae. 
Shrubs or trees. 

Leaves opposite. Fam. 6. Hydrangiaceae. 

Leaves alternate. 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. 
Capsule thin-walled, almost free from the hypanthium. 

Fam. 7. Iteaceae. 
Capsule woody or thick- walled, manifestly adnate to the hypanthium, 

Fam. 8. Hamamelidaceae. 
Fruit a i-celled berry, Fam, 9. Grossulariaceae, 

Endosperm wanting or scant (copious in Opulaster, Rosaceae) : stipules 
mostly present. 
Flowers monoecious, in dense capitate clusters. 

Fam. 10. Platanaceae. 
Flowers perfect, or if monoecious or dioecious not in capitate clusters. 
Flowers regular. 

Carpels several or numerous, or if solitary becoming an achene. 

Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the hypanthium : fruit achenes or 

follicles. Fam. 11, Rosaceae. 

Carpels united, enclosed by the hypanthium and adnate to it : fruit 
a pome. Fam, 12. Pomaceae. 

Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene. 
Ovary with 2 ovules : leaf-blades simple : fruit a drupe. 

Fam. 13, Drupaceae. 
Ovary with several ovules : leaf-blades 2-3-pinnate : fruit a legume. 

Fam. 14. Caesalpiniaceae. 
Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia and Gymnocla- 
dus of the Caesalpiniaceae). 
Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. 

Fam, 14. Caesalpiniaceae. 
Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud. 

Fam. 15. Papilionaceae. 

FAMI1.Y I. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. River-weed Famii^y. 

1. PODOSTEMON Michx. 

1. Podostemon Ceratophyllum Michx. River-weed. (Man. p. 472 ; 
I. F. f. 1808.) In shallow streams, Mass. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ala. 
— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster, Tucquan Island ; Dei<awarE. 



PENTHORACEAK ^^9 



FAMII.Y 2. CRASSULACEAE DC. Stone-crop Famii^y. 

Stamens as many as there are sepals. i. Tillaea. 

Stamens twice as many as there are sepals. 2. Sedum. 

1. TILLAEA L. 
1. Tillaea aquatica Iv. Pigmy-weed. (Man. p. 473 ; I. F. /. 1809.) 
Muddy banks of streams, N. S. to Md. mainly near the coast. Also in 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia. 

2. SEDUM L. 

lycaves of the flowering- stems with flat blades. 
Relatively tall plants, with erect stems. 
Flowers dioecious : sepals and petals mostly 4 : corolla yellowish green. 

I. 5. roseum. 
Flowers perfect : sepals and petals 5 : corolla white, pink or purple. 
Corolla purple : petals twice as long- as the sepals. 2. 6". Telephium. 

Corolla white or pink : petals 3-4 times as long- as the sepals. 

3. .S. telephioides. 
Relatively low plants, with decumbent or creeping stems. 4. 5. ternaium. 
I^eaves of the flowering stems as thick as broad or nearly so. 5. S. acre. 

1. Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. RoSEROOT. RosEwoRT. (Man. p. 
474; I. F. y. 1810.) In rocky places, Lab. to Me. and Pa. Also in 
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Rocks ; Wayne, on 
high cliff off Pt. Jervis. 

2. Sedum Telephium L. Orpine. Live-eorever. (Man. p. 474 ; 
I. F. f. 181 1.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec to Ont., Md. and 
Mich. Nat. from Eu. and native of western Asia. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster. 

3. Sedum telephioides Michx. American Orpine. (Man. p. 474 ; 
I. F. f. 1812.) On dry rocks, Pa. to western N. Y., Ind,, N. C. and Ga. 
— Pennsylvania: Northampton (Schweinitz List); FuiyTON. 

4. Sedum ternatum Michx. W11.D Stonecrop. (Man. p. 474; I. 
F. y! 1818.) On rocks, N. Y. to Ind., Ga. and Tenn. — Pemisylvania : 
Chester ; York ; Lancaster ; Monroe (Tannersville) ; Perry ; 
Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Erie ; Ai^i^egheny. 

5. Sedum acre L. Wai^vpEppER. Mossy Stonecrop. (Man. p. 
474; I. F. /. 18/J.) On rocks and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., and 
Pa. Nat. from Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phii^a- 
DEI.PHIA ; C01.UMBIA ; CwNTON. 

FAMI1.Y 3. PENTHORACEAE Rydb. Virginia Stonecrop Famii^y. 
1. PENTHORUM L. 
1. Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop. (Man. 
p. 475 ; I. F. /. 1821.) In ditches and swamps, N. B. to Minn., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
ScHUYi,Kii,i, ; DeI/Aware ; Erie ; AIvI^egheny. 



160 SAXIFRAGACEAE 

Fam. 4. PARNASSIACEAE Dumort. Grass-of-Parnassus Famii^y. 
1. PARNASSIA Iv. 
1. Parnassia Caroliniana Michx. Carolina Grass-of-Parnas.sus. 
(Man. p. 476 ; I. F. /. iS^2.) In swamps aud low meadows, N. B. to 
Man., Va., 111. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Erie, Presque Isle. 

FAM11.Y 5. SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Saxifrage Famii^y. 

Capsules 2-celled : placentae axile. i. Saxifraga. 
Capsules i-celled : placentae basal or parietal. 

Placentae basal. 2. Tiarella. 
Placentae parietal. 
Petals present : terrestrial plants. 

Stamens 5 : petals entire. 3. Heuchera. 

Stamens 10 : petals pinnatifid. 4. Mitella. 

Petals wanting: aquatic plants. 5. Chrysosplenium. 

1. SAXIFRAGA L. 

Filaments clavate. i. ^. micranthidifolia. 

Filaments subulate. 
Scapes less than 3.5 dm. tall : leaf-blades short : cymules becoming raceme- 
like. 2. S. Virginiensis. 
Scapes over 4 dm. tall : leaf-blades elongated : cymules compact. 

3. vS". Pe7insylvanica. 

1. Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) B.S.P. LETTuce Saxifrage. 
(Man. p. 479; I. V'. J. i8j2.) In cold brooks, Pa., and along the 
mountains to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Somerset, Laurel 
Hill. 

2. Saxifraga Virginiensis Michx. Eari.y Saxifrage. (Man. p. 479 ; 
I. F. /. i8jj.) In dry and rocky woodlands, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and 
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : 'NohthamtTon ; Monho'E ; Bucks; Chester; 
Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Dei^aware ; Ai^i^egheny. 

3. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica L. Pennsyi^vania or Swamp Saxi- 
frage. (Man. p. 479; I. F. /. iSji.) In swamps and on wet banks, 
Me. to Minn., Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe; 
Lancaster ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lebanon ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 
Somerset ; DeIvAware ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. TIARELLA L. 
1. Tiarella cordifolia L. C001.WORT. Fai,se MiTrewort. (Man. 
p. 480; I. F. /. 1842.) In rich, moist woods, N. S. to Ont., Minn., and 
especially along the mountains to Ga., Ind. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : 
Dei/Aware ; Monroe ; Wayne ; Tioga ; Sui^i^ivan ; Bi^air ; Arm- 
strong ; Fayette]; Somerset; Erie; AIvI^egheny. 

3. HEUCHERA L. 

Flower-stalks leafless. i. H. Americana. 

Flower-stalks leafy, 
a. Hypanthium turbinate : stamens slightly if at all surpassing the petals. 

2. H. pubescens. 



HYDRANGEACKAE IjSl 

b, Hypanthium campanulate : stamens about twice as long as the petals. 

3. H. roseola. 

1. Heuchera Americana Iv. Ai,um-root. (Man. p. 482 ; I. F. f. 
184s.) In dry or rocky woods, Ont. to Conn., Minn., Ala. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Monrob ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franki^in ; Ai,i.egheny ; Huntingdon ; Dei<aware. 

2. Heuchera pubescens Pursh. Downy Heuchera. (Man. p. 
481 ; I. F. f. 184.6.) In rich woods, mountains of Pa, to Kans. and N. 
C. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Perry ; Union ; Franki^in ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Fayette. 

3. Heuchera roseola Rydb. Pink Heuchera. (Man. p. 481.} In 
woods, Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania : York, York Furnace. 

4. MITELLA L. 
Scape bearing 2 opposite bracts : basal leaves with ovate blades. 

I. 3f. diphylla. 
Scape bearing one bract or this obsolete : basal leaves with renif orm or orbicu- 
lar blades. • 2. M. nuda. 

1. Mitella diphylla L. Two-eeaved Bishop's Cap or MitreworT. 
(Man. p. 483 ; I. F. /. 1848.) In rich woods, Quebec to Minn., N. C. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Pike ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Tioga ; Frankein ; Lackawanna ; 
Somerset ; Erie ; Deeaware ; Aeeegheny. 

2. Mitella nuda L. Naked Bishop's Cap or MitreworT. (Man. 
p. 483 ; I. F.y. 184C).) In cold woods and peat bogs, Newf. and Lab. to 
the Pacific coast, Pa., Mich., and in the Canadian Rocky Mts. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Wayne ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills. 

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L- 
1. Chrysosplenium Americanum Schw. Goeden Saxifrage. 
Water Carpet. (Man. p. 483 ; I. F. f. 18^0.) In wet, shaded places, 
IST. S. to Saskatchewan, along the mountains to Ga. and to Ohio and 
'Minn.— Pefinsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Frankein ; Centre ; Delaware ; Aeeegheny. 

Famiey 6. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort. Hydrangea Famiey. 

•Stamens 8-12. i. Hydrangea. 

Stamens 20-40. 2. Philadelphus. 

1. HYDRANGEA L. 

1. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wied Hydrangea. (Man. p. 484; I. 
F. f. i8j8. ) On rocky stream or river banks, N. Y. to Iowa, Fla. and 
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Tioga ; Luzerne ; Somerset ; 
Aeeegheny. 

2. PHILADELPHUS L. 

"" 1. Philadelphus inodorus L- Scenteess Syringa. (Man. p. 485 ; 
I. F.y. 1861.) In thickets, Va. to Ala. andGa., principally in the moun- 
11 



162 GROvSSUIvARIACEAE 

tains. Nat. in Pa. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton, escaped; 

Al^IvEGHENY. 

FAMII.Y 7. ITEACEAE Agardh. Itea Famii^y. 
1. ITEA Iv. 
1. Itea Virginica L. Virginia W11.1.OW. (Man. p. 485 ; I. F. /. 

1864.) In wet places, N. J. and eastern Pa. to Fla. and L,a. — Penn- 
sylvania : CtlMBERi/AND, on the Susquehanna. 

FAMII.Y 8. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. Witch-hazei. Family. 

Calyx and corolla present : ovule solitary in each cavity, pendulous. 

1. Hamamelis. 
Calyx and corolla wanting : ovules several or many in each cavity, horizontal. 

2. I^iquidambar. 
1. HAMAMELIS L. 

1. Hamamelis Virginiana Iv- Witch-hazel. (Man. p. 489; I. F./. 
J879.) In low woods, N. B.and N. S. to Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; IvEBANON ; Philadelphia ; Franklin ; Somerset ; Erie ; Del- 
aware; Allegheny. 

2. LIQUIDAMBAR 1,. 

1. Liquidambar Styraciflua Iv. SwEET Gum. (Man. p. 489 ; I. F\/. 
18S0.) In low woods, Conn, to Mo., Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware. 

Family 9. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Gooseberry Family. 

1. RIBES L. 

Plants armed with firm spines : peduncles 1-3-flowered {gooseberries). 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the limb : berry prickly. i. R. Cynosbati. 

Calyx-lobes longer than the limb : berry smooth and glabrous; 

Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube and hypanthium : stamens not long-ex- 
serted. 
Calyx-lobes oblong, as long as the stamens. 
Peduncles normally i-flowered : stems usually with 3 spines to- 
gether. 2. R. Uva-crispa. 
Peduncles normally 2-flowered : stems with small or obsolete spines. 

3. R. oxyacanthoides. 
Calyx-lobes linear, shorter than the stamens. 4. R. rotundifolium. 

Calyx-lobes much longer than the limb and hypanthium : stamens long- 
exserted. 5. R. Missouriense. 

Plants unarmed (or in R. lacusire with spines and numerous bristles) : pedun- 
cles many-flowered {currants). 
Berries bristly. 
Stem bristly and spiny. 6. R. lacustre. 

Stem smooth and glabrous. 7. R. prostratum. 

Berries smooth and glabrous. 

Hypanthium tubular : sepals narrow : berry black. 8. R.floridum. 
Hypanthium campanulate : sepals broad: berry red. 9. R. rubrum. 



ROSACKAE 



163 



1. Ribes Cynosbati L. W11.D Gooseberry. (Man. p. 486 ; I. F. /. 
186^.) In rocky woods, N. B. to Man. and Mo., and along the Alleghe- 
nies to N. C— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Westmork- 
i,AND ; Fayette. 

2. Ribes Uva-crispa L. Garden Gooseberry. (Man. p. 487; I. 
F. /. /8/0.) Along roadsides in N. J., Pa. and N. Y., escaped from gar- 
dens. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, escaped; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

3. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Northern Gooseberry. (Man. p. 
487 ; I. F. /. 1868.) In wet woods and low grounds, Newf. to B. C, to 
N. J., Ohio, Mich, and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Qolo.— Pennsylva- 
nia : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Bi^air. 

4. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Eastern W11.D Gooseberry. (Man. 
p. 487; I. F. /. 1869.) In rocky woods, Mass. to N. C, especially 
along the va.o^xntsL\ns.-~- Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Bucks ; Schuyi,kii,i, \ 
Coi^umbia ; FUI.TON ; Centre ; Cambria. 

5. Ribes Missouriense Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry. (Man. p. 487; 
I. F. f. i86j.) In dry or rocky soil, Minn., Mich., 111. and Pa. to Tenn. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : SchuyIvKii^i, ; Coi^umbia. 

6. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. (Man. p. 
487; I. F. y. 1811.) In swamps and wet woods, Newf. to B. C, Pa., 
and Wash. — Pennsylvania : Dauphin ; Schuyi,kii,i, ; Tioga ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Somerset. 

7. Ribes prostratum L' Her. Fetid Currant. (Man. p. 488 ; I. F. 
f. i8'/2.) In cold wet places, Lab. to B. C, especially along the moun- 
tains to N. C, Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Ci.earfiei<d. 

8. Ribes floridum L'Her. W11.D Bi^ack Currant. (Man. p. 488 ; 
I. F. f. 1824.) In woods, N. S. to Man., Va., Iowa and Kans. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; 

WESTMOREI^AND ; Al,I,EGHENY. 

9. Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant. (Man. p. 488; I. F. / i8y^.) 
In cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Ind. and Minn., freely escaping. 
Also in Fu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; LE- 
HiGH ; York ; Lebanon ; WestmoreIvAND ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

Famiey 10. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Pi.ane-TreE Famii^y. 
1. PL AT ANUS L. 
1. Platanus occidentalis L. BuTTon-wood. Pi,anE-TreE. (Man. 
p. 490 ; I. F. /. j88i.) Along streams and in wet woods. Me. to Minn., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Bucks; Northampton; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Dei^aware ; Ai.ivE- 
gheny. 

Famii^y ii. ROSACEAE B. Juss. Rose Famii^y. 
A. Fruit not enclosed in a depressed or hollow hypanthium. 
a. Pistils few, rarely more than 5, maturing into 2-4-seeded follicles. 
Follicles opening along both sutures: seeds shining, i. Opulaster. 



164 ROSACEAE 

Follicles opening- along one suture : seeds dull or granular. 
Pistils alternating- with the sepals. 
Flowers perfect : shrubs with simple leaf-blades. 2. Spiraea. 
Flowers dioecious : herbs with 2-3-pinnate leaf-blades. 

3. Aruncus. 
Pistils opposite the sepals. 

Follicles united at the base : leaf -blades pinnate : petals short. 

4. SORBARIA. 

Follicles distinct : leaf-blades 3-foliolate : petals elongated. 

5. PORTERANTHUS. 

b. Pistils numerous or rarely few, maturing into achenes or 1-2-seeded drupe- 
lets. 
Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on a receptacle. 

Drupelets very juicy : fruit not in the calyx. 6. RUBUS. 

Drupelets dry : fruit enclosed in the calyx. 7. Dalibarda. 

Pistils ripening into achenes. 
Style deciduous. 
Style basal. 8. Drymocallis. 

Style lateral. 
Achenes pubescent : low shrubs. 
Style club-shaped : corolla yellow : leaf-blades pinnate. 

9. Dasiphora. 
style filiform : corolla white : leaf-blades palmate. 

10. SiBBALDIOPSIS. 

Achenes glabrous : herbs. 

Receptacle pulpy, edible : petals white. 11. Fragaria. 

Receptacle neither pulpy nor edible : petals yellow or red. 
L,eaf-blades 3-foliolate. 12. Duchesnea. 

lycaf -blades several-foliolate. 
Corolla red. 13. Comarum. 

Corolla yellow. 14. Argentina. 

Style terminal or nearly so. 
Pistils numerous : ovules pendulous : plants caulescent. 

15. POTENTILLA. 

Pistils 2-6 : ovules erect : plants acaulescent. 16. Waldsteinia. 
Style persistent on the achene. 

Pistils numerous. 17. Geum. 

Pistils 5-15, at maturity resembling follicles but indehiscent. 

18. Ulmaria. 
B. Fruit consisting of several^achenes enclosed in the persistent hypanthium. 
Achenes 1-4 within the dry hypanthium. 

Receptacle bearing hooked prickles : petals 5. 19. Agrimonia. 

Receptacle without prickles : petals wanting. 20. Sanguisorba. 

Achenes numerous, within the fleshy hypanthium. 21. RoSA. 

1. OPULASTER Medic. 

1. Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. Ninebark. (Man. p. 492; 
I. F. y. 1S82.) On river banks and in rocky places, Quebec to Man., 
Ga, and Kans. — Peniisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York; Coi^umbia; Fui^ton ; Somerset; Dei^aware ; Ai,le- 

GHENY. 



ROSACEAK 165 

2. SPIRAEA L. 

Inflorescence pyramidal. 

Plant pubescent : follicles tomentose. i. 5. tomentosa. 

Plant g-labrous : follicles glabrous. 2. ^. salicifolia. 

Inflorescence corymbose. 

Stem, leaves and inflorescence glabrous, or the latter with a few hairs. 

3. 5". corymbosa. 

Stem, leaves and inflorescence pubescent. 4. 5". Japonica. 

1. Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack. Ste:epi.e-bush. (Man. p. 
492 ; I. F. f. 1884.) In swamps and low grounds, N. S. to Man., Ga. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monrok ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Ali^egheny. 

2. Spiraea salicifolia L. Wii.i,ow-i.Eaved or American Meadow- 
sweet. (Man. p. 492; I. F. _/^ J88j.) In swamps or moist grounds, 
Newf. to the Rocky Mts., Ga. and Mo. — Fe?insylvama : Lackawanna ; 
Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; DeIvAWAre; Chester; Lancas- 
ter ; Frankwn ; Luzerne ; Bi,air ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2a. S. salicifolia latifolia (Ait.) Wiegand. Bucks. 

3. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Corymbed Spiraea. (Man. p. 492 ; I. 
F.yi iSSj.) On banks or in rocky places, nionntains of Pa. and N. J. to 
Ga. — Pennsylvania : Fui^ton, Buck's Valley. 

4. Spiraea Japonica L. f. Japanese Spiraea. (Man. p. 492.) 
Native of Japan. Adv. or nat. — Pennsylvania: Carbon ; Bucks. 

3. ARUNCUS Adans. 

1. Aruncus Aruncus (L.) Karst, Goat's-beard. (Man. p. 493 ; I. 
F. f. 188 J.) In rich woods, Pa. to Iowa, Ga. and Mo. Also from Ore. 
to KXaska..— Pennsylvania: Huntingdon ; SOMERSET ; Fayette ; A1.1.E- 
gheny ; Armstrong. 

4. SORBARIA A. Br. 

1. Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. Mountain Ash Spiraea, (Man. 
p. 493.) Native of Siberia. Adv. or nat. in the U. S. — Pennsylvania: 

Al,I,EGHENY. 

5. PORTERANTHUS Britton. 

Lower leaflets serrate : stipules subulate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly 
so. I. P. trifoliatus. 

Lower leaflets incised-pinnatifid : stipules leaf-like, incised or serrate. 

2. P. sHpulatus. 

1. Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Indian Physic. Bow- 
MAN's-ROOT. (Man. p. 493 ; L F. /. 1888.) In woodlands, N. Y. to 
Mich., Ga. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks; 
Montgomery ; Chester ; Franki^in ; Union ; Centre ; Somerset ; 
Delaware ; Ai^i^egheny. 

2. Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl.) Britton. American Ipecac. 
(Man. p. 493; I. F. /. i88g.) In woods, N. Y. to Kans., Ala., La. and 
the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny. 



166 ROSACEAE 

6. RUBUS Iv. 

Receptacle flat : ovary pubescent above : drupelets crowned with a hairy 

cushion. i. 7?. odoratus. 

Receptacle convex or conic : ovary glaljrous : drupelets glabrous. 
Fruit falling- away from the dry receptacle : petals erect. 
Stems herbaceous, unarmed : leaflets green beneath. 

2. R. Americamcs. 
Stems shrubby, armed : leaflets white beneath. 

Stems prickly, glaucous : fruit purple-black, black or dark red. 
Fruit purple-black or black : stem very glaucous. 3. R. occidentalis. 
Fruit dark red : stem slightly glaucous. 4. R. neglectus. 

Stems bristly, not glaucous : fruit light red. 5. R. slrigosus. 

Fruit persistent on a fleshy receptacle : petals spreading, 
lycaflets with pinnatifid blades. 6. R. laciyiiatiis. 

Leaflets with toothed or incised blades. 
Stems erect, ascending or recurved. 

Leaf-blades white-woolly beneath. 7. R. cuneifolius. 

Leaf -blades not white -woolly beneath. 
Branches of the inflorescence and the petioles distinctly glandular- 
pubescent. 
Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, very juicy. 

8. R. nigrohaccus. 
Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-shaped, comparatively dry. 

9. R. Allegheniensis. 
Branches of the inflorescence and petioles villous, strigose or nearly 

glabrous, scarcely glandular. 
Inflorescence copiously villous. 10. R. frondosus. 

Inflorescence sparingly villous. 

Plants low, almost herbaceous, weakly prickly. 

II. R. Randii. 
Plants tall and shrubby. 

Plants strongly prickly : leaflets pubescent beneath, doubly 

serrate. . 12. R. argutus. 

Plants unarmed or with few weak prickles : leaflets glabrous 
beneath, singly serrate. 13. R. Cajiadensis. 

Stems trailing, creeping or decumbent. 
Stems merely prickly. 

Inflorescence several- to many-flowered. 14. R. prociimbens. 

Inflorescence usually 1-2-flowered. 15. R. Baileyanus. 

Stems bristly and prickly, sometimes merely bristly. 

Flowering branches and petioles bristly or glabrous : terminal leaf- 
lets cuneate. 16. R. hisptdus. 
Flowering branches and petioles prickly : terminal leaflets oblong- 
elliptic. 17. R. nigricans. 

1. Rubus odoratus L. Purpi.E-fi,owering Raspberry. (Man. p. 
495 ; I. F.y. iSgo.) In rocky woods, N. S. to Mich., Ga. and Tenn. — 
Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Chester; 
Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Coeumbia ; Tioga; Huntingdon ; 
Aeeegheny. 

2. Rubus Americanus (Pers.) Britton. Dwarf Raspberry. (Man. 
p. 495 ; I. F. y; 1^97') In swamps, Newf. to Man., N. J. and Iowa. — 



ROSACBAE 167 

Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; SuIvI^ivan ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Ci^Ear- 
FIEI.D ; Krie ; Somerset. 

3. Rubus occidentalis ly. Bi.ack-cap. Bi,ack Raspberry. (Man. p, 
496; I. F. f. i8g6.) In woods or thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Ga. — 
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; IvAncaster ; 
Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Ai.i,egheny. 

4. RubuB neglectus Peck. Purpi^E Wii,d Raspberry. (Man. p. 

496 ; I. F. f. iSg^.) In dry or rocky soil, N. Bng. to Pa. — Pennsylvania : 
Lackawanna; Monroe. 

5. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. (Man. p. 496 ; 
I. F.y", 1894.) In dry or rocky situations, Newf. and Lab. to B. C. and in 
the AUeghenies to N. C. and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: 
Pike ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Schuyekii^i, ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Frankein ; Tioga ; Centre ; AeeEGheny. 

6. Rubus laciniatus Willd. CuT-eeaved Beackberry. (Man. p. 
496. ) Nat. in N. Y. and Pa. Also in Ore. and Wash. Native of Ku. (?) 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Pt. Pleasant. 

7. Rubus cuneifoliuB Pursh. Sand BeackbERRY. (Man. p. 496 ; I. 
F.y. igoi.) In sandy soil. Conn, to Mo., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster ; Chester ; Bucks ; Deeaware. 

8. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. High Bush BeackbERRY. (Man. p. 
496; I. F. / 1898.) In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla. and Kr'k.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Huntingdon; Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phieadee- 
PHiA ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; Frank- 
EiN ; Allegheny. 

9. Rubus Allegheniensis Porter. Mountain Blackberry. (Man. 
p. 496; I. F.y. i8gg.) In dry soil, Ont. and N. Y. to Pa., perhaps to 
Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuyekiel. 

10. Rubus frondosus Bigel. LEaey-bracted Blackberry. (Man. 
p. 497-) Prince Edward Island to Mich, and N- C. — Pen?isylva?iia : 
Delaware. 

11. Rubus Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Rand's Blackberry. (Man. p. 
497.) Me. to Lake Superior and Va. — Pemisylvania : Pike ; Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Deeaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

12. Rubus argutus Link. Tall Blackberry. (Man. p. 497.) In 
moist soil, Prince Edward Island to Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 
roe. 

13. Rubus Canadensis L. Millspaugh's Blackberry. (Man. p. 

497 ; I. F. f. igoo.) In thickets or mountain woods, N. Eng. to Ga. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills. 

14. Rubus procumbens Muhl. Low running Blackberry. Dew- 
berry. (I. F. /. jgo6 ; Man. p. 498.) In dry open soil, Newf. to Minn., 
N. C, La. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Lancaster; 
Lebanon. 



168 ROSACEAE 

15. Rubus Baileyanus Rritton. Baii^Ey's Dewberry. (Man, p. 
498 ; I. F. /. /905. ) In dry woods and tliickets, Mc. to Va. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Delaware. 

16. Rubus hispidus L- Hispid or Running Swamp Blackberry. 
(Man. p. 498 ; I. F. f. igo2.) In swamps or low grounds, N. S. to Ont. 
and Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe; 
Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
Philadelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

17. Rubus nigricans Rydb. Bristly Blackberry. (Man. p. 498.) 
In moist soil, Newf. to Mich, and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Naomi 
Pines ; Bucks ; Clearfield. 

7. DALIBARDA L. 
1. Dalibarda repens L. Dalibarda, (Man. p. 499; 1. V. f. igoy.) 

In woods, N. S. to Minn., N. J., Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkill ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; Cambria ; 
Erie. 

8. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. 

1. Drymocallis arguta ( Pursh) Rydb. Tali, or Gi^andular Cinoue- 
FOIL. (Man. p. 499 ; I. F,/. 1913.) On dry or rocky hillsides, N. B. to 
the Rocky Mts., N. J., 111. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Lancaster ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

9. DASIPHORA Raf. 
1. Dasiphora fruticosa (L. ) Rydb. Shrubby Cinouefoil. (Man. 
p. 499; I. F. f. 1932.) In swamps or moist rock}- places, Lab. and 
Greenland to Alaska, N. J., 111. and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz, and Calif. 
Also in Ell. and Asia. — Pefinsylvania : Monroe ; Pike. 

10. SIBBALDIOPSIS Rydb. 
1. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Three-TOOThed 
CiNQUEFOiL- (Man. p. 500; I. F.y. 1933.) In rocky places, especially 
on mountains, Greenland to N. J., on the higher southern Alleghenies, 
shores of Lake Superior and west to the Canadian Rocky Mts. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lackawanna, summit of Bald Mt. 

11. FRAGARIA L. 

Achenes borne on the surface of the accrescent receptacle : leaflets sessile or 
essentially so. 
Leaflets thickish : fruit mainly less than 15 mm. long : plants stout : natur- 
alized species. i. P. vesca. 
Leaflets thin : fruit mainly over 15 mm. long- : plants slender : native species. 

2. F. Americana. 
Achenes borne in pits in the accrescent receptacle : leaflets stalked. 

3. P, Virginiatia. 
1. Fragaria vesca L. European Wood Strawberry. (Man. p. 

501 ; I. F. f. 1910.) In fields and along roadsides. Nat. from Eu. in the 



I 



ROSACEAE 169 

Eastern and Middle States. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Tioga ; Susouehanna ; Lancaster. 

2. Fragaria Americana (Porter) Britton. American Wood Straw- 
berry. (Man. p. 501 ; I. F. f. 1911.) In rocky woods, Pa. and N. J. to 
Ont. and N. B., west to Ore. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Bucks ; Lancaster; 
Huntingdon; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Fragaria Virginiana Duchesne. Virginia Strawberry. (Man. 
p. 500 ; L F. /. igo8.) In dry soil, N. B. to S. Dak., south to Fla., La. 
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,a- 
DE1.PHIA ; DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Tioga ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

12. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith. 

1. Duchesnea Indica (Andr. ) Focke. YEi.i<ow or Indian Straw- 
berry. (Man. p. 501 ; I.F. f. igi2.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. to 
Fla. Nat. or adv. from India. — Pennsylvayiia : Northampton ; Bucks \ 
Phii,adei<phia ; Lancaster. 

13. COMARUM L. 

1. Comarum palustre L. Purpi^E or Marsh Cinoueeoii,. (Man. 
p. 501 ; I. F. f. 1937.) In swamps or peat- bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N. J., 
Iowa and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; 
Wayne ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Crawford. 

14. ARGENTINA Lam. 

1. Argentina Anserina (L.) Rydb. Sii^ver-weed. (Man. p. 502; 
I. F. f. 1934.) On shores and salt-meadows, Greenland to B. C, N. J. 
and Neb., south in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. and Calif. Also in Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

15. POTENTILLA L. 

Flowers axillary to the leaf-like bracts : stems creeping- or spreading : peren- 
nials. 
Stems silky- villous : first flower at the second node of the stem or a succeed- 
ing- node. I. P. Canadeyisis. 
Stems silky-strigillose : first flower at the first node of the stem. 

2. P. pumila. 
Flowers in terminal cymes : stems erect or ascending : annuals or biennials. 

Leaf -blades digitately 3-7-foliolate. 

Leaflets 3 : upper part of the achene longitudinally ridged. 

3. P. Monspeliensis. 
Leaflets 5-7 : upper part of the achene smooth or reticulated. 

I,eaflets green beneath, evenly toothed : corolla about 2 cm. broad : pet- 
als longer than the sepals. 4. P. sulpJnirea. 
Leaflets white-pubescent beneath, incised : corolla 4-8 mm. broad: pet- 
als shorter than the sepals. 5. P. argentea. 
Leaf-blades pinnately 7-1 1 -foliolate. . 6. P. paradox a. 
1. Potentilla Canadensis L. Five-finger. (Man. p. 506; I. F. /. 
^935-) In dry soil, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylva- 



170 ROSACEAE 

nia : Monror; Northampton; Bucks: Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; I^ancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-FINGER. (Man. p. 506 ; I. F. 
/. /pj5«.) In poor soil, N. Eng. to Pa. — Pennsylva7iia : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phii^adei^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

3. Potentilla Monspeliensis L. Rough Cinquefoil. (Man. p. 504; 
I. F. /. ig22.) In dry soil, Lab. to Alaska, S. C. and Kans. and in the 
Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Carbon ; Frank- 
1.IN ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai,i.egheny. 

4. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Rough-Fruited Cinquefoii,. (Man. 
p. 504; I. F. y. 1917.) In waste places, N. Y., Mich, and Va. Adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Ai.i,egheny. 

5. Potentilla argentea L. S11.VERY or Hoary Cinquefoii.. (Man. 
p. 503; I. F. /. I9r4.) In dry soil, N. S. and Ont. to N. Dak., D. C, 
Ind. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton. 

6. Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Bushy CinquEFOII.. (Man. p. 505; 
I.F. /. 192s.) Shores of the Great Lakes, Pa. to Minn., Mo., N. Mex. 
and Ore. Also in Mex. and Mautchuria. — Pennsylva7iia : Erie, Presque 
Isle. 

16. ^WALDSTEINIA Willd. 

1. "Waldsteinia fragarioides ( Michx. ) Tratt. Barren or Dry Straw- 
berry. (Man. p. 506; I. F. /. 1939.) Woods and shaded hillsides, 
northern N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Ind. and along the AUeghenies to 
Ga. — Pe7insylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ;Schuyi^kiIvL; Lebanon; 
Perry ; Franki^in ; Tioga ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Ai,i.egheny. 

17. GEUM L. 

Style plumose below : sepals erect or spreading : corolla purple. 

1. G. rivale. 
Style not plumose : sepals reflexed : corolla white or yellow. 

Head of fruit .stalked : sepals not accompanied by bractlets. 

2. G. vernutn. 
Head of fruit sessile : sepals accompanied by bractlets. 

Corolla white. 
Plant glabrate or softly pubescent : receptacle bristly. 

3. G. Canadense. 
Plant hirsute : receptacle glabrous or downy. 4. G. Virginianum. 

Corolla yellow or cream-yellow. 
Petals oblong, 3-4 mm. long : sepals about as long as the petals. 

5. G.flavum. 
Petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long : sepals much shorter than the petals. 

6. G. strictum. 

1. Geum rivale L. Purpi^E or Water Avens. (Man. p. 508 ; I. F. 
f. 1940.) In swamps and low grounds, Newf. to B. C, N.J., Pa., Mo. 
and Colo. Also in northern En. and Asia. — Pennsylvatiia : Wayne ; 
Monroe ; Tioga ; Sui.i.ivan ; Erie ; Somerset ; Chester. 



ROSACEAK 171 

2. Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G. Spring Avens. (Man. p. 507 ; I. 
V. f. 1943.) Shaded places, Ont. to W. Va. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
EucKs ; DEI.AWARE ; Lancaster ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Geum Canadense Jacq. White Avens. (Man. p. 507; I. F. /". 
J944.) In shaded places, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and M.O. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; DeIvAware ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Pranklin; Ai,i,egheny. 

4. Geum Virginianum Rough Avens. (Man. p. 507 ; I. F./. 1945.) 
Low ground, N. B. to Miun., Pa. and southward in the Alleghenies. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Pike ; Carbon ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Arm- 
strong ; Erie. 

5. Geum flavum (Porter) Bickn ell. CrEam-colored Avens. (Man. 
p. 508 ; I. F. f. 1946.) In woods, N. Y. to N. C- Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Franklin. 

6. Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. (Man. p. 508 ; I. F. /. 1948. ) 
In swamps or low grounds, Newf. to B. C, N. J., Mo. and Ariz. — Penn- 
sylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Cambria ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

18. ULMARIA Hill. 

1. Ulmaria rubra Hill. Queen-of-The-Prairie. (Man. p. 510 ; I. F. 
J- ^953') ^^ moist grounds and on prairies, Pa. to 111., Ga., Ky. and 
Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Cumberland ; 
Erie ; Susquehanna. 

19. AGRIMONIA L. 

Lower surfaces of the leaves, and racemes glabrous or with loosely spreading 
hairs. 
Roots not tuberous thickened: fruit 6-12 mm. high, turbinate, with many 

radiating bristles. i. A. hirsuta. 

Roots tuberous thickened ; fruit 4 mm. high, hemispheric, with few ascend- 
ing bristles. 2. A. striata. 
Leaflets 3-5. 3. A. pumila. 
Leaflets 5-9 or rarely more. 4. A. mollis. 
Lower surfaces of the leaves and racemes softly and closely pubescent. 
Roots tuberous thickened : leaves mostly with less than 9 broad leaflets. 

5. A. Brittoniana. 
Roots not tuberous thickened : leaves mostly with over 11 narrow leaflets, 

6. A. parviflora. 

1. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. TalIv Hairy Agrimony. 
(Man. p. 511 ; I. F./ 1957.) Woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., N. C. 
and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
Lancaster ; Columbia ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

2. Agrimonia striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. (Man. p. 511 ; 
I. F. f. 1958. ) In dry woods. Conn, to Va. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster; Bucks. 

3. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small-eruiTEd Agrimony. (Man. p. 
511; I. F. y. 1959.) In dry soil, Pa. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: 
Lancaster. 



172 ROSACEAE 

4. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. SOFT Agrimony. (Man. 
p. 511 ; I. F. y. ig6o.) Dry woods and thickets, Conn, to Mich., N. C. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lan- 
caster. 

5. Agrimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. BritTon's Agrimony. (Man. 
p. 511 ; I. F. y. ig6r.) Along thickets and roadsides, Quebec to N. Y., 
south along the mountains to W. Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton. 

6. Agrimonia parviflora Soland. Many- FLOWERED Agrimon^y. 
(Man. p. 512 ; I. F. /. ig62.) In moist or dry soil, N. Y. to Mich., Ga. 
and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum ; Bucks ; Berks ; Lan- 
caster ; Dauphin ; Allegheny. 

20. SANGUISORBA L. 

Stamens numerous : flowers in head-like spikes : corolla greenish. 

I. S. Sanguisorba. 
Stamens 4: flowers in elongated spikes : corolla white. 2. S. Canadensis. 

1. Sanguisorba Sanguisorba (L.) Britton. Salad Burnet. (Man. 
p. 512 ; I. F. y 1963-) In dry or rocky soil and in ballast, Ont. to Pa. 
and Md. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Mon 
ROE ; Allegheny. 

2. Sanguisorba Canadensis L. American Great Burnet. (Man, 
p. 512; I. F. y. 1964.) In swamps and low meadows, Newf. to Mich. 
and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon. 

21. ROSA L. 

Styles cohering and forming a column, exserted. i. R. setigera. 

Styles distinct, included. 

Sepals persistent : stems unarmed or nearly so. 2. R. blanda. 

Sepals deciduous: leaflets normally 5-12: stems erect or ascending: hy- 
panthium often pubescent or glandular. 
Leaflets with serrulate or finely serrate blades. 3. R. Carolina. 

Leaflets with coarsely serrate blades. 
Fruit subglobose. 

Leaflets 5-7 : spines slender*: flowers solitary or few. 4. R. humilis. 
Leaflets 7-9 : spines stout : flowers corymbose. 5. R. lucida. 

Fruit oval to narrowly ovoid. 

Blades of the leaflets simply serrate. ' 6. R. canina. 

Blades of the leaflets doubly serrate. 7. R. riihigijiosa... 

1. Rosa setigera Michx. Prairie or Climbing Rose. (Man. p. 
513 ; I. F. f. ig6j.) In thickets and on prairies, Ont. to Wis., Fla. and 
Tex. Escaped in N. J. and Va. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, Ger- 
man town ; Bucks ; Washington; Allegheny. 

2. Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth or Meadow Rose. (Man. p. 513 ; I.. 
F. /. ig66.) In moist, rocky places, Newf. to Vt. and northern N. J.^ 
west to Ont. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Bucks; Lancaster; Perry;. 
Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Delaware. 



POMACEAE 173 

3. Rosa Carolina L. Swamp Rose. (Man. p. 513 ; I. F./. 1970.) In 
low grounds and swamps, Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and Miss. 
— Pennsylvania : Monrok ; Northampton ; Bucks ; DEtAWARE ; 
Chester ; Latstcaster ; Franki^in ; Erie. ; Ali^egheny. 

4. Rosa humilis Marsh. Low or Pasture Rose. (Man. p. 514; 
I. F.y. 1971.) In dry or rocky soil, Me. and Ont. to Wis., south to Ga. 
and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Lancas- 
ter ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

4a. R. humilis villosa Best. (Man. p. 514.) N. J., Pa. and southern 
N. Y. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

5. Rosa lucida Ehrh. Shining Rose. (Man. p. 514.) On shores 
or in sandy soil, Newf. and Ont. to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Luzerne; Lancaster; Columbia ; 
Franklin ; Allegheny. 

6. Rosa canina L. DoG Rose. Canker Rose. (Man. p. 514; I. 
F. /. 1973.) In waste places, and along roadsides, N. S., N. J. and Pa. 
Also in Tenn. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Schuylkill, Pottsville. 

7. Rosa rubiginosa L. Sweetbrier. (Man. p. 514; I. F. /. 1974.) 
In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Wayne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; York ; 
Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

Family 12. POMACEAE L. Apple Family. 

Carpels papery or leathery at maturity. 
Leaf-blades pinnately compound. i . Sorbus. 

Leaf-blades simple, entire, toothed or lobed. 

Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles. 

Flesh of the pome with grit-cells. 2. Pyrus. 

Flesh of the pome without grit-cells. 
Cymes simple. 3. Malus. 

Cymes compound. 4. Aronia. 

Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 

5. Amelanchier. 
Carpels bony at maturity. 
Ovule I in each carpel, or, if two, dissimilar. 6. Crataegus. 

Ovules 2 in each carpel, alike. 7. Cotoneaster. 

1. SORBUS L. 

Fruit less than 6.5 mm. in diameter : leaflets with long acuminate blades. 

I. 5". Americana. 
Fruit more than 7.5 mm. in diameter: leaflets with blunt or merely acute 
blades. 2. S. sambucifolia. 

1. Sorbus Americana Marsh. American Mountain Ash. (Man. 
p. 515 ; I. F. f. 197s ') In low woods or moist ground, Newf. to Man., 
along the mountains to N. C. and to Mich. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; 
Monroe ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Somerset. 



174 POMACEAE 

2. Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.) Roem. Wkstern Mountain 
Ash. fMan. p. 515 ; I. F. f. 1976,) In moist ground, Lab. to Alaska, 
Pa., Mich, and in Rocky Mts. to Colo, and VtQh..—Pe7i7tsylvania: Lu- 
zerne, Wilkesbarre ; Ai^IvEGhENY, escaped. 

2. PYRUS L. 

1. Pyrus communis L. Pear. (Man. p. 515; I. V. f. igjy.) In 
thickets and woods, Me. to Pa., and the Gulf States. Native of Ku. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Lancaster. 

3. MALUS Juss. 

Leaf -blades glabrous at least at maturity. 

Leaf-blades oblong- or lanceolate : styles nearly distinct, i. M. angusiifolia. 

Leaf -blades ovate : styles manifestly united at the base. 2. M. coronaria. 
Leaf-blades persistently pubescent, often tomentose beneath. 

3. M. Mai us. 

1. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. Narrow-i.eavEd Crab-appi.e. 
(Man. p. 516 ; I. F. /. 1978.) In thickets, N. J. to Kans., Fla. and Ga. 
— Pennsylvania : Crawford ; A1.1.EGHENY ; Somerset ; WestmorE- 

I,AND. 

2. Malus coronaria (L. ) Mill. American Crab-appi,e. (Man. p. 
516; I. F. /. 1979.) In thickets, Ont. to Mich., N. J. and S. Q.— Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks; Dei^aware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon; 
SCHUYLKii,!, ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

3. Malus Malus (L.) Britton. Appi.e. (Man. p. 516; I. F./. 1982.) 
In woods and thickets, N. Y., N. J. and Pa., to the Gulf States. Introd. 
from En. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; 
Ai.i,EGheny. 

4. ARONIA Pers. 

Lower surfaces of the leaves and the cyme-branches woolly : fruit red. 

I. A. arbutifolia. 
Lower surfaces of the leaves and the cyme-branches glabrous or essentially 
so : fruit purplish. 2. A. nigra. 

1. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Red Choke-berry. (Man. p. 
517 ; I. F. f. 1983.) In swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Franki^in ; Lan- 
caster ; FuivTON ; Crawford ; Erie. 

2. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Black Choke-berry. (Man. p. 
517 ; \.V. f. 1984.) In swamps or low woods or sometimes in drier soil, 
N. S. to Ont. and VXoi.— Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; 
ScHUYi.Kii,i, ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter; Lancaster; Huntingdon; Erie; Somerset; Ai^i^egheny. 

5. AMELANCHIER Medic. 

A. Flowers in racemes : fruit globular. 

Leaf -blades acute or acuminate at the apex : top of the ovary glabrous or 
nearly so. 



POMACEAE 175 

I,eaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, gla- 
brous at maturity. i. A. Canadensis. 
I,eaf-blades oblong-, oval, ovate or obovate, rarely subcordate at the base, 
densely white-woolly beneath at least when young. 2. A. Botryapium. 
lycaf-blades rounded, obtuse or merely abruptly pointed at the apex : top of 
the ovary woolly. 3, A. spicata. 
B. Flowers in clusters : fruit oblong or obovoid. 4. A. oligocarpa. 

1. Amelanchier Canadensis (Iv.) Medic. Junk or Service-bkrry. 
(Man. p. 517 ; I. F. /. 1985.) In dry woodlands, Newf, to Ont., Fla. and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Monrok ; Northampton ; ScHUYiyKii.iv ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Allegheny ;' Erie. 

2. Amelanchier Botryapium (L. f.) DC. Shad-bush. (Man. p. 517 ; 
I. F, f. ig86.') In swamps and moist soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and La. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Ve- 
nango ; AlIvEGheny. 

3. Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) Dec. Low June-berry. (Man. p. 
517 ; I. V.f. igSj.) In dry rocky places, N, Y. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Somerset ; AlIvE- 

GHENY. 

4. Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-Eruited June- 

BERRY. (Man. p. 518; I. V. f. iggo.) In cold swamps, or wet rocky 

places, Lab. to Ont., Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Schuyl- 

KILI.. 

6. CRATAEGUS L. 

A. Corymbs eaah with many flowers. 
Leaf-blades oblanceolate, spatulate or narrowly obovate. 
Leaves, pedicels and calyx glabrous. i, C. Crus-galli. 

Leaves, pedicels and calyx pubescent, copiously so when young. 

2. C. punctata. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or suborbicular. 
Leaves, pedicels and calyx glabrous or essentially so. 
Leaf-blades truncate or cordate at the base. 3. C. cordata. 

Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, often cuneately contracted. 
Leaf-blades deeply cleft : styles 1-3. 
Leaf -blades serrate or shallowly incised : styles 5. 
Leaf -blades firm, lustrous. 
Fruit pyriform. 
Fruit oval or globose-oval. 
Leaf-blades thin, dull. 
Leaves, sometimes only on the lower surface and about the teeth, the pedi- 
cels and calyx pubescent or glandular. 
Leaves nearly glabrous. 
Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base. 
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 
Fruit 8-14 mm. in diameter. 

Fruit globular or oval : leaf-blades firm. 
Fruit pyriform : leaf-blades thin. 
Fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter. 
Leaves manifestly pubescent, sometimes mainly 
the lower side of the blade. 



4- 


C. Oxyacantha, 


5- 
6. 

7- 


C. Porteri. 
C. Canbyi. 
C. pfuinosa. 



8. 


C. 


coccinea. 


9- 


C. 


roiundi/olia. 


10. 


C. tenuifolia. 


II. 


C. 


macracantha. 


along 


the veins on 



176 POMACEAE 

L,eaf-blades ovate-orbicular, typically cordate or truncate at the base : 

fruit mostly over 2 cm. in diameter. 12, C. mollis. 

Leaf-blades obovate, oval or ovate, typically narrowed or cuneate at 
the base : fruit less than 2 cm. in diameter. 
Fruit globose or spheroidal. 13. C. Bilhnoreana. 

Fruit oval or oblong--oval. 14. C. lomenlosa. 

B. Corymbs 2-6-flowered, or the flowers sometimes solitary. 
Leaf-blades ovate or oval, mostly acute : fruit red at maturity. 

15. C. Vailiae. 
Leaf-blades obovate or oblong-cuneiform : fruit yellow or greenish yellow. 

16. C. iC7iiflora. 

1. Crataegus Crus-Galli L. Cockspur Thorn. (Man. p. 519; I. F. 
f. 1991.) lu thickets, Quebec to Man., N. H., Fla. and TQ^.—Pe7insyl- 

vania : Bucks ; Dei<aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Frank- 
lin ; Allegheny. 

2. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-FRUITEd Thorn. (Man. p. 
520; I. F. /. 1993.) In thickets, Quebec and Ont, to Iowa and Ga. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Pike ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Columbia ; Cambria ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

2a. C. punctata canescens Britton. (Man. p. 520. ) Vt. to Ont., Pa. 
and Ohio. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, near Easton. 

3. Crataegus cordata (MiU. ) Ait. Washington Thorn. (Man. p. 
520; I. F./. 1994.) In woods and thickets, Va. to Ga, IlL and Tenn. 
Naturalized in Pa. and N.J. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon. 

4. Crataegus Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn. (Man. p. 520; I. F. f. 
1995.) Along roadsides and in thickets, escaped. — Pennsylvania: Phil- 
adelphia ; Delaware ; Northampton ; Lancaster : Luzerne ; 
Allegheny. 

5. Crataegus Porteri Britton. Porter's Thorn. (Man. p. 520.). 
In woods, Pa. and N. Y. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tannersville. 

6. Crataegus Canbyi Sargent. In hedges and thickets. Pa. and 
Del. — Pennsylvania: Delaware, Tinicum. 

7. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Beadle. Pruinose Thorn. (Man. 
p. 521.) In hedges or thickets. Pa. to N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks. 

8. Crataegus coccinea L. ScarlET Thorn. (Man. p. 521 ; I. F. /. 
1998.) Thickets, Newf. to Man., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Pike ; 
Schuylkill ; Northampton ; Columbia ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Somerset. 

9. Crataegus rotundifolia (Bhrh.) Borck. Glandular Thorn. 
(Man. p. 521 ; I. F. /. 1999.) In open woods, Conn, to Ind., Fla. and 
Ala. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; Lancaster; 
Lebanon ; Somerset ; Bucks. 

10. Crataegus tenuifolia Britton. Thin-leaved Thorn. (Man. p. 
521.) In woods and thickets, Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania : Delaware. 



DRUPACEAE 177 

11. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Long-spined Thorn. (Man. 
p. 521 ; I. F. y! 2000.) In woods, Quebec to N. Dak., Va., and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lebanon ; Dei^aware. 

12. Cratageus mollis (T.&G.)Scheele. Red-eruiTEd Thorn. (Man. 
p. 521 ; I. F. / 2001.) Thickets, Quebec to Mich., Neb.,Kans., Pa., La. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : York ; Huntingdon ; Ali^EGheny. 

13. Crataegus Biltmoreana Beadle. B11.TMORE Thorn. (Man. p. 
521.) In woods, Pa. to N. C, Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, 
2 m. south of Stroudsburg ; Bucks. 

14. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear-Thorn. Pear Haw. (Man. p. 
522; I. F. /. 2002.) In thickets, Ont. to N. J., Ga. Mich, and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; 
Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Sui^i^ivan ; Ai.i.egheny. 

15. Crataegus Vaillae Britton. Vaii^'s Haw. (Man. p. 522 ; I. F./ 
20o§. ) In thickets. Pa. to N. C, — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware. 

16. Crataegus uuiflora Muench. Dwarf Thorn. (Man. p. 522 ; I. 
F. f. 2004.) In sandy soil, N. Y. to Fla., W. Va., Mo. and l^a..— Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Montour ; Chester ; 
FRANK1.1N. 

7. COTONE ASTER Medic. 

1. Cotoneaster Pyracantha (L. ) Spach. Evergreen or Fire 
Thorn. (Man. p. 522 ; I. F. / 2006.) In thickets, escaped from cult. 
Native of Europe. — Pefinsylvania : Bucks, Doylestown; Phieadei^phia. 

Famiey 13. DRUPACEAE DC. Peum Famii^y. 
Drupe glabrous : stone not corrugated. i. Prunus. 

Drupe velvety : stone corrugated. 2. Amygdalus, 

1. PRUNUS L. 

A. Flowers in corymbs or umbellate clusters from the branches of the preced- 
ing year, before the leaves. 
a. Inflorescence umbel-like : drupes over 7.5 mm. in diameter. 
Leaves convolute in vernation. 
Umbel-like clusters several-flowered. 
Drupe red or orange, without a bloom, mostly over 20 mm. thick. 

1. P. Americana. 
Drupe purple, with a bloom, mostly less than 15 mm. thick. 

2. P. Allegheniensis. 
Umbel-like clusters 1-2-flowered. 3. P. spinosa. 

Leaves conduplicate in vernation. 
Large trees : corolla 1.5-3 cm. wide : leaf -blades sharply serrate : drupes 
mostly over 10 mm. in diameter. 
Drupe sour : leaves glabrous. 4. P. Cerasus. 

Drupe sweet : leaves pubescent. 5. P. Avium. 

Low spreading shrubs : corolla about i cm. broad : leaf -blades appressed- 
serrate : drupes mostly less than 10 mm. in diameter. 
Leaf-blades typically oval or oblong. 6. P. cuneata. 

Leaf-blades typically oblanceolate or spatulate. 7. P. pumila. 
12 



178 DRUPACEAE 

b. Inflorescence corymbose : drupes less than 7.5 mm. in diameter. 

8. P. Pennsylvanica. 

B. Flowers in racemes terminating- leafy branches of the year. 
Racemes corymb-like. 9. P. Mahaleb. 
Racemes elongated. 

Sepals deciduous : leaf-blades with sharp somewhat spreading- teeth : 
drupe mainly astringent. 
Stone smooth : petals less than 5 mm. long. 10. P. Virginiana. 

Stone roughened : petals over 5 mm. long. \\. P. Padus. 

Sepals persistent : leaf -blades with appressed blunt teeth : drupe mainly 
sweet. 12. P. seroiina. 

1. Prunus Americana Marsh. W11.D YEi^iyOW or Red Pi,um. (Man. 
p. 524 ; I. F. /. 2007.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Mont., Fla. and 
Colo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki,in ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Ai.i,e- 

GHENY. 

2. Prunus AUegheniensis Porter. Porter's Plum. (Man. p. 524 ; 
I. F. f. 2012.) In thickets, Allegheny Mountains, Pa. — Pennsylvania: 
Huntingdon, Barrens ; Ci^Eareield ; Ei.k. 

3. Prunus spinosa L . Si<oE. Bi^ackthorn. Buckthorn. (Man. 
p. 525; I. F. y. 2016.) Along roadsides, Mass. to Pa. and N. J, Nat. 
or adv. from Eu. — Pe?insylva?iia : Phii^adelphia ; Dei^aware. 

4. Prunus Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; I. F. /. 2020.) 
In woods and thickets, N. Y. and Pa., to the Gulf States. Native of Eu. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Ai^legheny. 

5. Prunus Avium L. Wii,d or Sweet Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; I. 
F. f. 2021. ) In thickets and woodlands. Conn, to Pa. and the Gulf 
States. Native of Eu. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Lackawanna ; Ai,i.EGheny. 

6. Prunus cuneata Raf. Appai^achian Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; I. 
F. y. 2018.) In wet soil, or among rocks, N. H. to Minn., N. C. and 
Wis. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster, N. Texas ; Chester. 

7. Prunus pumila L. Sand or Dwarf Cherry. (Man. p. 525 ; 
I. F. f. 201 J.) On sand or gravelly shores, N. B. to Man., N. J. and 
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Ai.i,egheny. 

8. Prunus Pennsylvanica L- f. Wild Red or Pin Cherry. 
(Man. p. 526; I. F. y*. 2022.) In rocky woods and clearings, Newf. to 
Ga., west to the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Blair ; Cambria ; Erie. 

9. Prunus Mahaleb L. Perfumed Cherry. (Man. p. 526 ;. I. F. / 
202$.) Thickets and waste places, N. Y. and Pa. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Northampton ; Franklin. 

10. Prunus Virginiana L- Choke Cherry. (Man. p. 526; I. F. /. 
2024.) Along river banks and in rocky situations, Newf to Man., B. 

C, Ga., Tex. and Colo. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Berks ;' Montour ; Tioga ; Lehigh j 
Chester ; Delaware ; Allegheny. 



I 



CAESAIvPINIACEAE 179 

11. Prunus Padus L. Locally escaped in eastern N. Am. Native of 
Bu. — Pennsylvania : Ai^IvEGhkny, Pittsburg. 

12. Pninus serotina Ehrb. W11.D Bi.ack Cherry. (Man. p. 526 ; 
I. F. J. 2026.) In woods or open places, Ont. to Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Pikk ; Monroe ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; 
IvANCASTER ; Centre ; Cambria ; Frankwn ; Ali^egheny. 

2. AMYGDALUS L. 
1. Amygdalus Persica L. Peach. (Man. p. 526; I. F./. 2027.) Es- 
caped from cult., N. Y. to Ga. — Peftnsylvania : Dei^aware ; I^ancasTER, 
and generally throughout the State. 

FAM11.Y 14. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Senna Famii^y. 

Corolla apparently papilionaceous, but with the unpaired petal embraced by 

the wing-s : leaves with i-foliolate blades. i. Cercis. 

Corolla [more or less irregular, often nearly regular : leaves with pinnately 
compound blades. 
Ivcaves with simply pinnate blades. 2. Cassia. 

Leaves with 2-pinnate blades. 
Flower with a short receptacle : stamens surpassing the petals. 

3. Gleditsia. 
Flower with a long receptacle : stamens shorter than the petals. 

4. Gymnocladus. 

1. CERCIS Iv. 

1. Cercis Canadensis Iv. Red-bud. American Judas-tree. (Man. 
p. 529; I. F. f. 20JS.) In rich soil, Ont. to Minn., N. J., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. CASSIA L. 

Corolla very irregular : calyx-lobes acuminate. 
Corolla less than i cm. wide : one petal much larger than the other four. 

I. C. nictitans. 
Corolla over i cm. wide : petals moderately unequal. 2. C. Chamaecrista. 
Corolla essentially regular, the five petals nearly equal : calyx-lobes obtuse. 
Petiolar gland between the lower pair of leaflets : leaflets 4-6, the blades 

obovate. 3. C. Tora. 

Petiolar gland at the base of the rachis : leaflets 12-20, the blades elliptic or 
oblong. 4. C. Marylandica. 

1. Cassia nictitans L. W11.D Sensitive- PIvANT. (Man. p. 529 ; I. 
F./. 2034.) In dry soil. Me. to Ga., west to Ind., Kans. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster; 
York ; Frankwn ; Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; AIvI^egheny. 

2. Cassia Chamaecrista L. Large-fi,owerEd Sensitive PEa. 
(Man. p. 529 ; I. V.f. 20j^.) In dry soil, range of the preceding species, 
but extending further west. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; D EI, aw are ; 
Chester ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Franki^in ; Ai,i,e- 

GHENY. 



180 PAPIUONACEAE 

3. Cassia Tora L. IvOW Senna. (Mau. p. 529; I. F. /. 20j6.) 
Along rivers, southern Pa. to Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Mex., and 
throughout tropical Am. and the warmer parts of the Old World. — Penn- 
sylvania : DeIvAWARE, Lansdowne. 

4. Cassia Marylandica L. Wii,d or American Senna. (Man. p. 
530 ; I. F. f. 203J.) In swamps and wet soil, N. Eng. to Mich., Neb., 
Fla, and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lehigh ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 

AlvI^EGHENY. 

3. GLEDITSIA L. 

1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey or Sweet Locust. (Man. p. 

531; I. F. /. 2041.) In woods, N. Y. and Ont. to Mich., Ga. and 

Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 

Chester ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Lycoming ; Greene ; Ai,i,e- 

GHENY. 

4. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. 
1. Gymnocladusdioica(L.) Koch. Kentucky Coffee-Tree. (Man. 
p. 531 ; I. F. /. 204J.) Rich woods, Ont. to Minn., Neb., Tenn. and the 
I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Franklin. 

Family 15. PAPILIONACEAE L. Pea Family. 

Stamens 10: filaments distinct. Tribe I. PODALYRIEAE. 

Stamens 10 or fewer : filaments monadelphous or diadelphous. 
Leaves destitute of tendrils. 
Herbs, shrubs, trees or woody vines. 
Fruit 2-valved or indehiscent, not a loment. 
Foliage not glandular-dotted. 

Anthers of 2 kinds : filaments monadelphous. 

Tribe II. GENISTEAE. 
Anthers all alike : filaments diadelphous, at least beyond the middle. 
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate. 
Leaflets toothed. Tribe III. TRIFOLIEAE. 

Leaflets entire. Tribe IV. LOTEAE. 

Leaf -blades pinnately several to many-foliolate, or rarely i-foliolate. 

Tribe V. GALEGEAE. 
Foliage glandular-dotted. Tribe VI. PSORALEAE. 

Fruit a loment. Tribe VII. HEDYSAREAE. 

Herbaceous vines or herbs. Tribe VIII. PHASEOLEAE. 

Leaves bearing tendrils. Tribe IX. VICIEAE. 

Tribe I. PODALYRIEAE. 
A single genus in our range. i. Baptisia. 

Tribe II. GENISTEAE. 
Herbs with i-foliolate or 5-11-foliolate leaf -blades. 
Pod turgid or inflated : leaf-blades i-foliolate. 2. Crotalaria. 

Pod flattened: leaf-blades 5-11-foliolate. 3. LupiNUS. 

Shrubs with 1-3-foliolate leaf-blades. 

Lips of the calyx much longer than the very short tube : leaves prickly. 

4. Ulex. 
Lips of the calyx about as long as the tube. 5. Cytisus. 



PAPILIONACEAE 



181 



Tribe III. TRIFOUEAH. 
Pods curved or coiled. 6. Medicago. 

Pods straight. 
Pods leathery, - 7. Melilotus. 

Pods membranous. 8. Trifolium. 

Tribe IV. LOTEAE. 
A single genus in our range. 9. I^otus. 

Tribe V. GALEGEAE. 
Standard with a blade as broad as long or broader, commonly spreading. 
Leaf-blades unequally pinnate. 

Herbs. 10. Cracca. 

Shrubs or trees, 11. Robinia. 

I^eaf -blades equally pinnate. 12. Sesban. 

Standard with a relatively narrow, usually erect blade. 13. Astragalus. 



Tribe VI. PSORALEAE. 
Single genus in our range. 

Tribe VII. HEDYSAREAE. 
lyeaf-blades pinnately several-foliolate. 
Flowers umbellate : corolla purplish. 
Flowers not umbellate : corolla yellow. 
Leaf-blades 3-foliolate. 
Corolla yellow. 

Corolla white, blue, purple or violet. 
Leaflets stipellate : loments of several joints. 



14. Amorpha. 

15. coronilla. 

16. Aeschynomene, 

17. Stylosanthes. 

18. Meibomia. 



Leaflets not stipellate : loments of i or rarely 2 joints. 19. Lespedeza. 

Tribe VIII. PHASEOLEAE. 
Keel neither curved nor coiled. 
Style glabrous or sparingly pubescent below. 
Standard not spurred at the base. 
Calyx subtended by two bractlets. 
Calyx without bractlets. 
Standard spurred at the base. 
Style bearded along the inner side. 
Keel coiled or curved. 
Keel spirally twisted. 
Leaves without stipels : leaflets 5 or more. 
Leaves with stipels : leaflets 3. 
Keel incurved. 

Tribe IX. VICIEAE. 
Style terete, with a tuft of hairs at the apex. 
Style flattened, pubescent along the inner side. 



20. Galactia. 

21. Falcata. 

22. Bradburya. 

23. Clitoria. 



24. Apios. 

25. Phaseolus. 

26. Strophostyles. 

27. ViCIA. 

28. Lathyrus. 



1. BAPTISIA Vent. 

Corolla blue : pods over 15 mm. long. i. B. atistralis. 

Corolla yellow : pods less than 15 mm. long. 2. B. tinctoria. 

1. Baptisia australis (L. ) R.Br. Bi.uE W11.D OR Bi.UK Fai.SK Indigo. 
(Man. p, 535 ; I. F, /, 2049.) In rich soil, western Pa. to Mo., south to 
Ga. and Ark, — Pennsylvania : C1.AR10N ; Ali^KGhkny ; Faykttk. 



182 PAPILIONACEAE 

2. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R.Br. Wii^d or Yei^low Indigo. (Man. 
P- 535 ; I- ^' /■ 20^o.) In dry soil, Mt-. to Minn., Fla. and ha.—Pe7in' 
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Phila- 
DELPiA ; DEI.AWARE ; CHESTER ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Fayette. 

2. CROTALARIA L. 
1. Crotalaria sagittalis L. RatTi^E-box. (Man. p. 536; I. F. /. 
^^^SS-) I^ flry, open places, northern N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ark. 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Berks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Franki^in. 

3. LUPINUS L. 
1. Lupinus perennis Iv. Wii^d Lupine. (Man. p. 536; I. F./. 2osj.) 
In dry, sandy soil, Me. to Minn., Fla., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania: 
Pike ; Bucks ; Berks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon; 
Franki^in ; Fulton ; Huntingdon. 

4. ULEX L. 

1. Ulex Europaeus L. Gorse. Whin. (Man. p. 537 ; I. F./. 2061.) 
In waste places, southern N. Y. to eastern Va., escaped. Also on Van- 
couver Island. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, 
ballast. 

5. CYTISUS L. 

1. Cytisus scoparius (L-) Ivink. Broom. Green or Scotch Broom. 
(Man. p. 537 ; I. F./. 2063.) In waste places, Mass. to Va. Also at Shel- 
burne, N. S., and on Vancouver Island. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylva7iia : Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Ai^i^egheny. 

6. MEDICAGO L. 

Plants perennial : corolla violet. i. M. saliva. 

Plants annual : corolla yellow. 
Pods curved, unarmed, i-seeded. 2. M. lupulina. 

Pods spirally twisted, spiny, several-seeded. 
Pods loosely coiled, the edge not furrowed, 3. M. denticulata. 

Pods tightly coiled, the edge furrowed. 4. M. Arahica. 

1. Medicago sativa L. Ai,Fai,fa. Lucerne. (Man. p. 538 ; I. F. 
f. 2064.^ In fields and waste places, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., south 

to Va. and Tex. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Dei^aware ; Chester ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie ; AIvI^egheny. 

2. Medicago lupulina L. Bi.ack or Hop Medic. Nonesuch. 
(Man. p. 538 ; I. F./. 206^.) In fields and waste places generally. Na- 
tive of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
PhiIvAdei^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
FrankIvIN ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Medicago denticulata Willd. Toothed Medic. (Man. p. 538 ; I. 
F. f. 2066. ) In waste places and in ballast about the seaports, N. S. to 
Pa. Also in the southern and western states and on the Pacific Coast. 



PAPILIONACEAE 183 

Fugitive or adv. from E)u. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Phii,ade:i,phia, 
ballast. 

4. Medioago Arabica All. Spotted Mkdic. (Man. p. 538 ; I. F. J. 
2o6j.) In waste places and ballast, N. B. to Pa. Also on the Pacific 
Coast. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. —Pennsylvania : Phii.ade:i.phia ; 

DEI/AWARE. 

7. MELILOTUS Juss. 

Corolla white : standard longer than the wings. i. M. alba. 

Corolla yellow : standard about as long as the wings. 2. M. officinalis. 

1. Melilotus alba Desv. White MEr,ii.oT or Sweet C1.0VER. 
(Man. p. 539; I. F. f. 2068.) In waste places, eastern and central 
United States. Adv. or nat. from Bu. and native also of Asia. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Coi^umbia ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. YE1.1.OW MewloT or Sweet 
C1.OVER. (Man. p. 539 ; I. F./. 2o6g.) Range of preceding species. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; AIvIvEGheny. 

8. TRIFOLIUM L- 

Corolla yellow. 
Stipules linear: leaflets sessile : racemes 12-18 mm. long. 

1. T. aureum. 
Stipules ovate : terminal leaflet stalked : racemes 6-12 mm. long. 

Standard conspicuously striate : racemes 20-40-flowered. 

2. T. procumbens. 
Standard scarcely striate : racemes 3-20-flowered. 3. T. dubium. 

Corolla white, pink, red or purple. 

Racemes cylindric : calyx copiously pubescent, its lobes plumose. 

Corolla shorter than the calyx, white. 4. T. arvense. 

Corolla fully as long as the calyx, crimson. 5. T. incarnaium. 

Raceme globular or ovoid : calyx glabrous or nearly so. 

Flowers short-pedicelled : racemes dense, head-like. 

6. T. pratense. 
Flowers slender-pedicelled : racemes umbel-like. 

Racemes over 2.5 cm. in diameter at maturity. 
Plant annual or biennial, pubescent, not stoloniferous. 

7. T. reflexum. 
Plant perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous. 8. T. stoloniferum. 

Racemes, less than 2 cm. in diameter at maturity. 

Stems ascending or procumbent : corolla pink or purple. 
Corolla pink, much longer than the calyx : stems ascending. 

9. T. hybridum. 
Corolla purple, about equalling the calyx : stems procumbent. 

10. T. Caroliniajtum . 
Stems creeping : corolla white or essentially so. 

11. T. repcns. 

1. Trifolium aureum Poll. YEi^iyOW or Hop-ci.oveR. (Man. p. 
539 ; I. F./. 20^0.) Along roadsides and in waste places, N. S., to Va., 
west to Ont. and Iowa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; 



184 PAPILIONACEAE 

Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; CoIvUmbia ; Huntingdon ; AlIvEgheny. 

2. Trifolium procumbens L- Low or Smai,i,er Hop-clover. ( Man. 
p. 540 ; I. F. f. 2oyr. ) In fields and along roadsides in the northern 
and southern states. Nat. from Ku. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in. 

3. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least H0P-CI.0VER. (Man. p. 540; I. 
F. f. 20J2.) In fields and waste places, N. Eng., N. J., and in the south- 
states. Also in B. C. Nat. from ^w.—Pentisylvania : Bucks ; Dela- 
ware. 

4. Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. (Man. 
p. 540 ; I. F. f. 20J4. ) In fields and waste places, northern and south- 
ern states. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Luzerne ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Allegheny. 

5. Trifolium incamatum L- Crimson Clover. (Man. p. 540 ; I. F. 
y. 20/j.) In fields, waste places and ballast, southern N. Y., N. J. and 

Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Allegheny. 

6. Trifolium pratense L.* RED or Meadow Clover. (Man. p. 
540; I. F. f. 2oy_^.) In fields, northern and southern states. Nat. from 
Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Pike ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

7. Trifolium reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. (Man. p. 541 ; I. F./. 
2oyg.) In meadows, southern Out., western N. Y. and Pa. to Iowa and 
Neb., south to Fla., and Tex. — Pennsylvaiiia : Montgomery, on Schuyl- 
kill ; Allegheny. 

8. Trifolium stolomferum Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover. (Man. 
p. 541 ; I. F. f. 2080.) Prairies and dry woods, Ohio to Neb., south to 
Ky. and Mo,, and sparingly eastward. — Pennsylvania : Chester. 

9. Trifolium hybridum L- Alsike or Alsatian Clover. (Man. p. 
541 ; I. F. f. 20S1. ) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Idaho, south to 
N. J. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Franklin ; 
Allegheny. 

10. Trifolium Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Clover. (Man. p. 
541 ; I. F. f. 2082.) In waste places and in fields and open places, Va. 
to Fla., west to Tex. Introduced northward. — Pennsylvania: Phila- 
delphia, ballast. 

11. Trifolium repens L. White or Dutch Clover. (Man. p. 541 ; 
I. F. f. 2o8j.) In fields and open places, eastern and central N. Am. 
Also in the Northwest. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 



* T. maritimum Huds. has been found at Bethlehem, Northampton 
County. 



PAPILIONACEAE 185 

9. LOTUS Iv. 
1. Lotus comiculatus Iv. Bird's-FooT TrEFOii.. (Man. p. 542 ; I. 
F./. 2084.) In waste places and in ballast, N. B., and about the seaports 
of the Eastern and Middle States. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : 
Phii,adfi.phia, ballast. 

10. CRACCA Iv. 

1. Cracca Virginiana Iv. CaT-guT. Goat's RuE. (Man. p. 548; I. 
F. /. 211'^.) In dry sandy soil, southern N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla., 
La. and northern Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; DEi.- 
AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Franki^in ; FuIvTon ; 
Huntingdon ; Ai^legheny. 

11. ROBINIA L. 

Corolla white : twigs, petioles and pods glabrous. i. R. Pseudacacia. 

Corolla pink : twigs, petioles and pods glandular. 2. R. viscosa. 

1. Robinia Pseudacacia L. Locust-tree. (Man. p. 549; I. F. /. 
2 1 21.) In woods, Pa., south to Ga., west to Iowa and the 1. Terr. 
Nat. in the Middle and Eastern States and eastern Can. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Perry ; Huntingdon ; Franki^in ; Fui^Ton ; Ai^IvEGheny ; 
Lancaster ; York ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester. 

2. Robinia viscosa "Vent. Ci^ammy Locust, (Man. p. 549 ; I. F. /. 
2122.) In woods, mountains of Va. to Ga., and uat. northward. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Phii^adei^phia ; DeIvAware ; Chester. 

12. SESBAN Adans. 
1. Sesban macrocarpa Muhl. Long-podded Sesban. (Man. p. 
550 ; I. F. /. 2124.) In wet or moist soil. Mo. to Tex., east to S. C. and 
Fla., south to Central America. Introduced northward. — Pennsylvania : 
Dei<aware, Lansdowne. 

13. ASTRAGALUS L. 

1. Astragalus Carolinianus L. Caroi^ina M11.K Vetch. (Man. p. 
551 ; I. F. f. 21J0. ) Along streams, Hudson Bay and Quebec to the Rocky 
Mts., south to Ga., La. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Franki^in ; Susque- 
hanna ; Bedford ; Somerset ; Bi^air ; Fayette ; Cambria ; Ci^in- 
TON ; A1.1.EGHENY ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

14. AMORPHA L. 
1. Amorpha fruticosa L. Fai,se or Bastard Indigo. (Man. p. 
545; I. F. y. 2J0I.) Along streams, Ohio to Man., south to Fla., Colo, 
and Chihuahua. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, escaped. 

15. CORONILLA L. 
1. Coronilla varia L. Coronii^IvA. (Man. p. 557; I. F. /. 2164.) 
Roadsides and waste places, Conn., southern N. Y. Pa, and N. J. Adv. 
or nat. from Eu. — Pe?msylvania : Chester, streets of W. Chester. 



186 PAPIUONACEAE 

16. AESCHYNOMENE L. 

1. Aeachynomene Virginica (L-) B.S.P. Sensitive Joint VETCh. 
(Man. p. 558 ; I. F. /. 2167.) River banks, southeastern Pa. and N. J. to 
Fla., west to La. — Pennsylania : Delaware. 

17. STYLOSANTHES vSw. 

1. Stylosanthes biflora (L, ) B.S.P. Pencil-floweR. (Man. p. 
558 ; I. F. /. 2 1 68.) In dry soil, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., west to Ind., 
Kans., the I. Terr, and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe : Northampton ; 
Bucks: Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Mont- 
gomery ; York ; Franklin ; Fayette. 

18. MEIBOMIA Adans. 
Pods straight along the upper suture, deeply constricted along the lower suture. 
Scape and leaf arising from the rootstock. i. M. nudiflora. 

Scape arising from a whorl of leaves or terminating a leafy stem. 

Leaves whorled, 2. M. grandiflora. 

Leaves scattered. 3. M. paniciflora. 

Pods constricted along both sutures, but more deeply below than above. 
Stems weak, trailing or reclining. 

Leaflets with orbicular or suborbicular blades. 4. M. Michauxii. 

Leaflets with ovate or oval blades. 
Corolla whitish : leaves yellowish green : stipules ovate. 

5, M. ochroleuca. 
Corolla purple: leaves dull green: stipules subulate. 6. M. glabella. 
Stems erect or ascending. 
Leaves with little or no petioles, 7. M. sessilifolia. 

Leaves with relatively long petioles. 
Joints of the pod markedly longer than wide. 

Leaflets with obtuse yellowish green rough-pubescent blades. 

8. M. canescens. 
Leaflets with long-acuminate glabrous blades, glaucous beneath. 

q. M. bract eosa. 
Joints of the pod only slightly longer than wide. 
Pods manifestly stipitate. 
Plants glabrous or nearly so. 
Leaflets green beneath, the blades lanceolate to oblong. 

10. M. paniculata. 
Leaflets glaucous beneath, the blades ovate to oval. 

11. M. laevigata. 
Plants pubescent or scabrous-pubescent. 

Leaflets velvety-pubescent beneath, the blades leathery. 

12. M. viridifiora. 
Leaflets thinly pubescent beneath, the blades thin. 

13. M. Dillenii. 
Pods not stipitate or scarcely so. 

Pods 4-7-jointed : corollas conspicuous. 14. M. Canadensis. 

Pods 2-3-jointed : corollas relatively inconspicuous. 
Leaflets scabrous, the blades mostly over 2 cm. long. 

15. M. rigida. 
Leaflets smooth, the blades mostly less than 2 cm. long. 
Stem glabrous or nearl 3-^ so: leaflets eciliate. 16. M. Marylandica. 
Stem pubescent : leaflets ciliate. 17. M. obtusa. 



PAPILIONACEAK 187 

1. Melbomia nudiflora (Iv.) Kuntze. NakEd-Fi.owkrEd Tick-Tre- 
EOii.. (Man. p. 560 ; I. F.y". 21^0.) In dry woods, Quebec to Minn., 
south to Fla. and La. — Pejmsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Montour 

Al.I,EGHENY. 

2. Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Pointed-i^eaved Tick- 
TREEOII., (Man. p. 560; I. F. f. 2iyi.) In dry or rocky woods, 
Quebec to Minn., south to Fla. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin ; Monroe ; Huntingdon. 

3. Meibomia pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Few-elowerEd Tick- 
Trefoil. (Man. p. 560 ; I. F. /. 21/2.) In woods,[Ont. (?) and western 
N. Y. to Fla., west to Ohio, Ark. and ha.— Pennsylvania : CHESTER. 

4. Meibomia Miohauxii Vail. Prostrate Tick-Trefoil. (Man. p. 
560 ; I. F. /. 21 J4.) Dry woods. Me. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; AlIvEGHeny. 

5. Meibomia ochroleuca (M. A. Curtis) Kuntze. CrEam-FlowerEd 
Tick-trefoil. (Man. p. 560 ; I. F. /. 2iy^.) In woodlands, N. J. and 
Pa. to Ga. Also in Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

6. Meibomia glabella (Michx.) Kuntze. Trailing Tick-Trefoil. 
(Man. p. 560; I. V.f. 21 y 6.) In dry, sandy woods, eastern Mass. to 
S. C. — Pennsylvania: Bucks. 

7. Meibomia sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. SesSILB-LEavEd Tick- 
TrEFOIL. (Man. p. 560; I. F. /. 2177.) In dry soil, Mass., R. I. to 
Mich., south to Ky., Ark. and Tq^.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, on the 
Susquehanna. 

8. Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Tick-trefoil. (Man. 
p. 561; I. F. /. 2i/p.) In rich soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn, and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Fayette ; Allegheny. 

9. Meibomia bracteosa (Michx.) Kuntze. Long-bracTed Tick- 
TREFOIL. (Man. p. 561 ; I. F. /. 2181.) In thickets, Ont. to Minn., 
Fla., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. 

10. Meibomia paniculata (L. ) Kuntze. PaniclEd Tick- Trefoil. 
(Man. p. 561 ; I. F. /. 2182.) In dry soil, Ont. to Minn., south to 
Mass., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Huntingdon ; 
Allegheny. 

11. Meibomia laevigata (Nutt.) Kuntze. Smooth Tick-Trefoil. 
(Man. p. 561; I. F./. 2/8j.) In dry woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Mo. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware, Tinicum. 

12. Meibomia viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. VELVET-lEaved Tick-TRE- 
FoiL- (Man. p. 562 ; I. F. /. 2185. ) Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., 



188 PAPILIONACEAE 

west to Mich., Mo. and t^^.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster. 

13. Melbomia Dillenil (Darl. ) Kuntze. Dili^en's Tick-Trefoil. 
(Man. p. 562 ; I. F. /; 2/86. ) Woods, Me. to Minn., Va., Ky., Mo. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Bedford ; Franklin ; Huntingdon. 

14. Meibomia Canadensis (L) Kuntze. Canadian or Showy 
Tick-trefoil. (Man. p. 562 ; 1. F./. 2188.) Thickets and river-banks. 
N. B. to Man., south to N. C, Mo. and the I. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; 
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
Delaware ; Allegheny. 

15. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. Rigid Tick-trefoil. (Man. 
p. 562 ; I. F. /. 2i8g.) In dry soil, Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., Neb. 
and La. — Petmsylvania : Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon. 

16. Meibomia Marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Smooth Small-LEaved 
Tick trefoil. (Man. p. 562 ; I. F./. 2190.) In dry soil and in copses, 
Ont. to Mass., Fla., Mich, and I^sl.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

17. Meibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Hairy Small-leaved Tick- 
trefoil. (Man. p. 562; I. F. y. 2igi.) Dry soil, Ont. to Mass. and 
Fla., west to Mich, and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon. 

19. LESPEDEZA Michx. 
Plants with both petaliferous and apetalous flowers : corolla purple or purplish : 
pod manifestly surpassing the calyx. 
Flower-clusters on slender peduncles which generally surpass the leaves. 
Petaliferous flowers in close spike-like clusters or capitate. 
Plants with slender trailing or diffusely procumbent stems. 
Stems glabrous or pubescent with appressed hairs, i. L. repens. 
Stems woolly or pubescent with downy hairs. 2. L. procumbens. 

Plants with rather stout erect stems. 3. L. Nuttallii. 

Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate. 4. L. violacea. 

Flower-clusters of both the petaliferous and apetalous flowers sessile or 
nearly so. 
Leaflets with oblong oval or suborbicular blades. 
Stem and leaves closely and softly pubescent. 5. L. Stuvei. 

Stem and leaves glabrate or thinly appressed-pubescent. 

6. L.frutescens. 
Leaflets with linear or linear-oblong blades. 7. L. Virginica. 

Plants with complete flowers : corolla whitish or yellowish : pod shorter than 
the calyx or rarely a little longer. 
Leaflets with oblong to suborbicular blades. 

Peduncles surpassing the leaves. 8. L. hirta. 

Peduncles shorter than the leaves. q. L. capiiata. 

Leaflets with linear blades. 10. L. angustifolia, 

1. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Bush-clover. (Man. p. 
563 ; I. -F. f. 2ig2.) In dry or sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Minn., and Tex, 



PAPILTONACEAB 189 

— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^awark ; 
Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Huntingdon ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Traiwng Bush-cIvOVER. (Man. 
p. 563 ; I. F.y. 2igj.) In dry soil, Mass. to Fla., west to the I. Terr, and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon. 

3. Lespedeza Nuttallii Darl. NutTai.i.'s Bush-ci,over. (Man. p. 
563 ; I. F. /. 2194.) Dry soil, southern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Mich., Fla. 
and Kans. — Pennsylva?tia : Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Lan- 
caster ; Montgomery ; Franki^in ; Montour ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Lespedeza violacea ( L. ) Pers. Bush-ci.over. (Man. p. 563 ; L F. 
f. 2ig^.) In dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kans., La. and 

northern Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei,aware ; 
Ali^egheny. 

5. Lespedeza Stuvei Nutt. Stuve's Bush- CI.OVER. (Man. p. 564; 
I. F. /. 2ig6.) Dry soil, L- I- to Va., west to Mich, and the I. Terr. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii^adei^phia ; Lancaster. 

5a. L. Stuvei neglectaBritton. (Man. p. 564.) N. J. to N. C, Ga., 
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : PhiIvADEI.phia. 

6. Lespedeza frutesoens (L. ) Britton. Wand-i,ike Bush-ci.over. 
(Man, p. 564 ; I. F./. 2igy.) Dry soil, Mass', to Mich., south to Fla., 111. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware. 

7. Lespedeza Virginica (L.) Britton. Si^Ender Bush-ci.over. 
(Man. p. 564 ; I. F./. 2ig8.) Dry soil, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Allegheny. 

8. Lespedeza hirta (L.) EU. Hairy Bush-clover. (Man. p. 564; 
I. F. /. 2igg.) Dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla. west to 111., Minn, and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Montgomery ; Montour ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Lebanon ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Allegheny. 

9. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bush-clover. (Man. 
p. 564 ; I. F./. 2200.) Dry fields, Ont. and Me. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and 
La. — Pennsylvania: Allegheny. 

10. Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) Ell. Narrow-lEaved Bush. 
CLOVER. (Man. p. 564 ; I. F. /. 2201.) Dry sandy soil, eastern Mass. to 
Fla., west to IVIich. and La. — Pennsylvania : Delaware. 

20. GALACTIA P. Br. 

Pods sparingly pubescent: plants glabrous or nearly so. i. G. regularis. 

Pods copiously pubescent : plant closely pubescent. 2. G. volubilis. 

1. Galactia regularis (L.) B.S.P. Milk Pea. (Man. p. 570; I. F. 
/. 222S. ) In dry sandy soil, southeastern N. Y., Pa., pine barrens of N. 
J., south to Fla. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading ; Lan- 
caster, Cedar Hill. 

2. Galactia volubilis (L-) Britton. Downy Milk Pea. (Man. p. 
570 ; I. F.y. 222g.) In dry soil, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., west to Pa., 
Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Berks, near Reading. 



190 PAPILIONACKAE 

21. FALCATA Gmel. 
1. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. W11.D or Hog Pea-nut. (Man. 
p. 569; I. F./. 222^.) Moist thickets, N. B, to Fla., west to Lake Su- 
perior, Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; Erie ; Ar<i.E- 

GHENY. 

22. BRADBURYA Raf. 

1. Bradburya Virginiana (L. ) Kuntze. Spurred BuTTerfi,y-Pea. 
(Man. p. 568 ; I. F. f. 2223.) Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Locally escaped from gardens in the south- 
eastern counties. 

23. CLITORIA L. 

1. Clitoria Mariana L. ButterEI.y-Pea. (Man. p. 569 ; I. F. /. 
2224..) Dry soil, N. J., south to Fla., west to Mo. and Tt.'x..— Pennsylva- 
nia : Phii^adelphia, on the Wissahickon ; Lancaster. 

24. APIOS Moench. 
1. Apios Apios (L. ) MacM. Ground-nut. (Man. p. 569; I. F. /. 
222J.) In moist ground, N. B. to Fla., west to western Ont., Minn., 
Kans. and La, — Pen7isylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; York ; Perry ; Crawford ; Aivi.E- 
gheny. 

25. PHASEOLUS L. 

1. Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) B.S.P. W11.D Bean or Bean Vine. 
(Man. p. 571 ; I. F. f. 2234.) In thickets. Can. south to Fla., west to 
Minn., Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Dei^aware. 

26. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. 
Leaflets with mainly lobed blades : pods 5-8 cm. long. i. 5. helvola. 

Leaflets with mainly entire blades : pods 2-5 cm. long. 2. 5. umbellata. 

1. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Traii^ing Wild Bean. 
(Man. p. 571 ; I. F./. 223^.) In sandy soil, eastern Mass. to Fla., west 
to Tex. Also from Quebec to Minn, and south in the Miss. Valley. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; 
Chester ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Delaware. 

2. Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ) Britton. Pink Wild Bean. 
(Man. p. 571 ; I. F./, 2236.) In sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., Ind. and La. 
Pennsylvania : — Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

27. VICIA L. 

A. Flowers in racemes or spikes terminating elongated peduncles, 
a. Plants perennial : native species. 
Raceme densely many-flowered. 
Standard with the claw and blade of about equal length. 

I. V. Cracca. 
Standard with the claw M the length of the blade. 2, V. villosa. 
Racemes lax, relatively few-flowered. 



PAPILIONACEAK 191 

Corolla 16-21 mm. long. 3. V. Americana. 

Corolla 9-1 1 mm. longf. 4. K Caroliniana. 
b. Plants annual : introduced species. 

Pods glabrous, 3-6-seeded. 5. V. tetrasperma. 

Pods pubescent, 2-seeded. 6. V. hirsuta. 
B. Flowers solitary or few and nearly sessile in the axils. 

I,eaflets with oblong, oval or obovate blades. 7. V. sativa. 

lyCaflets with linear or linear-oblong blades. 8. V. angnstifolia. 

1. Vicia Cracca L. Cow or Bi,UE Vetch. (Man. p. 565; I. F. /. 
2204.) In dry soil, Newf. to B. C, south to N. Y., N. J., Ky. and Iowa. 
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Penyisylvania : Monror ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster. 

2. Vicia villosa Roth. (Man. p. 565.) Escaped in eastern Pa. Nat. 
of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley. 

3. Vicia Americana Muhl. Ai ,erican Vetch. (Man. p. 565 ; I. 
V.f. 220^.) In moist ground, N. B. to N. C, south to Va., Ky. and Nev. 
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Huntingdon ; Centre. 

4. Vicia Caroliniana Walt. Caroi^ina Vetch. (Man. p. 566; I. 
V.f. 22oy.) River banks and cliffs, Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ky, 
andKans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; 
Perry ; Susquehanna ; Franki^in ; Somerset ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

5. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. S1.ENDER Vetch. Smooth 
Tare. (Man. p. 566 ; I. F. f. 2210. ) In meadows and waste places, N. 
S. and Ont. to Va. Nat. from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Petin- 
sylvania : Monroe ; PhiIvAdei^phia ; Dei^aware. 

6. Vicia hirsuta (L.) Koch. Hairy Vetch or Tare. (Man. p. 
566; I. V.f. 221 1.) In fields and waste places, Va. to Ohio and N. B. 
Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester. 

7. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch or Tare. (Man. p. 566 ; I. F. 
f. 2212.) In fields and waste places, eastern and central United States and 

on the Pacific coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei<phia ; 
DeIvAware ; Lancaster ; Ali^egheny. 

8. Vicia angnstifolia Roth. Smai.i,er Common Vetch. (Man. p. 
566 ; I. F.y". 221 J.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Fla., mostly near 
the coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, waste places. 

28. LATYHRUS L. 

Stipules large and foliaceous, half-hastate or half-cordate. 

Corolla purple. i. L. maritimus. 

Corolla cream-colored. 2. L. ochroleucus. 

Stipules half-sagittate or very small or wanting. 

Leaflets with ovate or oval blades : racemes io-20-flowered. 

3. L. venosus. 

Leaflets with oblong blades : racemes 2-6-flowered. 4. L. niyriifolius. 

1. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Beach or Sea Pea. (Man. p. 
567; I. F.y! 221^.) Sea-beaches, N. J. to Arctic Am., shores of the 



192 geraniaceae; 

Great Lakes and on the Pacific coast. Also in northern Eu. and Asia. — 
Pennsylvajiia : EriK, Presque Isle ; Cwnton. 

2. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. CREAM-COI.ORED VetchIvING. (Man. 
p. 568 ; I. F. 2221.) On river banks and hillsides, N. J., Pa. to N. Eng., 
Quebec and Arctic Am., west to Iowa, N. Dak., Wash, and B, C. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bi,AiR ; Centre. 

3. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea. (Man. p. 567 ; I. F./ 2216.) 
River shores and banks, western N. J. and Pa. to Ind. and Assiniboia, 
south to Ga., Iva. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethle- 
hem ; York ; Perry ; SusouEhanna ; WesTmorei,and. 

4. Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhl. Myrti,e-i.Eaved Marsh Pea. (Man. 
p. 567 ; I. F. f. 2218.) In moist or wet grounds, N. B. to Man., south to 
N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; 
Lancaster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Dei^aware. 

Order 15. GERANIALES. 

Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. 
Anther-sacs opening by longitudinal valves. 

Plants destitute of secreting glands or cells in the tissues. 
Styles united around a central column from which they break at maturity^ 

Fam. I. Geraniaceae. 
Styles distinct or permanently united. 

Leaves simple. Fam. 2. Linaceae. 

Leaves compound. Fam. 3. Oxalidaceae. 

Plants with secretingglands, these often in the leaves, sometimes in the bark. 
Leaf-blades punctate by oil glands. Fam. 4. Rutaceae. 

Leaf-blades without oil glands. Fam. 5. Simarubaceae. 

Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fam. 6. Polygalaceae. 

Stigmas or styles distinct or cleft, or foliaceous, or united by pairs. 

Perianth present : stamens several, or only one when the flowers are in invo- 
lucres (£'z</>/ior/^za). Fam, 7. EUPHORBIACEAE. 
Perianth wanting : stamen solitary. Fam. 8. Callitrichaceae. 

FAM11.Y I. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Geranium Famii^y. 

Carpel-bodies turgid, the tails glabrous within : anthers 10, or rarely 5. 

I. Geranium. 
Carpel-bodies narrow, the tails pubescent within : anthers 5. 2. Frodium. 

1. GERANIUM L. 

Carpel-bodies deciduous from the styles at maturity, each with 2 fibrous ap- 
pendages at the top : leaf-blades divided. i. G. Robertianum. 
Carpel-bodies permanently united to the styles, unappendaged : leaf-blades 
lobed, cleft or parted. 
A. Annual or biennial plants : corolla less than 1.5 cm. wide. 
Sepals without subulate tips : seeds smooth. 
Carpel-bodies wrinkled : stamens 10. 2. G. molle. 
Carpel-bodies pubescent : stamens 5. 3. G. pusillum. 
Sepals with subulate tips : seeds reticulated or pitted. 
Sepal-tips less than i mm. long. 4. G. rotundifplium. 
Sepal-tips 1-2 mm. long. 



LINACEAB 193 

Style-beak and branches less tban 3 mm. long. 5. G. Carolinianum. 
Style-beak and branches over 4 mm. long-. 6. G. columbinum. 

B. Perennial plants with stout rootstocks : corolla over 2 cm. wide. 

7. G. maculatum. 

1. Geranium Robertianum L. Herb Robert. (Man. p. 573; I. F. 
f. 2240.) In rocky woods, rarely in sandy places, N. B. and N. S. to 
Man., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Pa. and Mo. Also in Ku., Asia 
and northern Africa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Cliffs ; 
Berks ; Susquehanna. 

2. Geranium moUe Iv. DovE'S-FooT Crane' S-BII.1.. (Man. p. 574; 
I. F. f. 2248. ) In waste places, Me. to Pa. , Ohio and Ont. Also in 
Wash, and Vancouver. Fugitive from Ku. — Pennsylvania : Phii;adei,- 
PHIA, ballast ; Bucks, Sellersville. 

3. Geranium pusillum L. Smai.i.-Ei,owered Crane'S-bii,i,. (Man. 
p. 574 ; I. F. f. 2247.) In waste places, southern N. Bug. to B. C, south 
to N. J., Pa. and Ohio. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Berks ; Franki^in ; Somerset ; Ai,i,egheny. 

4. Geranium rotundifoliumL. Round-i^eaved Crane'S-bii^i,. (Man. 
p. 574; I. F. f. 224J.) In waste places, Mich., and in ballast about N. 
Y. Fugitive from Eu. Native also of northern Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Phii.adei.phia, ballast. 

5. Geranium Carolinianum L. Carolina Crane's-bii.1,. (Man. p. 
574; I. F. /. 2244.) In barren soil, N. S. (?), N. Bng. to B. C, south 
to Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Phii.adei.phia ; Ai.i.egheny. 

6. Geranium columbinum L. Long-STai.ked CranE'S-bii.i.. (Man. 
p. 574 ; I. F.y. 2242.^ In fields and along roadsides, N. J., Pa., Md. and 
Va. Also in S. Dak. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : IvANCAster ; 
York, York Furnace ; Bucks ; Franki.in. 

7. Geranium maculatum L. W11.D or Spotted Crane's-bili.. 
(Man. p. 573; I. F. y. 223^.) In woods, Newf. to Man., south to Ga., 
Ala. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Mont- 
gomery ; Bucks ; Dei.aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
FRANK1.1N ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. BRODIUM L'Her. 
1. Erodium cicutarium (L.) Iv'Her. Stork's-bii.i.. Ai.fii.aria. 

(Man. p. 575 ; I. F. / 2249.) Waste places and fields, N. S. to Mich., 
south to N. J. and Pa. Also from Tex. to Oregon. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pen7isylvania : Phii.adei.phia ; Lancaster ; Luzerne, Kingston ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester. 

FAMI1.Y 2. LINACEAE Dumort. Fi.ax Famii.y. 

1. LINUM L. 

Corolla blue. i. L.usitaiissimiim. 

Corolla yellow. 
A. Styles distinct, 
a. Inner and outer sepals entire, sometimes erose, but not glandular-toothed. 
13 



194 OXALIDACEAE 

Stems and branches ridged, angled or winged. 2. L. slrialinn. 

Stems and branches terete or essentially so. 3. L. Virf^iiiianum. 

b. Inner sepals glandular-toothed, outer sepals entire or toothed. 

4. L. medium. 
B. Styles partially united. 5. L. sulcaliim. 

1. Linum usitatissimum L. Fi^ax. (Mau. p. 578; I. V. f. 22^8.) 
Along roadsides, railways and in waste places, fugitive from Eu. — Penn. 
sylvania : Northampton ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; 
Erie ; Ai^IvEgheny. 

2. Linum striatum Walt. Ridged YEI.1.OW Flax. (Man. p. 579; I. 
F. y. 226J.') In bogs and swamps, rarely in drier ground, Ont. to Conn., 
Fla., Ark. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Berks ; Chester ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Lancaster ; Cam- 
bria ; Fayette. 

3. Linum Virginianum L. • W11.D or vSi^Ender YE1.LOV/ Flax. 
( Man. p. 579 ; I. F.y. 2260. ) In shaded situations, N. Eng. to Ga. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Schuylkill ; Franklin ; Columbia ; Centre ; Allegheny. 

4. Linum medium (Planch.) Britten. Stiff Yellow Flax. (Man- 
p. 579 ; I. F.y. 2262.) In dry soil, Ont. to Fla. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : 
Erie, Presque Isle. 

5. Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. (Man. p. 
579 ; I. F.y. 2264. ) In dry soil, Ont. to Man., south to Ga., west to Tex., 
rnre near the Atlantic coast. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Hunting- 
don, Birmingham. 

Family 3. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. Wood-sorrel Family. 
1. OXALIS L. 

Plants acaulescent : corolla white, pink or rose-purple. 

Scape terminated by a single flower : corolla pink : capsule globular. 

1. O. Aceiosella. 
Scape terminated by several flowers : corolla rose-purple : capsule ovoid. 

2. O. violacea. 
Plants caulescent : corolla yellow. 

Stems and petioles strigilose with decidedly appressed hairs. 

3. O. siricta. 
Stems and petioles villous or with loosely spreading hairs. 

Pedicels with erect or appressed hairs. 
Longer filaments glabrous. 
Sepals ciliate nearly all around : leaflets bright green. 4. O. Bzishii. 
Sepals ciliate only at the apex : leaflets reddish purple. 

5. O. ritfa. 
Longer filaments ciliate above or throughout. 
Sepals ciliate nearly all around : petals 6-10 mm. long : leaflets wholly 
green. 6. O. Brittoniae. 

Sepals ciliate only at the apex or near it : petals 12-16 mm. long : leaf- 
lets brown margined. 7. O. grandis. 
Pedicels with villous hairs. 8. O. cymosa. 



RUTACEAE 195 

1. Oxalis Acetosella Iv. White or True WooD-soRRKi.. (Man. p. 
576 ; I. F.yi 22^0.) In eold damp woods, N. S. to Man., the mountains 
of N, C—Pefinsylvania : Wa.y-^-E\ Lackawanna; Tioga; Monroe; 
Carbon ; B1.AIR ; Cambria ; Ci^earfield ; Erie ; Somerset. 

2. Oxalis violacea L. V101.ET Woodsorrei.. (Man. p. 576; I. F. 
f. 22§i.) In woods, northern N. Eng. to Minn, and the Rocky Mts., 
south to Fla. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Pike ; 
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank. 
i,iN ; York ; Centre ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Oxalis stiicta L- Upright Yei^IvOw Wood-sorrei.. (Man. p. 

576 ; L F.y. 22^4.) In woods and fields, N. S. to N. Dak. and Colo., south 
to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Ai.i.egheny ; Lan- 
caster. 

4. Oxalis Bushii Small. Bush's Wood-sorrei.. (Man. p. 577.) In 
dry soil, Pa,, Mo. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Bradford. 

5. Oxalis rufa Small. Red Wood-sorrei.. (Man. p. 577.) In 
woods, Mass. to N. Y., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe. 

6. Oxalis Brittoniae Small. (Man. p. 577.) In woods and fields, N. 
Y. to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tanners ville ; Lan- 
caster. 

7. Oxalis cymosa Small. Tai.1, YE1.1.OW Wood-sorrei.. (Man. p. 

577 ; I. F.y. 22^6.) In woods and fields, Ont. to Mich., Fla., Neb. and Tex. 
Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Coi^umbia ; Frank- 
WN ; Chester. 

8. Oxalis grandis Small. Great YEI/I.OW Wood-sorrei.. (Man. 
p. 577 ; I. F./. 22S7.) On river banks, Pa. to 111., N. C. and Tenn.— 
Pennsylvania : Franki^in ; Allegheny. 

Family 4. RUTACEAE Juss. Rue Family. 

Fruit dehiscent, capsular. i. Xanthoxylum. 

Fruit indehiscent, samaroid. 2. Ptelea. 

1. XANTHOXYLUM L- 

1. Xanthoxylum Amerioanum Mill. Prickly Ash. TooThachE- 
Tree. (Man. p. 581 ; I. F./. 226g.) In woods and thickets, Quebec to 
Va., west to Minn., Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Lacka- 
wanna ; Allegheny. 

2. PTELEA L. 

I. Ptelea trifoliata L. Three-leaved Hop-tree. (Man. p. 581; 
I. F. /. 22 J I.) In woods, L. I. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex. and northern 
Mex. Escaped from cult. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Berks ; 
Philadelphia. 



19G POIvYGAI^ACEAE) 

FAMII.Y 5. SIMARUBACEAE DC. Ailanthus Famii^y. 

1. AILANTHUS Desf. 

1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of Heaven. Aii^anthus. 

(Man, p. 582 ; I. ¥./. 22 j2.) Escaped, along roadsides and in jSelds in 

southern Ont., and in the eastern U. S. — Pennsylva7iia : Northampton ; 

PHII^ADEIyPHIA ; DEI.AWARE ; CHESTER ; LANCASTER ; FrANKWN ; 
ALI.EGHENY. 

Famii^y 6. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. Mii^kwort Famii^y. 
1. POLYGALA Iv. 

Flowers several or many in terminal often spike-like racemes. 
Racemes spike-like. 
Corolla orange-yellow : basal leaves persistent with spatulate or obovatc 

blades. i. P. lutea. 

Corolla not yellow : basal leaves early deciduous. 
Leaves, at least those at the lower nodes, whorled. 
Racemes 8-18 mm. thick. 2. P. cruciata. 

Racemes 4-6 mm. thick. 
Leaves prevailingly whorled : wings as long as the capsule. 

3. P. veriicillata. 
Leaves prevailingly alternate : wings shorter than the capsule. 

4. P. ambigua. 
Leaves all alternate. 

Petals united into a cleft tube 6-8 mm. long. 5. P. incarnata. 

Petals not united into a long tube. 
Racemes abbreviated. 

Racemes over 11 mm. thick. 6. P. viridescens. 

Racemes less than 11 mm. thick. 7. P. Nuttallii. 

Racemes elongated. 8. P. Senega. 

Racemes lax, not spike-like. 9. P. polygama. 

Flowers 1-4, axillary to leaf -like bracts. 10. P. paucifolia. 

1. Poly gala lutea L. Orange Mii^kwort. (Man. p. 583 ; I. F. /! 
227^.) In pine-barren swamps, L- I., N. Y., south to Fla. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Polygala cruciata L. Marsh Mii^kworT. (Man. p. 583 ; I. F./. 
22j6.) In sandy swamps, Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and La. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks, Bristol ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware; Chester; Lan- 
caster. 

3. Polygala verticillata L. Whori^ed Mii^kwort. (Man. p. 583 ^ 
I. F.y. 2278.) In dry or moist soil, mostly in fields, southern Quebec to 
Minn., south to Fla. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Le- 
high ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Chester ; 
Perry ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai^i^egheny. 

4. Polygala ambigua Nutt. Loose-spiked MiIvKWORT. (Man. p. 
584 ; I. F. /. 22yg.) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga., Tenn. and La. — 
Pennsylvania: DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Columbia ; 
Allegheny. 



EUPHORBIACEAE 197 

5. Polygala incarnata h- Pink MiIvKWORT. (Man. p. 584 ; I. F. /. 
2280.) In dry soil, Ont. and Wis. to N. J. and Pa., Fla. and Mex. — 
Pennsylvania: Chkster ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

6. Polygala viridescens L. F1E1.D or Purpi^E MiIvKWORT. (Man. 
p. 584; I. F, f. 2281.) In fields and meadows, Ont. to Minn., N. Eng., 
N. C. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ; 
DeI/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Erie ; Ai<i.egheny. 

7. Polygala Nuttallii T. & G. NuTTai^l's Mii^kworT. (Man. p. 584; 
I. F.y. 2284.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to'N. C, Ala. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Pike ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Tinicum ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^in. 

8. Polygala Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Mountain Fi.ax. 
(Man, p. 584 ; I. P\ /. 228^.) In rocky woods, N. B., to Minn, and the 
Canadian Rocky Mts., south to N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Phii.adei<phia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Bi^air. 

9. Polygala polygama Walt. Racemed Mii^kwort, (Man. p. 585 ; 
I. F. /. 228 J. ) In dry soil, N. S. to the Lake of the Woods, south to Fla. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adelphia ; Erie. 

10. Polygala paucifolia Willd. F1.0WERING WinTERGReen. 
Fringed Mii^kworT. (Man. p. 585; I. F. /. 2288.) In moist rich 
woods, N. B. and Anlicosti to the Saskatchewan, south to Ga. and 111. — 
Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Berks ; Lehigh ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Dauphin ; Perry ; Schuyi^kii,!, ; Tioga ; Franki^in ; Fui,- 
TON ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; Somerset. 

Famii^y 7. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil. Spurge Famii^y. 
Flowers not in an involucre : calyx always present. 
Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. i. Phyllanthus. 

Ovule I in each cavity of the ovary. 
Plants clothed with stellate pubescence or scales. 

Ovary and dehiscent capsule 2-4-celled, mostly 3-celled. 

2, Croton. 
Ovary and indehiscent achene-like capsule i-celled. 3, Crotonopsis. 
Plants pubescent with simple or merely gland-tipped hairs, or glabrous. 
Inflorescence spicate : leaf-blades not peltate, 4. Acalypha. 

Inflorescence racemose or paniculate : leaf -blades peltate. 

5, RiCINUS. 

Flowers in an involucre, the calyx represented by a minute scale at the base of 
the filament-like pedicel. 6. Euphorbia. 

1. PHYLLANTHUS L. 
1. Phyllanthus Carollnensis Walt. Carowna Phyli^anthus. (Man. 
p. 586 ; I. F.y. 2289.) In sandy or gravelly soil, eastern Pa, to 111., Fla,, 
Tex. and C. Am. Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York, on Susquehanna ; 
Chester. 

2. CROTON L. 

1, Croton glandulosus L. Gi^andular Croton. (Man. p, 586 ; 
I. F. /, 22go. ) In sandy soil, Va. to Iowa and Kans., south to Fla. and 



198 EUPHORBIACEAE 

C. Am. Also in the W. I. and S. Am. Pemisylvaiiia : Philadei^phia, 
on or near ballast. 

3. CROTONOPSIS Michx. 
1. Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Crotonopsis, (Man. p. 587 ; I. F. 
f. 22g^. ) In dry sandy soil, N. J. to Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Penri; 
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

4. ACALYPHA L- 

Staniinate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes : capsule spiny. 

I. A. ostryaefolia. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spikes: capsules smooth. 
Plant pubescent : bracts palmately lobed, equalling or exceeding the stam- 
inate spike. 2. A. Virginica. 
Plant glandular : bracts many-cleft, shorter than the staminate spike. 

3. A. gracilens. 

1. Acalypha ostryaefolia Ridd. Hornbeam Three seeded Mer- 
cury. (Man. p. 588 ; I. F. /. 22gj.) N. J. to Kans., Fla. and Mex. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Morrisville. 

2. Acalypha Virginica L- Virginia Three-seeded Mercury. 
(Man. p. 588; I. F. /. 22g8.) In woods and thickets, Ont. and Minn., 
south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei<a- 
WARE ; ChEvSTEr ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray. Si^ender Three-seeded Mercury. 
(Man. p. 588; I. F.y, 22gg.) In dry woods and thickets, R. I. to Kans., 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Dei<aware ; Chester ; Frank. 

I,IN. 

5. RICINUS L. 

1. Ricinus communis L. Castor-oii. Plant. (Man. p. 589 ; I. F./. 
2304.) In waste places, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. Nat. of the tropics. — 
Pennsylvania : Locally escaped from gardens throughout the state. 

6. EUPHORBIA L. 

Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages. 
Leaves opposite : leaf -blades inequilateral, oblique at the base. 
Leaf -blades entire : seeds smooth : plants glabrous. i. E. polygonifolia. 
Leaf-blades toothed : seeds wrinkled : plants more or less pubescent. 
Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate. 
Involucres not split : stems with appressed hairs. 

2. E. maculata. 
Involucres split : steins with spreading hairs. 3. E. hirsuta. 

Plants not branched at the base, erect or ascending. 

4. E. nutans. 
Leaves alternate or scattered on the stem : leaf-blades equilateral. 

Bracts and leaves of the inflorescence small, green : seeds pitted. 

5. E. corollaia. 
Bracts and leaves of the inflorescence large, white-margined : seeds reticu- 
late -tuberculate. 6. E. marginata. 

Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages, 
a. Leaves mainly opposite 



EUPHORBIACBAE 1^9 

Plants pubescent, 7. E. dentata. 

Plants glabrous. 
Plants slender : stems or branches forked. 
Plants annual : stem branched at the base : leaf -blades inequilateral. 

I. E. polygonifolia.. 
Plants perennial : stems several from a stout root : leaf-blades equi- 
lateral. 8. E. Ipecacuanhae. 
Plants stout : stem topped by an umbel. 9. E. Lathyris. 
b. Leaves alternate or scattered. 

Leaf-blades serrulate : involucre with oblongf, oval or orbicular g-lands. 
Seeds smooth or faintly reticulated. 11. E. platyphylla. 

Seeds strongly and prominently reticulated. 12. E. Helioscopia. 

Leaf -blades entire : involucre with-reniform or crescent-shaped glands. 
Plants annual or biennial : seeds pitted. 
Capsules with 2-crested lobes. 13. E. Pepius. 

Capsules with rounded lobes. 14. E. conimutata. 

Plants perennial : seeds smooth. 

Glands of the involucre without horns. 10. E. Darliyigtonii, 

Glands of the involucre with horns. 
Stem-leaves 4-12 mm. wide : capsules smooth. 

Bracts subtending the umbel lanceolate or oblanceolate. 

15. E. Esula. 
Bracts subtending the umbel oval or obovate. 

16. E. lucida. 
Stem-leaves 0.5-3 ^^^^- wide : capsules with granular lobes. 

17. E. Cyparissias. 

1. Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Seaside or Knotweed Spurge. 
(Man. p- 591 ; I. F. f. 2^0'j.) In sand along the Atlantic coast, N. H. to 
Fla., and on the shores of the Great Lakes. — Pe7insylvania : ERIE, 
Presque Isle ; C1.INT0N. 

2. Euphorbia maculata L. Miek Spurge. (Man. p. 592 ; I. F. /. 
2314.) Throughout N. Am., except the extreme north. Apparently in- 
trod. west of the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Aeeegheny. 

3. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr. ) Wiegand. Hairy Spurge. (Man. p. 
592; I. F. /. 2314a.) In sandy or gravelly soil, Quebec and Ont. to 
Conn., N. Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Craweord. 

4. Euphorbia nutans Lag. Large or Upright Spotted Spurge. 
(Man. p. 593 ; I. F. f. 2jig.) In fields and thickets throughout eastern 
N. Am., except the extreme north, extending west to Rocky Mts. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Allegheny. 

5. Euphorbia corollata L. BloOxMing or Flowering Spurge. 
(Man. p. 593; I. F. y". 2321.) In dry soil, Mass. and Ont. to Minn, 
and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

6. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. White-margined Spurge. (Man. 
p. 594; I. F. f. 2322.) Introd. from the West into waste places in the 



200 CALLITRICHACEAE 

Central and Atlantic States. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Centre. 

7. Euphorbia dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge. (Man. p. 594 ; 
I. F. /. 2J2./.) la dry or moist soil, Pa. to S. Dak., Tenn., La. aud Mex. 
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

8. Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. 
(Man. p. 594 ; I. F. /. 232^.) In dry sandy soil, Conn, to Fla., mostly 
near the coast. Also in southern Ind. — Penfisylvania : Bucks, Turkey 
Hill ; Crawford. 

9. Euphorbia Lathyris L- Caper or Myrtee Spurge. (Man. p. 
594; I. F.y. .s-j.?/.) In waste places, N.J. to N. C. Also in Calif. Native 
of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Lebanon ; Frankein. 

10. Euphorbia Darlingtonii A. Gray. Dareington's Spurge. 
(Man. p. 594; I. F. /. 2328.) N. Y., Pa. and N.J. to N. Q.—Pefinsyl- 
vania : Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Centre. 

11. Euphorbia plat3rphylla L- Broad-eeaved Spurge. (Man. p. 
595; I. F. /. 2SJO.) Along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and 
the Great Lakes. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : EriE ; Ceinton. 

12. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. Sun Spurge. WarTweed. (Man. p. 
595 ; I. F. /. 2JJ2.) In waste places in the valley of the St. Lawrence 
and along the Great Lakes, extending south to N. H., N. Y. and Ohio. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Erie ; Ceinton. 

13. Euphorbia Peplus L. PETTY Spurge. (Man. p. 595; I. F./. 2333.) 
In waste places, western N. Y. to N. J. and Pa. Adv. from l^w.— Pennsylva- 
nia : Lancaster ; Northampton, streets of Easton ; Aeeegheny. 

14. Euphorbia comm.utata Engelm. Tinted Spurge. /Man. p. 
595 ; I. F.y. 2334.) On hillsides, Pa. to Minn., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; Frankein ; Centre ; Aeeegheny. 

15. Euphorbia Esula L. Leafy Spurge. (Man. p. 595; I. F./. 
^335') 111 waste places, Mass. to N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Frankein. 

16. Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. Shining Spurge. (Man. p. 
596; I. F. f. 2336.) In fields, southern N. Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Susquehanna. 

17. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. (Man. p. 596; I. 
F. f. 233'/. ) Waste places, N. Eng. to Va. and to Kans. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster '■> 
Aeeegheny. 

Famiey 8. CALLITRICHACEAE Lindl. Water Starwort Famiey' 
1. CALLITRICHE L. 

Fruit manifestly pedicelled. i. C. Austinii. 

Fruit sessile. 
Bracts present. 
Styles much shorter than the fruit. 2. C. palustris. 

Styles fully as long as the fruit. 3. C. heterophylla. 

Bracts wanting-. 4. C. bifida. 



BUXACEAE 201 

1. Callitriche Austinii Engelm. Terrestrial Water-STarworT. 
(Man. p. 596 ; I. F.y. 2jjg.) In damp, shaded places, N. Y. and N. J. to 
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Monroe, Tobyhanna Mills. 

2. Callitriche palustris L. VERnai. WaTer-STarworT. (Man. p. 
597 ; I. P\ f. 2J40.) Mostly in cold or running water, apparently occur- 
ring nearly throughout the U. S. and Can. Also in S. Am., Eu. and Asia. 
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Phii,adei.phia ; Lackawanna ; Tioga ; B1.AIR ; Hunt- 
ingdon. 

3. Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Larger WaTer-starworT. 
(Man. p. 597; I. F. f. 2341.) In ponds and slow streams, N. Eng. to 
Fla., N. W, Terr., Colo, and 1^2..— Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks. 

4. Callitriche bifida (L. ) Morong. Autumnai, Water- STarwort. 
(Man. p. 597 ; I. F.y. 2^42.) In flowing water, Quebec to Man., Pa. and 
Ore., south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks, Sellersville. 

Order 16. SAPINDALES. 

Flowers regular, or nearly so, except in Hippocastanaceae, which are shrubs 
or trees with digitately compound leaves. 
Corolla wanting. Fam. i. Buxaceae. 

Corolla present. 
Herbs with tender tissues. Fam, 2. Limnanthaceae. 

Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbaceous vines. 
Ovary i-celled (in our representatives) : fruit a drupe. 

Fam. 3. Anacardiaceae. 
Ovary 2-several-celled : fruit various. 
Leaves simple : blades pinnately veined. 
Seed without an aril : fruit drupaceous. 

Fam. 4. Ilicaceae. 
Seed with an aril : fruit capsular. Fam. 5. Celastraceae. 
Leaves simple, the blades palmately veined, or compound. 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a 2-winged samara. Fam. 6. Aceraceae. 

Fruit a capsule. 
Flowers regular : fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule. 

Fam. 7. Staphyleaceae. 
Flowers irregular : fruit a leathery globular capsule. 

Fam. 8. Hippocastanaceae. 
Leaves alternate. Fam. 9. Sapindaceae. 

Flowers very irregular ; the posterior sepal a large sac. 

Fam. 10. Balsaminaceae. 

Famiey i. buxaceae Dumort. Box Famii^y. 
1. PACHYSANDRA Michx. 
1. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. AeeEGHany Mountain 
Spurge. (Man. p. 599; I. F. /. 234^^.) In woods, W, Va. to Fla. and 
La. Adv. northward. — Pemisylvania : Delaware, escaped. 



2. 

3- 

4- 


R. hirta. 
R. glabra. 
R. aromatica. 


5- 
6. 


R. Vernix. 
R. radicans. 



202 ANACARDIACEAE 

Family 2. LIMNANTHACEAE Liudl. False Mermaid Family. 
1. FLOERKEA Willd. 
1. Floerkea proserpinacoides Wiild. False Mermaid. (Man. p. 
599 ; \. V. f. 2J46.) In marshes and along rivers, Quebec to Ont., Ore., 
Pa.jTenn., Mo., Utah and Calif. — Petmsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Washington ; Allegheny. 

Family 3. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. Sumac Family. 

Leaves compound : ovary and drupe not oblique. i. Rhus. 

Leaves simple : ovary and drupe very oblique. 2, Cqtinus. 

1. RHUS L. 

Drupe with a pubescent outer coat : stone smooth. 
Leaves with 9-13 leaflets : flowers appearing after the leaves. 

Leaf-rachis winged. i. R. copallina. 

Leaf-rachis terete or nearly so. 
Twigs and leaves copiously pubescent : leaflets not glaucous beneath. 

Twigs and leaves glabrous : leaflets glaucous beneath. 
Leaves with 3 leaflets : flowers appearing before the leaves. 
Drupe with a glabrous outer coat : stone ribbed. 
Leaflets 7-13 : shrub or tree. 
Leaflets 3 : vine. 

1. Rhus copallina L. Dware or Mountain Sumac. (Man. p. 600 ; 
I. F. /. 2347.) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Cumber- 
land ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Susquehanna ; 

AlIyEGHENY. 

2. Rhus hirta (L. ) Sudw. STaghorn Sumac. (Man. p. 600; I. F. 
/. 234S.) In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to Ga., Ont., S. Dak., Mo. and Miss. 
— Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Columbia ; Lu- 
zerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 

Al,I,HGHENY. 

3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Upland Sumac. (Man. p. 600 ; I. F./. 
234Q.) In dry soil, N. S. to B. C, Fla., Miss, and Ariz. — Pennsylvania •' 
Monroe ; Pike ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadei^phia ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Allegheny. 

4. Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac. (Man. p. 601 ; I. F./. 
^350.) In rocky woods, Ont. and Vt. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Cumberi^and ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; 
Allegheny. 

5. Rhus Vernix L. Poison Elder or Sumac. (Man. p. 601 ; I. F. 
/. 2JJ2.) In swamps, southern Ont. to R. I., Fla., Minn., Mo. and La. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Berks. 





I. Ilex. 




2. ILICIOIDES. 


I. 


/. opaca. 


2. 


I. glabra. 


3- 


I, monticola. 


4- 


I. verticillata. 


5- 


I. laevigata. 



ILICACEAE 203 

6. Rhus radicans Iv. Poison Ivy or Oak. (Man. p. 6oi ; I. F. /. 
23S3') Thickets and along fences, N. S. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Ark. 
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^awark ; Chkstkr ; Lan- 
caster ; Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Berks ; Monroe ; Huntingdon ; 
Ai.i,EGHENy. 

2. COTINUS Adans. 

1. CotdnusCotinus (L.). American or W11.D Smoke-Tree. (Man. 
p. 602 ;L F.y. 23^4.) In open woods, Mo. and Ind. Terr, to Tenn. and 
Ala. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Baston, escaped. 

FAMI1.Y 4. ILICACEAE Lowe. H01.1.Y Famii^y. 
Corolla of partially united petals : petals oval to obovate. 
Corolla of distinct petals : petals linear. 

1. ILEX L. 

Leaves persistent, evergreen ; blades thick. 
Nutlets ribbed : leaf -blades spiny-toothed. 
Nutlets not ribbed : leaf-blades not spiny-toothed. 
Leaves deciduous ; blades thin. 
Nutlets ribbed. 
Nutlets not ribbed. 
Staminate and pistillate flowers short-pedicelled. 
Staminate flowers long- and slender-pedicelled. 

1. Ilex opaca Ait. American Hoi,i.y. (Man. p. 603 ; I. F. /. ^^56.) 
In moist woods, southern Me. to Fla., Pa,, Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin. 

2. Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. InIcberry. EveRGREEn WinTER- 
BERRY. (Man. p. 603 ; I. F. /. 2JS9-) In sandy soil, eastern Mass. to 
Fla., west to La., mainly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

3. Ilex monticola A. Gray. LargE-i<EavED Hoi,i,y. (Man. p. 604; 
I. F. f. 2j6i.) Mountain woods, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C. and Ala. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Wayne ; Monroe ; Centre ; Dauphin, Cold 
Springs ; Bedford ; Somerset. 

3a. I. monticola mollis (A, Gray) Britton. (Man. p. 604.) In 
mountain woods, Pa. to Ga.— Susquehanna ; Pike ; Monroe ; Lacka- 
wanna ; B1.AIR. 

4. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Virginia Winter-beRRy. Bi.ack 
AI.DER. (Man. p. 604 ; I. F. /. 2362.) In swamps, N. S. to Fla., Ont., 
Wis. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lebanon ; Frankwn ; Bedford ; Venango. 

4a. I. verticillata cyclophylla Robinson. Monroe ; Luzerne ; Erie ; 
Bucks. 

4b. I. verticillata padifolia S. Wats. (Man. p. 604.) Northern N. 
Y. to Pa. — Lancaster, McCall's Island ; York ; Venango. 

5. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. Smooth Winter-berry. (Man. 
p. 604 ; I. F. f. 2363.) In swamps. Me, to Pa, and Va. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Schuyi.kii.i. ; Ai,i,egheny. 



204 ACHRACEAE 

2. ILICIOIDES Dumont. 
1. Ilicioides mucronata (L.) Britton. W11.D or Mountain Hoi^ly. 
(Man. p. 604; I. F. /. 2364.) In swamps, N. S. to Ont., Wis., Ind. 
and Va. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Northampton; Monroe; Pike; 
Wayne ; Lackawanna ; Carbon ; Susquehanna ; Centre ; Craw- 
ford ; Erie. 

FAM11.Y 5. CELASTRACEAE Lindl. Staff-tree Famii^y. 
Leaves opposite. i. Euonymus. 

Leaves alternate. 2. Celastrus. 

1. EUONYMUS L. 

Creeping shrubs : pods warty. 

Leaf-blades oval to lanceolate. i. E. Ainericanus. 

Leaf-blades obovate. 2. E. obovatus. 
Upright shrubs or trees : pods smooth. 

Corolla purple : cymes 6-15-fiowered. 3. E, ah^opiirpiireus. 

Corolla greenish yellow : cymes 3-7-fiowered. 4. E. Eiiropaeus. 

1. Euonymus Americanus L. Strawberry Bush. (Man. p. 605 ; 
I. F. /. 236^.) In low woods, southern N. Y. to Fla., Neb. and Tex., — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Berks ; Fayette. 

2. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Running Strawberry Bush. (Man. 
p. 605 ; I. F. y. 2j66.) In low woods, southern Ont. to Pa., Ind. and 
Ky. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Ci^arion; Mercer; Erie. 

3. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. (Man. 
p. 605 ; I. F. /. 2367.) In woods or thickets. Ont. to Fla., Mont, and the 
Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Euonymus Europaeus L. SpindlE-Tree. (Man. p. 605 ; I. F. /. 
2368.) Escaped from cult., N. H., N. Y., Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton. 

2. CELASTRUS L. 

1. Celastrus scandens L. Shrubby or Ci^imbing Bittersweet. 
(Man. p. 606; I. F. /. 2370.) In rich soil, Quebec to N. C, Man., the 
Ind. Terr, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; 
Lycoming; Franklin; Huntingdon; Fayette; Ai.i.egheny. 

Famii^y 6. ACERACEAE St. Hil. Mapi,e Famii^y. 

1. ACER L. 

A. Leaf -blades simple, 
a. Flowers in lateral clusters. 

Clusters expanding before the leaves, sessile or nearly so, not drooping. 
Petals wanting or obsolete : ovary pubescent. i. A. saccharinum. 
Petals present : ovary glabrous. 2. A. rubriini. 

Clusters expanding with the leaves, drooping. 
Leaf-blades scarcely paler beneath than above : lobes entire or undulate* 

3, A. nigrum. 



STAPHYIvEACBAE 205 

I^eaf-blades pale or glaucous beneath : lobes coarsely toothed. 

4. A. Saccharum. 
b. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Flowers in racemes : petals about as long as the sepals : samaras over 2.5 
cm. long. 5. A. Pennsylvanicum. 

Flowers in panicles : petals twice or thrice as long as the sepals : samaras 
less than 2.5 cm. long. 6. A. spicatum. 

B. Leaf -blades 3-9- foliolate. 7. A. Negundo. 

1. Acer saccharinum L. S11.VER or Soft Mapi,e. (Man. p. 607 ; 
I. F.y. 2372.) Along streams, N. B. to Fla., southern Ont., Dak. N. and 
the Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Acer rubrum L. Red or Scari^ET Mapi^e. (Man. p. 607 ; I. F. 
f. 2J7J.) In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Man., Fla, and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Westmoreland ; AlI/E- 

GHENY. 

3. Acer nigrum Michx. Black Sugar Maple. (Man. p. 608; I. 
F- /• 2376.) Ont. and Vt. to Ga., Minn., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

4. Acer Saccharum Marsh. Sugar or Rock MaplE. (Man. p. 607 ; 
I. F. f. 237^.) In rich woods, Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania ; Tioga ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon; Somerset ; Erie ; Ali.E- 

GHENY. 

5. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. (Man. p. 608 ; I. F. 
/. 2378.) In rocky woods, N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the moun- 
tains to Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Monroe; Dauphin, 
Cold Springs ; Centre ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; Fayette ; Somer- 
set. 

6. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain MaplE. (Man. p. 608 ; I. F. 
f. 237g.) Damp rocky woods, Newf. and James' Bay to Man., south, 
especially along the mountains to N. C, Tenn. and Minn. — Pennsylvania : 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; SchuylkilI/ ; York ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Berks ; Somerset ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

7. Acer Negundo L. Box Elder. Ash-lEaved Mapi,e. (Man. p. 
608 ; I. F. / 2380.) Along streams, Vt. and Ont. to Man., Fla. and N. 
Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Berks ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin; Westmoreland, Allegheny. 

Family 7. STAPHYLEACEAE DC. Bladder-nuT Family. 
1. STAPHYLEA L. 

1. Staphylea trifolla L. American Bladder-nuT. (Man. p. 606; I. 
F. /. 2371.) In moist woods and thickets, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., 
S. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Somerset; Ali^Egheny. 



20G RIIAMNACEAE 

FAMII.Y 8. HIPPOCASTANACEAE T. & G. Buckeye Famii^y. 

1. AESCULUS L. 

Capsule spiny : stamens exserted. 

Corolla white, i. A. Hippocaslanum. 

Corolla yellow. 2. A. glabra. 

Capsule smooth : stamen about as long- as the petals. 3. A. oclandra. 

1. Aesculus Hippocastanum h. HoRSE- CHESTNUT. (Man. p. 609; 
I. F. /. 23S1.) Escaped from cult., southern N. Y., Pa. and N. J. Na- 
tive of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Easton, 

2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye. (Man. p. 609. 
I. F. /. 2jS2.) Woods, Pa. to Ala., Mich., Neb. and the Ind. Terr.— 
Pennsylvania : Lawrence ; Fayette ; Westmorei^and ; Ai.i.egheny; 
Mercer. 

3. Aesculus octandra Marsh. YE1.1.0W or Sweet Buckeye. (Man. 
p. 609 ; I. F.y^ 2JS4.) Woods, Pa. to Ga., Iowa and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 

AI^IvEGHENY. 

FAMI1.Y 9. SAPINDACEAE R. Br. Soapberry Famii^y. 
1. CARDIOSPERMUM L. 
1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum h. Bai^eoon Vine. Heart seed. 
(Man. p. 610; I. F./. 2^87.) In waste places, N. J. to Kans. and south- 
ward, and in ballast about the sea-ports, escaping northward. Native of 
tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Phieadei^phia ; Huntingdon. 

Famiey id. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. Jewee-weed Famiey. 
1. IMPATIENS L. 

Flowers orange : saccate sepal contracted into a spur K as long as the body. 

I. /. biflora. 
Flowers pale yellow : saccate sepal contracted into a spur K or ^3 as long as 
the body. 2. /. aurea. 

1. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Siever-EEaf. 
(Man, p. 611 ; I. F. /. 2j88.) In moist grounds, N. S. to Ore., Alaska, 
Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Erie ; 
Aeeegheny. 

2, Impatiens aurea Muhl. PaeE Touch-me-noT. (Man. p. 611 ; I. 
F.y. 2j8g.) In similar situations, Quebec to Ore., Ga. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne ; Bedford ; Erie ; 
Aeeegheny. 

Order 17. RHAMNALES. 

Fruit a capsule or drupe. Fam. i. Rhamnaceae. 

Fruit a^berry. Fam. 2. Vitaceae. 

Famiey I. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Buckthorn Famiey. 

Ovary and disk free from each other : fruit pulpy. i. Rhamnus. 

Ovary and disk adnate : fruit dry. 2. Ceanothus. 



VITACEAK 207 

1. RHAMNUS Iv. 

Corolla present : sepals and stamens mostly 4. 

Drupe with 3-4 nutlets : leaf -blades of an ovate type. i. R. cathartica. 

Drupe with 2 nutlets : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. R. lanceolata. 

Corolla wanting : sepals and stamens mostly 5. 3. R. alnifolia. 

1. Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn. (Man. p. 612 ; I. F./. ^jp/. ) 
In dry soil, N. Bug., the Middle States and Ont. Introd. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton ; Dei^awark. 

2. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-i<Kavkd Buckthorn. (Man. 
p. 612 ; I. V.f. 2^92.) In moist soil, Pa. to Iowa, Neb., Ala. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Franki^in ; Huntingdon. 

3. Rhamnus alnifolia Iv' Her. Ai.de:r-i.Eaved Buckthorn. Dwarf 
AI.DER. (Man. p. 612 ; I. F./. ^jpj. ) In swamps, N. B. to B. C, N. J., 
III., Neb., Mont, and Calif. — Pe?insylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
C1.EARFIE1.D ; Erie. 

2. CEANOTHUS L. 

1. Ceanothus Americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Red-rooT. (Man. 
p. 613; I. F. y". 2jg6.) In dry open woods. Me. and Ont. to Man., 
Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; 
Huntingdon ; Lawrence ; Aelegheny. 

Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape Famiey. 

Hypogynous disk present : leaf -blades simple. i. Vitis. 

Hypogynous disk wanting or obsolete : leaf-blades digitately 3-7-foliolate. 

2. Parthenocissus. 
1. VITIS L. 

Leaf-blades woolly or copiously pubescent beneath. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blade felty-tomentose : berries 15-20 mm. in diam- 
eter, murky. i. V. Lahriisca. 
Lower surface of the leaf-blade loosely tomentose : berries 8-10 mm. in 
diameter, not murky. 2. V. aestivalis. 
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades g-laucous beneath. 3. V. bicolor. 
Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath. 
Leaves with prominently 3-5-lobed blades. 4. V. vnipina. 
Leaves with merely coarsely toothed blades, scarcely lobed. 
High-climbing vine : leaf-blades mostly over 10 cm. long : berries sour. 

5. V. cordifolia. 
Bushy vine : leaf-blades mostly less than 10 cm. long : berries sweet. 

6. V. rupestris. 

1. Vitia Labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. (Man. p. 614; I. F. 
/. 2jg8.) Thickets, N. Eng. to lud., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dau- 
phin ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Westmoreland. 

2. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape. (Man. p. 614; I. F./. 
2jgg.) In thickets, southern N. Eng- to Fla., southern Ont., Wis., and 
\^2..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; 
Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Perry ; Phieadeephia ; Allegheny. 



208 MALVACEAE 

3. Vitis bicolor Le Conte. Blue or Winter Grape. (Man. p. 614 ; 
I. F. y. 2401.) In woods, N. Y. to Mich., and N. C. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Perry ; 

Al.I,EGHENY. 

4. Vitis vulpina L. Riverside or Sweet-Scented Grape. (Man. 
p. 614 ; I. F./. 2402.) Along rocky river banks, N. S. to Man., Md. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : 

5. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape. (Man. p. 
615 ; !.¥./. 2404.) Moist thickets and along streams, N. Eng. to Neb., 
Fla and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei<awark ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Perry ; Franki^in ; Ai.i,egheny. 

6. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand or Sugar Grape. ( Man. p. 615 ; 
I. F. /. 2406.) River banks, Pa. to Mo., D. C, Tenn. and '1^:^^.— Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster ; Dauphin. 

2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. 
1. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L. ) Planch. Virginia Creeper. 
American Ivy. (Man. p. 6r6 ; I. F. /. 2410.) In woods and thickets, 
Quebec to Man., Fla., Tex., and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Coi^umbia ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

Order 18. MAL VALES. 

Stamens in several groups : anthers 2-celled : embryo straight. 

Fam. I. Tiliaceae. 
Stamens monadelphous : anthers i-celled : embryo curved. 

Fam. 2. Malvaceae. 

Famii^y I. TILIACEAE Juss. Linden Famii^y. 

1. TILIA L. 

Leaf -blades glabrous, or merely tufted in the vein-axils beneath. 

I. T. Americana. 
Leaf-blades silvery white-tomentose beneath. 2. T. heterophylla 

1. Tilia Americana L. Bass-wood. American Linden. White- 
wood. (Man. p. 617; I. F. y. 2411.) In rich woods and along river- 
bottoms, N. B. to Ga., Man., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Bass-wood. (Man. p. 617 ; I. 
F. y. 241S.) In woods N. Y. to Fla., Ala., 111., Ky. and Tenn.— Penn- 
sylvania : FrankIvIN ; Huntingdon; Susquehanna. 

FAMI1.Y 2. MALVACEAE Neck. Mali^ow^ Famii^y. 
A. Fruit of several radially disposed carpels which separate from each other 
at maturity : stamen-column anther-bearing at the summit, 
a. Carpels i-seeded. 
Involucels of 6-9 bractless. i. Althaea. 

Involucels of 1-3 bractlets or wanting. 



MALVACEAE 209 

Stigma decurrent on the style : involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets. 

2. Malva. 
Stigma terminal : involucel wanting. 3. Sida. 

b. Carpels 2-seeded. 4. Abutilon. 

B, Fruit a loculicidal capsule : stamen-column anther-bearing below the 
summit. 
Carpels i-seeded : capsules depressed. 5. Kosteletzkya. 

Carpels several-seeded : capsules not depressed. 6. Hibiscus. 

1. ALTHAEA L.^ 
1. Althaea ofScinalis L- Marsh-Mai.i.ow. (Man. p. 618 ; I. F. /. 

2414.) In salt marshes, or waste places, coast of Mass. and N. Y. and in 
Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Erie. 

2. MALVA L. 

Leaf-blades with 5-9 shallow or angular lobes. 
Petals 2-4 times as long as the sepals. i. M. sylvestris. 

Petals 1-2 times as long as the sepals. 
Low plants with procumbent stems. 2. M. rotundifolia. 

Tall plants with erect stems. 3. M, verticillata. 

Leaf-blades with 5-7 prominent lobes, or pinnatifid. 
Carpels closely pubescent : stem-leaves 1-3-pinnatifid. 4. M. tnoschata. 
Carpels glabrous : stem-leaves deeply lobed. 5. M. Alcea. 

1. Malva sylvestris L. High Mali^ow. (Man. p. 618 ; I. F. /. 241^.) 
In waste places and along roadsides, sparingly adv. from Eu., in the U. 
S., Can. and Max. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Berks ; North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Ai^i^egheny. 

2. Malva rotundifolia L. Low Mai.i,ow. Cheeses. (Man. p. 618; 
I. F. y. 2416.) In waste places, throughout the northern States. Nat. 
irom ^xx.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Bucks; Phii.adei.phia; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Franki^in ; Ai.i,e- 
gheny. 

3. Malva verticillata L. Whori^Ed Mai,i.ow. (Man. p. 618; I. F. 
/. 241'^.) In waste places, eastern U. S. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

4. Malva moschata L. Musk Mai,i,ow or Rose. (Man. p. 619 ; I. 
F. f. 2418.) In waste places, occasional in eastern N. Am. Adv. from 
^n.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Susouehanna ; Tioga; 
Venango ; Ci^earfieIvD ; Erie. 

5. Malva Alcea L. European Mai.i.ow. (Man. p. 619 ; I. F. /. 
24ig.) In waste places generally. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: 
Chester; Potter. 

3. SIDA L. 

Leaf-blades merely toothed : flowers axillary. i. S. spinosa. 

Leaf -blades palmately lobed : flowers paniculate. 2. 5". herniaphrodita. 



* Althaea rosea Cav. (Hoi,i.yhock), has escaped from gardens in 
Northampton, Bucks and Allegheny Counties. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Northampton ; Ai.i^egheny. 
14 



210 MALVACEAE 

1. Sida spinosa Iv. Prickly Sida. (Man. p. 620; I. F. /. 2437.) 
In waste places, Me. to N. J., Mich., Kans., Fla. and Tex., and in tropical 
Am. — rennsylvania : Bucks: PiiiIvAdei.phia ; DeIvAware; Chester; 
Lancaster ; Frankein ; Aeeegheny. 

2. Sida hermaphrodita ( L. ) Rusby. Virginea Maeeow. (Man. p. 
620 ; I. F. f. 242g.) Along rivers, in rocky places, southern Pa. to Ohio, 
Va. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : York, on the Susquehanna. 

4. ABUTILON Gaertn. 
1. Abutilon Abutilon (L. ) Rusby. Veevet Leaf. Indian Mae- 
Eow. (Man. p. 621 ; I. V. f. 2430.) In waste places, eastern U. S., 
Nat. or adv. from southern Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; Deeaware ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; AeeEGHeny. 

5. KOSTELETZKYA Presl. 
1. Kosteletzkya Virginica (L. ) A. Gray. Virginia KosteeETzkya. 
(Man. p. 622 ; I. F. f. 2433.) In salt or brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. 
and La. — Pe?insylvania : Phieadeephia, Navy Yard. 

6. HIBISCUS L. 

Herbs. 
Perennial plants : leaf-blades toothed or hastate. 

Leaf-blades white-pubescent beneath : seeds glabrous or nearly so. 

I. H. Moschetitos. 
Leaf -blades glabrous : seeds pubescent. 2. H. militaris. 

Annual plants : leaf-blades pedately lobed. 3. H. Trionum. 

Shrub or tree. 4. H. Syriacus. 

1. Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Swamp Rose-Maeeow. Maeeow Rose. 
(Man. p. 622 ; I. F. y! 2434.) In brackish marshes, Mass. to Fla. and 
La., and on lake shores and in saline situations locally in the interior to 
W. Ont. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Phieadeephia ; Deeaware ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Erie. 

2. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Haeberd-eeaved Rose-maeeow. (Man. 
p. 623 ; I. F. /. 2436.) Along rivers, southern Pa. to Fla., Minn., Nev. 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Safe Harbor ; PERRY. 

3. Hibiscus Trionum L. Feower-of-an-hour. (Man. p. 623 ; I. 
V. f. 2437.) In waste places, N. S. to Fla., S. Dak. and Kans. — Pe7insyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Aeeegheny. 

4. Hibiscus Syriacus L. Shrubby Aethaea. Rose of-Sharon. 
(Man. p. 623; I. F. y. 2438.) On woodsides and thickets, N. J. to Ga. 
Introd. from W.Asia. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phiea- 
deephia ; Deeaware ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. 

Order 19. PARIETALES. 

A. Calyx of distinct sepals. 

a. Seeds with little or no endosperm. 



HYPERICACEAE 



211 



Leaves not stipulate ; blades punctate : stamens several or many in groups. 

Fam. I. HYPERICACEAE. 

Leaves stipulate ; blades not punctate : stamens as many as the petals or 
twice as many, not in groups. Fam. 2. Elatinaceae, 

b. Seeds with copious endosperm. 
Flowers regular, except for the 2 small outer sepals : androecium of many 

stamens, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Cistaceae. 

Flowers irregular : androecium of 5 stamens : ovules anatropous. 

Fam. 4. Violaceae. 
B. Calyx of partially united sepals. Fam. 5. Passifloraceae. 

FAMII.Y I. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. ST. John's-wort Famii^y. 

Sepals 4, the pairs unequal : petals 4. i. Ascyrum. 
Sepals 5 : petals 5. 
Corolla yellow. 

Leaves with'flat more or less spreading blades. 2. 

Leaves represented by small erect or appressed scales. 3. 

Corolla pink or greenish purple. 4. 



Hypericum. 

Sarothra. 

Triadenum. 



1. ASCYRUM L. 

Styles 3 or 4 : inner sepals slightly smaller than the outer : leaf -blades clasping. 

1. A. starts. 
Styles 2 : inner sepals much smaller than the outer : leaf-blades sessile. 

2. A. hypericoides. 

1. Ascyrum stans Michx. ST. PETER'S Wort. (Man. p. 625 ; I. F. 
f. 2442.) In dry sandy soil, L. I. to eastern Pa., Fla., Tenn. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Bristoi.. 

2. Ascyrum hypericoides L. ST. Andrew's Cross. (Man. p. 625 ; 
I. F. f. 2J4J.) In dry sandy soil, Mass. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Penn Valley ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter. 

2. HYPERICUM L. 

Styles 5 : capsules 5-celled. 
Capsules 20-25 mm. long. 1. H. Ascyron. 

Capsules 6-12 mm. long. 2. U. Kahniamini. 

Styles 3 or rarely 4. 
Shrubs. 3. H. prolificum. 

Herbs. 
Stamens numerous, 15-40. 

Capsules i-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled. 
Capsules incompletely 3-4-celled by the projecting placentae. 

4. H. adpresswtn. 
Capsules i-celled, with parietal placentae. 

Styles united into a beak, distinct above : inflorescence leafy-bracted. 

5. H. ellipticuni. 
Styles distinct : inflorescence nearly naked. 6. //. virgaiutn. 

Capsules completely 3-celled. 
Corolla over 15 mm. broad. 7. H. perforatum. 

Corolla less than 15 mm. broad. 8. H. niaculatuni. 

Stamens few, 5-12. 
a. Inflorescence leafy-bracted. 9. H. boreale. 



212 HYPERICACEAE 



b. Inflorescence minutely bracted. 

L,eaf-blades ovate, oval, oblong or lanceolate, 5-7-nerved. 
Capsules 2-5 mm. long: leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong. 

Sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish : leaf-blades obtuse. 

10. H. tnutilum. 
Sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate : leaf-blades acute. 

11. H. gymnanthum. 
Capsules 8-10 mm. long : leaf -blades lanceolate. 

12. H. maj'us. 
Leaf-blades linear, 3-nerved. 13, H. Canadense. 

1. Hypericum Ascyron L. Great or Giant St. John's-wort. 
(Man. p. 626 ; I. F.y. 2^4^.) Banks of streams, Quebec and Vt. to Man., 
Conn., N. J., 111. andKans. Also in Bu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; 
Susquehanna ; Lycoming ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Ai.i.egheny ; Mercer ; Lawrence. 

2. Hypericum Kalmianum L. Kai^m's ST. John's-wort. (Man. p. 
626 ; I. F. /. 244s.) Ont. and western N. Y. to 111., Wis. and Mich.— 
Pennsylvania : Reported from the northern counties, where it shall oc- 
cur, but no specimens extant. 

3. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-wort. (Man. p, 

626 ; I. F. yi 2446. ) Sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. — Penn- 
sylvania : Phii^adei^phia ; Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; York ; 
Perry ; Lycoming ; Bi^air ; Ci^arion ; Huntington; Fui^ton ; Somer- 
set ; Ai.i,egheny. 

4. Hypericum adpressum Bart. Creeping St. John's-wort. 
(Man. p. 626 ; I. F. f. 244g.) In low grounds, Mass. to Ga., La., Mo. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Bristol ; Dei^aware. 

5. Hypericum ellipticum Hook. Ei.i,ipTic-leaved or Pai^E ST. 
John's-wort. (Man. p. 627; I. F. y. 24^2.) In swamps and along 
streams, N. S. to Man., Conn., N. J., Pa. and Minn. — Pennsylvania: 
Pike ; Monroe ; Schuyekili, ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery; 
Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Cambria ; Cearion ; Aeeegheny ; 
Somerset ; Fayette. 

6. Hypericum virgatum Lam. Virgate St. John's-wort. (Man. 
p. 627 ; I. F. f. 24^^.) In low grounds, Pa. to Del., 111. and Fl. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Bristoe- 

7. Hypericum perforatum L. Common ST. John's-wort. (Man. p. 

627 ; I. F. f. 24^4. ) In fields and waste places, eastern N. Am Nat. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Phieadeephia ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu- 
zerne ; Erie ; Aeeegheny. 

8. Hypericum maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John's-wort. 
(Man. p. 627 ; I. F./. 24^^.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Fla., 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Frankein ; Luzerne ; Beair ; Erie ; Aeeegheny. 

9. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Northern St. John's- 
WORT. (Man. p. 628 ; I. F./. 245J.) Wet soil, Newf. to Vt., N. J., and 
Pa. — Pennsylvania : LuzERNe, Lily Lake. 



CISTACEAE 213 

10. Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort. (Man. p. 
628; I. F. /. 24^8,) In low grounds, N. S. to Man., Fla., Kans., and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgom- 
ery ; PhiIvAdeIvPhia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
FrankIvIn ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; AIvIvEGheny. 

11. Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. Ci.asping-leaved ST. 
John's-wort. (Man. p. 628; I. F./. 24§g.) In low ground?, N. J. and 
Del. to Minn., La. and Tex. — Pennsylva7iia : Bucks, Bristol; DeIvA- 
WARE, Tinicum. 

12. Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton. Larger Canadian St. 
John's-wort. (Man. p. 628; I. F. /. 2460.) In moist soil, Me. to 
Mich., N. J., and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

13. Hypericimi Canadense L. Canadian St. John's-wort. (Man. 
p. 628; I. F. f. 2461.) In wet, sandy soil, Newf. to Man., Ga., Ky. and 
Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; DeI/AWare, 
Tinicum ; CHESTER ; Lancaster ; York ; Schuyi.kii,i, ; Huntingdon ; 
Erie, Presque Isle ; Fayette. 

3. SAROTHRA L. 

1. Sarothra gentianoides L- Orange-grass. Pine-weed. (Man. 
p. 628 ; I. F./. 2463.) In sandy soil. Me. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Mo. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster; York; Schuyi^kili. ; Bedford; Huntingdon; 
Ali^egheny. 

4. TRIADENUM Raf. 

Leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping : flower-clusters peduncled. 

I. T. Virginicum. 
Leaf-blades petioled : flower-clusters sessile or nearly so. 2. T. peiiolatuni. 

1. Triadenum Virginicum (L.) Raf. Marsh St. John's-wort. 
(Man. p. 629 ; I. F. /. 2464.) In swamps, Lab. to Fla., Man., Neb! and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Schuylkii^i, ; Luzerne ; 
Franki^in ; Clarion ; Crawford ; Allegheny. 

2, Triadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton. Larger Marsh St. 
John's-wort. (Man. p. 629 ; I. F. /. 246^.) In swamps, N. J. and Md. 
to Fla., Ark. and La. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia (Bartram's Gar- 
den); Crawford; Erie. 

Family 2, ELATINACEAE Lindl. Water- wort Family. 
1. ELATINE L. 

1. Elatine Americana (Pursh) Arn. Water-worT. Mud-purslane. 
(Man. p. 629; I. F. f. 2466.) Margins of ponds and slow streams. Me. 
and Ont. to Va., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Dela- 
ware, Tinicum. 

Family 3. CISTACEAE Lindl. Rock-rose Family. 
Corolla yellow : petals 5, fugacious or wanting. i. Helianthemum. 

Corolla not yellow : petals 3, persistent. 2. Lechea. 



214 CISTACEAE 

1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. 
Petaliferous flowers 5-12, in terminal clusters: capsules of the petaliferous 
flowers 3-4 mm. long, little if at all overtopped by the later axillary- 
branches : capsules of the apetalous flowers about i mm. in diameter. 

I. H. majus. 
Petaliferous flowers solitary or rarely 2 : capsules of the petaliferous flowers 
6-8 mm. long, much overtopped by the later axillary branches : capsules 
of the apetalous flowers nearly 4 mm. in diameter, 2. H. Canadense. 

1. Helianthemum majus (L. ) B.S.P. Hoary Frostweed. (Man. 
p. 630; I. F. /. 24JO.) In dry soil, N. S. to S. Dak., Neb., N. C. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Montgomery; Huntixgdox. 

2. Helianthemum Canadense (L.) Michx. Frost-wort. (Man. p. 
631 ; I. F. f. 24JI.) In dry rocky or sandy soil. Me. to Ont., Wis., N. 
C. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Craw- 
ford ; Dei^aware; Laxcaster ; Chester; Ai^i.eghex'Y' ; Erie. 

2. LECHBA L. 

Leaves of the basal shoots with oblong or ovate blades not over thrice as long 
as broad. 
Outer sepals surpassing the inner. i. L. minor. 

Outer sepals shorter than the inner or about equalling them. 
Capsules oblong : pedicels 2-4 mm. long. 2. L. racemulosa. 

Capsules globular : pedicels about i mm. long. 
Stem or branches erect, villous. 3. L. villosa. 

Stem or branches ascending or spreading, canescent. 4. L. tnaritima. 
I^eaves of the basal shoots with linear or lanceolate blades over thrice as long 
as broad. 
Capsules obovoid, i mm. thick: panicle with ascending or spreading branches : 

flowers short-pedicelled. 5. L. Leggettii. 

Capsules globular, 2 mm. thick : panicle with erect branches : flowers 

slender-pedicelled. 6. L. intermedia, 

\. Lechea minor E. Thyme-i.Eaved Fix- weed. (Man, p. 632 ; I. 

F.y. 24j§.^ In dry open grounds, eastern Mass. to Mich., Fla, and La. 

—^Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Lechea racemulosa Michx. Obeoxg-fruited Pin-weed, (Man. 
p. 632; I. F, /. 24j6.) In dry sandy and rocky soil, eastern Mass. (?), 
N. Y. to Ind., and Vlsi.—Pe7insylvania: Northa:vIPTOn ; Bucks; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntixgdox ; Fraxkxin ; Westmorei^and ; 
Aeeeghen-y'. 

3. Lechea villosa Ell. Large or Hairy Pin-weed. (Man. p. 632 ; 
I. F. /. 247J.) In dry soil, Mass. and Vt. to southern Ont., Neb., Fla. 
and Tex, — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaw^are ; Ches- 
ter ; Monroe ; L.vxcaster ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

4. Lechea maritima Leggett. Beach Pix-weed. (Man. p. 632 ; I. 
F.y". 24J8.) Sands of the seashore and in sandy pine barrens, Me. to Ga. 
Also in the White Mts., N. H. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Mon- 
tour ; LuzERX'E ; Coeumbia ; Lancaster ; Deeaw'are. 

5. Lechea Leggettii Britt. & Holl. Leggett's Pin-weed. (Man. p. 
633 ; I. F. y 24S0.) In open places, Mass. to Ind. N, C. and Ala, — Pen7i- 
sylvania : Monroe. 



VIOIvACEAB 215 

6. Lechea intermedia Leggett. 'Large-podded Pin-weEd. (Man. 
p. 633; I. F. /. 2481.) In dry open places, N. B. and Ont. to Pa. and 
N. J. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Lehigh ; Hunting- 
don. 

Famii^y 4. VIOLACEAE DC. V101.ET Famii^y. 

Sepals more or less auricled at the base. i. Viola. 

Sepals not auricled at the base. 2. Cubelium. 

1. VIOLA L. 

A, Plants aculescent : flowers terminating basal scapes. 
Plants not stoloniferous. 
Leaf-blades mostly lobed or parted. 
Petals not bearded : cleistogamous flowers wanting", 

I. V. pedata. 
Petals bearded : cleistogamous flowers present. 
Plants with markedly pubescent foliage. 2, V. palmata. 

Plants glabrous or essentially so. 3. V. Brtttoniana. 

Leaf-blades merely toothed, sometimes incised at the base, not lobed. 
Leaf-blades ovate, orbicular or reniform, merely toothed. 
Peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers horizontal or decumbent : 
species of woodlands. 
Leaf-blades membranous, cordate-ovate, attenuate at the apex. 
Corolla deep blue : cleistogamous flowers on deflexed peduncles. 

4, V. obit qua. 
Corolla pale blue : cleistogamous flowers on horizontal peduncles. 

5. V. sororia. 
Leaf-blades thick, reniform to ovate, obtuse or merely acute at the 

apex. 
Petals dark violet purple, narrow, 

Cleistogamous flowers few, on deflexed peduncles : leaf-blades 

mostly less than 10 cm. broad. 6. V. papilionacea. 

Cleistogamous flowers numerous, on horizontal peduncles : leaf- 
blades mostly over 10 cm. broad. 7. V. domestica. 
Petals reddish purple, suborbicular, 8. V. villosa. 
Peduncles of the cleistogamous flowers erect ; species of meadows or 
swamps. 9. V. cucullata. 
Leaf -blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, often incised at the 
base. 
Leaves overtopping the scapes. 

Petals scarcely or not at all notched. 
Leaf-blades sagittate-lanceolate. 10. V. sagittata. 

Leaf -blades oblong-triangular. \i. V. dentata. 

Petals usually notched. 12. V. emarginaia. 

Leaves shorter than the scapes. 13. V. Jimbriatula. 

Plants stoloniferous. 

Corolla deep violet purple or sometimes white : naturalized species. 

14. V. odorata. 
Corolla pale purple, violet-blue, yellow or white : native species. 

Corolla yellow. 15. V. rotundifolia. 

Corolla violet-blue or white. 
Corolla violet-blue. 16. V. Selkirkii. 

Corolla white. 



216 VIOLACEAE 

Cleistogamous flowers on deflexed stalks : leaf-blades broadly ovate 
to orbicular. 
Leaf-blades ovate-cordate, glabrate. 

Upper and lateral petals twice as long as broad : petioles spotless. 

17. V. blanda. 
Upper and lateral petals thrice as long as broad : petioles spotted. 

18. V. LeConteafia. 
Leaf-blades reniform, copiously pubescent. 19. V. renifolia. 

Cleistogamous flowers on erect stalks : leaf -blades linear to oblong- 
oval or narrowly ovate. 
Leaf-blades ovate, oval or oblong, more or less pubescent. 

20. V. primulae/olia. 
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, glabrous. 

21. V. lanceolata. 
B. Plants caulescent : flowers axillary. 

Corolla yellow. 

Leaf-blades hastate. 22. V. haslata. 

Leaf -blades broadly ovate to reniform. 
Plant copiously pubescent : basal leaves early withering. 

23. V. puhescens. 
Plant glabrate or sparingly pubescent : basal leaves persistent. 

24. V. scabriuscula. 
Corolla purple, blue, white or cream-colored. 

Stipules entire. 25. V. Canadensis. 

Stipules incised or pinnatifid. 
Plants perennial : stipules much smaller than the leaf-blades. 
Petals cream-colored, the lower one purple-veined. 

26. V. striata. 
Petals blue or purple or rarely white. 
Spur of the corolla shorter than the petals. 27. V. Labradorica. 
Spur of the corolla longer than the petals. 28. V. rostrata. 
Plants annual : stipules nearly as large as the leaf-blades. 
Corolla mostly over 16 mm. wide : naturalized species. 

29. V. tricolor. 
Corolla mostly less than 16 mm. wide : native species. 

30. V. Rafinesquii. 

1. Viola pedata L. Bird's-Foot V101.ET. (Man. p. 636 ; I. F. /. 
2492.) Dry fields and hillsides, Me. and Ont. to Minn., IVIo. and Fla. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon. 

2. Viola palmata L. Early Blue Violet. (Man. p. 635 ; I. F. /. 
24.84..') In woodlands, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Ali^egheny. 

3. Viola Brittoniana Pollard. Coast Violet. (Man. p. 635 ; I. F. 
y. 248J. ) Sandy soil near the coast, Mass. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Philadelphia. 

4. Viola obliqua Hill. Thin-leaved Wood Violet. (Man. p. 636.) 
Rich soil in shade, N. Y. to Va. — Pejinsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Cambria; 
Somerset ; Allegheny. 



VIOIv^CEAE 217 

5. Viola soroiia Willd. (Man. p. 635; I. Y. f. 24Sg.) Woodlands, 
Me. to Ont., Minn., Ga. and hx\.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; 
Bucks ; Dei. aw are 

6. Viola papilionacea Pursh. (Man. p. 636: 1. F. /. 24SJ.) Meadow 
OR Hooded V101.ET. Woodlands, N. S. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. Rather common. 

7. Viola domestica Bickn. (Man. p. 636 ; I. F. /. ^^cJ/a.) Cult, soil 
about dwellings, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bucks; 
Dei<aware, Tinicum ; Ali^egheny, 

8. Viola villosa Walt. Southern Wood V101.ET. (Man. p. 636 ; I. 
F.y. 24S8.) Dry woods and hillsides, Pa. and N. J. to Ga. and La. — 
Pe?insylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Lancaster ; York ; Frankwn ; Fui^ton ; Armstrong. 

9. Viola cucuUata Ait. Marsh Bi^ue Vioi^et. (Man. p. 637 ; I. F. 
/. 2487b.) Bogs and wet meadows, Me. and Ont. to Ga. and Mo. — Pen7i- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe, Pocono. 

10. Viola sagittata Ait. Arrow-i.eaved VioIvET. (Man. p. 637 ; I. F. 
f. 24go.) Wet meadows and marshes, Me. to Mich., Ga. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Arm- 
strong ; AI.LEGHENY. 

11. Viola dentata Pursh. Upi^and Vioi<ET. (Man. p. 637. ) Dry 
rich soil in hilly regions, Pa. to Va. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Berks ; 
Montgomery. 

12. Viola emarginata (Nutt. ) Le Conte. TriangIvE-i<Eaved V101.ET. 
(Man. p. 637 ; I. F./. 24goa.) Fields and hillsides, N. Y. to Va. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Montgomery ; Montour. 

13. Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith. OvaTE-i.Eaved Violet. (Man. 
p. 638 ; I. F. /. 24gi.) Dry soil, N. S. to Mo. and La. — Pefinsylvania : 
Monroe ; Pike ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Fulton ; Cambria ; 
Somerset ; Allegheny. 

14. Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. (Man. p. 638; 
I. F. f. 24gj.) In grass places, eastern N. Am. and on the Pacific coast. 
Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster. 

15. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Violet. (Man. p. 
638 ; I. F.y. 24g4.) Woods and rocky hillsides, Lab. and Ont. to Minn., 
south in the mountains to N. C. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Sullivan ; 
Blair ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Erie ; Delaware. 

16. Viola Selkirkii Pursh. Selkirk's Violet. (Man. p. 638 ; I. F. 
/ 24g6.) Moist woods, N. S. to Mass., Pa. and Minn. Also in Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania: Monroe, west of Tobyhanna Mills ; Somerset. 

17. Viola blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. (Man. p. 638; 
I. F. f. 24g-/.) Swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to B. C. and N. C. — 
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe : Northampton ; Bucks ; Del- 
aware ; Chester ; l.ANCASTKR ; v^CHUVLKlLL j PRANKLIN ; HUNTING- 



218 VIOLACEAE 

DON ; B1.AIR ; Centre ; Sui.i.ivan ; Venango ; Allegheny ; Arm- 
strong ; Erie ; Somerset. 

18. Viola LeConteana G. Don. Woodland White Violet. (Man. 
p. 638.) Wet hilly woods, N. Eng. to N. C. and 111. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster. 

19. Viola renifolia A. Gray. Kidney-leaved Violet. (Man. p. 
638; I. F. / 24g8.) Woods and thickets, N. S. to Pa. and Minn.— 
Pennsylvania : Fulton. 

20. Viola primulaefolia L. Primrose-lEaved VioleT. (Man. p. 
639 ; I. F. f. 24gg. ) Moist or wet ground, N. B. to Fla. and La. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; 
Allegheny. 

21. Viola lanceolata L. Lance-LEaved ViOLET. (Man. p. 639; I. 
F. f. 2JOO.) Wet meadows and along streams, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaw\\re ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin; Huntingdon; Allegheny. 

22. Viola hastata Michx. Halberd-lEaved Yellow Violet. 
(Man. p. 639; I. F.y. 2^02.) Woods, in hilly regions. Pa. and Ohio to 
Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Blair ; Cambria ; Somerset; Fayette. 

23. Viola pubescens Ait. Hairy Yellow Violet. (Man. p. 649; 
I. F. f. 2JOJ.) Dry woods, Quebec to S. Dak., Ga. and Iowa. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Huntingdon ; Frank- 
lin ; Venango ; Allegheny. 

24. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein. Smoothish Yellow 
Violet. (Man. p. 639; I. F. /. 2^04.) Moist woods and thickets, N. 
S. to Man., Neb. Ga. and Te:si.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Delaware ; Sullivan ; Somer- 
set ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

25. Viola Canadensis L. Canada Violet. (Man. p. 639 ; I. F. / 
^5^J- ) Woods, in hilly districts, Newf. and Saskatchewan to N. C, Neb., 
N. Mex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon Creek ; Mon- 
roe ; Sullivan ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Venango ; Armstrong ; Fay- 
ette ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

26. Viola striata Ait. PalE or Striped Violet. (Man. p. 639 ; I. 
F. y. 2jo6.) Moist woods and thickets, N. Eng. and Ont. to Minn., Ga. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

27. Viola Labradorica Schrank. American Dog Violet. (Man. p. 
639 ; I. F. /. 2^07.) Moist soil. Lab. to Minn., N. C. and Ky. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ; Blair ; Allegheny ; Arm- 
strong ; Centre ; Venango. 

28. Viola rostrata Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. (Man. p. 640; 
I. F. f. 2^10.) Rocky woods, Quebec to Mich., south in the mount ins 



ELAEAGNACEAE 219 

to Ga. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Montgomery. 

29. Viola tricolor L. Pansy. Heart's-Ease. (Man. p. 640 ; I. F. /. 
251 1.) Waste places, sparingly escaped. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna; 
Northampton ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

30. Viola Rafinesquii Greene. FieIvD Pansy. (Man. p. 640; I.E./. 
2^12.) Hillsides, Me. to Ga., Mich, and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Franki^in ; Hunt- 
ingdon. 

2. CUBELIUM Raf. 

1. Cubelium concolor (Forst. ) Raf. GreEN Violet. ( Man. p. 640 ; 
I. F. /. 2^ IS') Moist woods, Ont. to Mich., Gc. and Kans. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adei^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Frankwn ; Greene ; Ai^legheny. 

FAM11.Y 5. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort. Passion-ei^ower Famii^y. 
1. PASSIFLORA L. 
1. Passiflora lutea L. YE1.1.OW Passion- Ei^owER. (Man. p. 641 ; 
I. F. f. 2516.) In thickets, Pa. to Kans., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; AIvLEGHeny. 

Order 20. OPUNTIALES. 

Family i. CACTACEAE Lindl. Cactus Family. 

1. OPUNTIAMill. 

1. Opuntia Opuntia (L. ) Coult. Eastern Prickly Pear. (Man. 

p. 644 ; I. F. f. 252J.) In sandy soil, or on rocks. Mass, to Pa. and Fla. 

— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, Peach Bottom ; Monroe, Water Gap. 

Order 21. THYMELEALES. 

Ovule and seed pendulous : plants without scales. Fam. i. Thymeleaceae. 
Ovule and seed erect : plants with scales. Fam. 2. Elaeagnaceae. 

Family i. THYMELEACEAE Reichenb. Mezereon Family. 

1. DIRCA L. 
1. Dirca paluatris L. LEather-wood. Moose- wood. (Man. p. 
646 ; I. F. / 2535.) In woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Va., Tenn., 
Mo. and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Fayette ; Crawford ; 
Erie. 

Family 2. ELAEAGNACEAE Lindl. Oleaster Family. 

1. ELAEAGNUS L. 

Free portion of the hypanthium campanulate. \. E. a^igustifolia. 

Free portion of the hypanthium funnelforni. 2. E. argentea. 

1. ElaeagnuB angustifolia L. — Locally naturalized in N. Am. Nat. of 
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Chester. 



220 LYTHRACEAE 

2. Elaeagnus argen ea Pursh. Buffalo or Rabbit-berry. (Man, 
p. 647 ; I. v./. 2^j8.) Manitoba and Minn, to Saskatchewan, Kans. and 
Nev. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Dei.aware. 

Order 22. MYRTALES. 

Style present, simple or compound : stigma terminal. 
Anthers opening- by pores. Fam. i. Melastomaceae. 

Anthers opening by longitudinal valves. 

Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. Lythraceae. 

Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. Fam. 3. Onagraceae 

Style vi^anting : stigmas sessile. Fam. 4. Haloragidaceae. 

Famii^y I. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br. Meadow Beauty Family. 
1. RHEXIA L. 

Stems terete : leaf-blades relatively narrow, mainly short-petioled. 

I. i?. Mariana. 
Stems angled : leaf-blades relatively broad, mainly sessile. 2. R. Virginica. 

1. Rhexia Mariana L. Maryland Meadow Beauty. (Man. p. 651 ; 
I. V.f- 2j^i.) In swamps or low grounds, L. I. to Fla., Ky., Mo., and Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Rhexia Virglnica L. Meadow-Beauty. Deer- Grass. (Man. p. 
651 ; I. F. /. 2^^2.) In sandy swamps, Me. to Fla., 111., Mo. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocomo ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lycoming ; Carbon ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Franklin. 

Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl. Loosestrife Family. 

Flowers regular : hypanthium not oblique. 

Hypanthium hemispheric, turbinate or campanulate. 
Herbs : flowers mostly solitary in the axils : capsules septicidal. 

I. ROTALA. 

Shrubs : flowers in axillary cymes : capsules loculicidal. 2. Decodon. 
Hypanthium cylindric. 3. Lythrum. 

Flowers irregular : hypanthium oblique. 4. Parsonsia. 

1. ROTALA L. 

1. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. RoTala. (Man. p. 649 ; I. F. /. 
^543-) Iji swamps, Mass. to Fla., 111., Neb., Tex. and Mex. Also in 
Calif., Ore., S. Am. and the W. I. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster, on Susquehanna ; Franklin, Chambersburg. 

2. DECODON J. F. Gmel. 

1. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Swamp Willow-herb or 
Loosestrife, (Man. p. 649 ; I. F. /. 2^44.) In swamps, Me. to Fla., 
Ont., Minn., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Pike ; Car- 
bon ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Delaware ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Craw- 
ford ; Erie. 



ONAGRACEAE 221 

3. LYTHRUM L. 

Flowers solitary in the axils : stamens not more than the petals. 
Annual : flowers not dimorphous : stamens included, i. L. hyssopifolium-. 
Perennial : flowers dimorphous : stamens of short-styled flowers exserted. 

2. L. alatum. 
Flowers in panicled terminal spikes : stamens twice as many as the petals. 

3. L. Salicaria. 

1. Lythrum hyssopifolium L. Hyssop LooskSTrife. (Man. p. 649 ; 
I. F. f. 2^45- ) Borders of salt marshes, Me. to Pa. and N. J. Also in Calif, 
and S. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Plumsteadville. 

2. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angi^Kd Loosestrife. (Man. p. 
650; I. F. _/. 2^46.) In low grounds, southern Ont. to Mass., Ky., S. 
Dak. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : DEIvAWARE, Hay Island ; Ali^egheny. 

3. Lythrum Salicaria ly. Spiked or PurpIvE IvOOSESTrife. (Man. 
p. 650 ; I. F.y. 2^4g.) In swamps and wet meadows, Cape Breton Island 
to Ont. and Del. Said to be nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia ; Chester ; Ali^egheny. 

4. PARSONSIA P. Br. 
1. Parsonsia petiolata (L.) Rusby. Blue Wax-weEd. CIvAMMY 
CUPHEA. (Man. p. 650; I. F. /. 2^30.) In dry soil, R. I. to 111,, Kans., 
Ga. and La. Intrpd. into southern Ont. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; DELAWARE ; Chester; Lancaster; Leba- 
non ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

Family 3. ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Evening-primrose Family. 

Floral whorls of 4 parts or more. 
Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening by valves or a pore. 
Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Seeds naked. 
Leaves opposite : plants with creeping or floating stems. 

1. Isnardia. 
Leaves alternate : plants with erect or ascending stems. 

2. Ludwigia. 
Seeds with tufts of hairs. 3. Chamaenerion. 

Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary. 
Seeds furnished with tufts of hairs. 4. Kpilobium. 

Seeds naked, sometimes tuberculate. 
Stamens equal in length. 
Ovules and seeds horizontal, angled. 5. Onagra. 

Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled. 6. Oenothera. 

Stamens unequal in length, the alternate ones longer. 

7. Kneiffia. 
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 8. Gaura. 

Floral whorls of 2 parts. 9, Circaea. 

1. ISNARDIA L. 

1. Isnardia palustris L. Marsh Purslane. (Man. p. 652 ; I. F. /. 
^555-) In muddy ditches and swamps, N. S. to Man., Ore., Fla., Calif, 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny. 



222 ONAGRACEAE 

2. LUDW^IGIA L. 

Corolla wanting or obsolete : flowers sessile : capsule valvate. 

1. L. sphaerocarpa. 
Corolla conspicuous : flowers peduncled : capsule opening by a terminal pore. 

2. L. allernifolia. 

1. Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell. Globe-fruited Ludwigia. (Man. 
p. 653 ; I. F. /. 2§§7.) In swamps, eastern Mass. and southern N. Y. to 
Fla., west to La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Ludwigia laternifolia L. Seed-box. Ratti,e-box. (Man. p. 
654; I. F. f.2^6j.) In swamps, N. H. to northern N. Y., Ont. (?), Mich., 
Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; DeIvA- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Huntingdon ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

3. CHAMAENERION Adans. 
1. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L. ) Scop. Great or Spiked Wil- 
i,ow-HERB. Fire-weed. (Man. p. 655; I. F. /. z^66.) In dry soil, 
Lab. to Alaska, N. C, Kans., Ariz, and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — 
Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe; Schuyi,kii,i. ; Luzerne; 
Cambria ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei.phia ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Centre ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. EPILOBIUM L. 

Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, essentially entire. 

Leaf- blades petioled : plants canescent. i. E. lineare. 

Leaf-blades sessile : plants glandular-pubescent. 2. E. strictum. 

Leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, serrate. 

Flowers drooping : seeds obconic, beakless : coma reddish. 

3. E. coloratutn. 
Flowers erect : seeds ellipsoid, short-beaked : coma white. 

4. E. adenocaulon. 

1. Epilobium lineare Muhl. Linear-leaved WiIvLOW-hERB. (Man. 
p. 656 ; I. F. /. 2572.) In swamps, N. B. to B. C, Del., the Ind. Terr, 
and Wyo. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; SchuyIvKII.1. : 
Lancaster ; Bucks. 

2. Epilobium strictum Muhl. Downy or Soft WiIvI.ow-herb. 
(Man. p. 656; I. F. /. 2^73.) Bogs, Me. to Ont., Minn., Va. and 111. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Dei^aware ; Ei.k ; Crawford ; Erie. 

3. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purpi^e-i^Eaved Wii^i^ow-herb. 
(Man. p. 656 ; I. F./. 2375. ) I^i low grounds. Me. to Ont., Wis., S. Dak., 
S. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai^i^egheny. 

4. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern Wii^low-herb. 
(Man. p. 656; I. F.y. 2^76.) In moist grounds, N. B. to Ore., south to 
Mass., Pa., Iowa, Utah and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Schuyi.- 
Kin, ; Luzerne; Tioga; Delaware, Tinicum. 



ONAGRACEAE 223 



5. ONAGRA Adans. 

Capsules 2 cm. to almost 3 cm. long, abruptly narrowed at the apex : plants 
appressed-pubescent. i. O. biennis. 

Capsules 3 cm. long or longer, gradually narrowed at the apex : plants velvety- 
pubescent. 2. O. Oakesiana. 

1. Onagra biennis (L.) sScop. Common Evening primrose. (Man. 
p. 657; I. F. y*. 2^7g.) Usually in dry soil, Lab. to Fla., west to the 
Miss. Valley. Nat. in the Old World, — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Onagra Oakesiana (A. Gray) Britton, Oakes' Evening-prim- 
ROSE. (Man. p. 657; I. F. /. 2^80.) Shores of the St. Lawrence and 
along the Great Lakes to Mass., Pa. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, 
Tannersville. 

6. OENOTHERA L. 

1. Oenothera laciniata Hill. Sinuate-i^Eaved Evening-primrose. 
(Man. p. 658 ; I. F. /. 2^82.) In sandy dry soil, southern N. J. to Pa., 
111. and Neb., south to Fla., Tex. and Mex., extending in S. Am. Nat. 
in Vt.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadei^phia. 

7. KNEIFFIA Spach. 
Capsules club-shaped. 
Capsules pubescent. 

Pedicel-like base longer than the capsule-body whose thick wings are 

pubescent. i. K. longipedicellata. 
Pedicel-like base shorter than the capsule-body whose thin wings are 

glabrous. 2. K. li?iearis. 

Capsules glabrous or nearly so. 3. K. pumila. 

Capsules oblong or nearly so. 4. K.friUicosa. 

1. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small. Long stemmed Sundrops. 
(Man. p. 659; I. F. /. 238^.) In fields and thickets, N. Y. to W. Va. 
and Fla. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

2. KneifEa linearis (Michx. ) Spach. Narrow-i,eaved Sundrops. 
(Man. p. 660; I. F. /. 2^go.) In meadows, Conn, to Tenn. and Ga. — 
Pennsylva7iia : Lancaster ; Montgomery. 

3. Kneiffia pumila (L. ) Spach. Smai^i, Sundrops. (Man. p. 660; 
I. F./. 2^gi.) In dry soil, N. S. to Man., N. J., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Huntingdon ; B1.AIR ; Ai^legheny. 

4. KneifEa fruticosa (L.) Raimann. Common Sundrops. (Man. p. 
660 ; I. F. /. 2^g2.) In dry soil, N. S. to Ga., Minn, and La. — Pefmsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chest kr ; Lancaster ; 
Montgomery; Frankwn ; Centre; Crawford; Somerset. 

4a. K. fruticosa pilosella (Raf.) Britton. (Man, p. 660.) On banks, 
N. Y. to 111., south to Ga. — Northampton; Bucks; Monroe; Lu- 
zerne ; Cl^ARION ; AlvIvEGHENY. 



224 HALORAGIDACEAE 

8. GAURA L. 
1. Gaura biennis h. Bienniai. Gaura. (Man. p. 663 ; I. F./. 260J.) 
In dry soil, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Ga., Neb. and Ark. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Nq-rtha-mpton ; Bucks; Phii,adei<phia ; D ei. a ware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Washington ; Ai.i.egheny. 

9. CIRCAEA L. 

Leaf-blades mainly of an ovate type : fruit 2-celled. i. C. Liitetiana. 

Leaf-blades mainly of a cordate type : fruit i -celled. 2. C. alpina. 

1. Circaea Lutetiana L- Enchanter's Nightshade. (Man. p. 
664; L F. /. 2610.) In woods, N. S. to W. Ont., S. Dak., Ga., Neb. 
and Kans. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Lackawanna ; 
Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^in ; C01.UMBIA ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Circaea alpina L. Smali^er Enchanter's Nightshade. (Man. 
p. 664 ; I. F. /. 261 1.) In cold, moist woods, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., Ind., 
Mich, and S. Dak. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Lack- 
awanna ; Tioga ; Sui,i,ivan ; Monroe ; Northampton ; York ; 
Huntingdon ; B1.AIR ; Cambria. 

Fam. 4. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke. Water M11.F011. 

FAM11.Y. 
Flowers perfect : floral whorls of 3 parts : fruit mostly 3-celled. 

I. Proserpinaca. 
Flowers monoecious or polygamous : floral whorls of 4 or 8 parts : fruit of 4 
carpels. 2. Myriophyllum. 

1. PROSERPINACA L. 

Fruit sharp-angled : emersed leaves with toothed blades. i. P. palustris 

Fruit blunt-angled : emersed leaves with pectinate-pinnatifid blades. 

2. P. pectinata. 
1. Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed. (Man. p. 665 ; I. 
F. y. 261J.) In swamps, N. B. to Lake Huron, Fla., Iowa and C. Am. 
Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; Dauphin ; Lu- 
zerne, Lily Lake ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

2. Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. CuT-i.Kaved Mermaid-weed. 
( Man. p. 665 ; I. F. f. 2616. ) In sandy swamps near the coast, eastern 
Mass. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. 

Fruit of smooth keelless carpels. 
Flowers only on emersed stems. 
Bracts longer than the flowers, pinnatifid. i. M. verticillatiim. 

Bracts shorter than the flowers, not pinnatifid, sometimes obsolete. 
Submerged stems leafy : fruit 2 mm. long. 2. M. spicatuin. 

Submerged stems leafless or nearly so : fruit i mm. long. 

3. M. tenellum. 
Flowers on both emersed and submerged stems. 4. M. htimile. 

Fruit of 2-keeled carpels. 5. M. heterophylhcm. 



ARALIACKAB 225 

1. Myriophylltim verticillatum Iv. Whori^Ed Water-miIvFoii,. 
(Man. p. 666 ; I. F. / 2618.) Quebec and Ont. to Fla., Minn, and Calif. 
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

2. Myriophyllum spioatum Iv. Spiked WATKR-MII.F011.. (Man. p. 
666; I. F./. 26/7.) In deep water, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Iowa, 
Kans. and Calif. Also in E)u. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque 
Isle. 

3. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Si<EnderWaTER-mii,eoii.. (Man. 
p. 666 ; I. F. f. 2620. ) Sandy bottoms of ponds and streams, New. to N. 
J., Pa. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond. 

4. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Moron g. Low WaTER-mii^Eoii,. 
(Man. p. 666; I. F. /. 2621.) In ponds. Me., R. I. to Md. and 111.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Long Pond. 

5. Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Various-IvEaved WatER- 
Mii^Foii.. (Man. p. 666; I. F. /. 2622.) In ponds, Ont. and N. Y. to 
Fla., S. Dak., Tex. and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

Order 23. UMBELLALES. 

Androecium of 5 stamens : styles distinct, rarely partially united. 

Fruit fleshy or pulpy, the carpels permanently united. 

Fam. I. Araliaceae. 

Fruit dry, splitting in two carpels at maturity. Fam. 2. Umbelliferae. 

Androecium of 4 stamens: styles united. Fam. 3. Cornaceae. 

Famii^y I. ARALIACEAE Vent. Ginseng Famii^y. 
Styles 5 : leaves or bracts alternate ; blades not digitately compound, i. Aralia. 
Styles 2-3 : leaves or bracts whorled ; blades digitately compound. 2. Panax. 

1. ARALIA Iv. 

Umbels numerous, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. 
Shrub or small tree, with prickle-armed stems : leaflets leathery. 

I. A. spinosa. 
I,arge unarmed herb: leaflets membranous. 2. A. racemosa. 

Umbels few, in terminal corymbs or few-rayed umbels. 
Plants with elongated rootstocks, a peduncle or a leaf arising at intervals 
from the rootstock. 3. A. nudicaulis . 

Plants with leafy branches arising from the rootstock. 4. A. hispida. 

1. Aralia spinosa L. HERCUi.ES' Ci^UB. AngEWCA TREE. (Man. p. 
668; I. F. /. 2626 J) In low grounds and along streams, Conn, to Fla., 
Ind., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: B1.AIR ; Cambria; Ci,Eareiei,d ; 
Westmorei^and ; DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Bucks ; Ai^i^E- 

GHENY. 

2. Alalia racemosa L- American Spikenard. (Man. p. 668 ; I. F. 
/. 2627.) In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., S. Dak. and Kans. — Pennsylvania ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu- 
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Tioga ; Ai,i.egheny. 

3. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wii^d or Virginian Sarsaprii,i,a. (Man. 
p. 668 ; I. F. /: 2628.) In woods, Newf to Man., N. C, Neb. and Mo.— 

15 



226 UMBELLIFERAE 

Pennsylvannia : Northampton ; Bucks ; DeTvAware ; Monroe ; Lan- 
caster ; AlvIvEGHENY. 

4. Aralia hispida Vent. BrisTi^y Sarsaparii^i^a. Wild Elder. 
(Man. p. 668 ; I, F. /. 262^.) In rocky or sandy woods and clearings, 
Newf. to N. C, Ont. Minn, and Ind. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Wayne ; 
Dauphin ; Chester ; Huntingdon ; Lancaster ; Blair ; Cambria ; 
Lackawanna. 

2. PANAX L. 

Rootstock fusiform : leaflets stalked, acuminate : berries bright crimson. 

1. P. quinque/olinm. 
Rootstocks globular : leaflets sessile, obtuse : berries yellow, 

2. P. trifolium. 

1. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. (Man. p. 668; I. F./. 2630.) 
In rich woods, Quebec to Ala., Minn., Neb, and Mo. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; 
Huntingdon ; Cambria ; Armstrong ; Washington ; Allegheny ; 
Erie ; Somerset. 

2. Panax trifolium L. Dware Ginseng or Ground-nut. (Man. 
p. 668 ; I. F. / 2631.) In moist woods and thickets, N, S, to Ga,, Ont,, 
Minn,, Iowa and 111. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe ; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; Hunting- 
don ; Erie. 

Family 2. UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Carrot Family. 

Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil-tubes. 
Fruit strongly flattened laterally. i. Hydrocotylb. 

Fruit not strongly flattened laterally, sometimes turgid. 
Seed-face concave. 
Stylopodium conic. 
Fruit bristly-pubescent. 7. Washingtonia. 

Fruit smooth or smooth and glabrous. 

Carpels not ribbed. 5. Anthriscus. 

Carpels ribbed. 6. Scandix. 

Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Leaf-blades entire, perfoliate. 12, Bupleurum. 

Leaf-blades dissected. 11. Conium. 

Seed-face flat, 20. Aegopodium, 

Fruit with distinct oil-tubes. 
Inflorescence glomerate, the flowers aggregated into dense heads. 

3. Eryngium. 
Inflorescence manifestly umbellate, 

A. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the carpels more or 
less strongly winged, 
a. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Stylopodium conic. 
Fruit not notched at the apex, the carpels not very flat, 

30. OXYPOLIS, 

Fruit notched at the apex, the carpels very flat. 

34. Heracleum. 
Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 



UMBELLIFBRAE 



227 



28. Angelica. 
35. Dattcus. 



IvEVISTICUM. 

Pastinaca. 



Corolla white. 
Fruit spineless. 

Fruit armed with barbed spines. 
Corolla yellow. 
Carpels with prominent dorsal ribs. 
Carpels with merely filiform dorsal ribs, 
b. Oil-tubes more than one in the intervals. 
Leaf -blades pinnately or ternately divided. 
I,eaf-blades once ternate, the divisions relatively broad, stalked. 

32. IMPERATORIA. 

Leaf -blades pinnate or twice ternate, the divisions not stalked. 

28. Angelica. 
Leaf -blades much divided. 27. Conioselinum. 

B. Fruit more or less flattened laterally, sometimes slightly dorsally 
flattened. 
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, sometimes under the secondary ribs. 
Stylopodium conic. 
Leaf-segments, at least those of the upper leaves, narrowly linear or 
filiform. 
Involucre wanting. 

Corolla white. 9. 

Corolla yellow. 24. 

Involucre present. 
Leaf-blades dissected into many segments. 
Fruit smooth. 22. 

Fruit bristly or tuberculate. 31. 

Leaf-blades with few segments. 17, Carum, 

Leaf -segments neither narrowly linear nor filiform. 
Seed-face concave or sulcate. 
Fruit glabrous or minutely pubescent 
Fruit covered with spines. 
Seed-face flat. 
Fruit orbicular to short-oblong. 
Fruit elongated-oblong. 
Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Corolla white. 
Fruit flattened laterally. 
Fruit slightly dorsally flattened. 
Corolla yellow. 
Fruit with winged ribs. 
Fruit with merely filiform ribs. 
Oil-tubes more than one on the intervals. 
Stylopodium conic. 
Fruit with equal and prominent ribs. 
Fruit with almost obsolete ribs. 
Stylopodium obsolete or flat. 
Seed-face concave. 
Seed-face flat or nearly so. 
Fruit ribless, spiny. 
Fruit ribbed, spineless. 
Carpels with filiform ribs. 

Carpels with corky ribs, at least the lateral ones. 
Oil-tubes continuous around the seed cavity. 

12. Bupleurum, 
OH -tubes 2-3 in the intervals. 21, Sium. 



CORIANDRUM. 
FOENICULUM. 



Ptilimnium. 
Spermolepis. 



4. Chaerophyllum. 

8. TORILIS. 

15. CiCUTA. 

16. Deringa. 



Apium. 
Aethusa. 



Thaspium. 

ZlZIA. 



LiGUSTICUM. 
PiMPINELLA. 



10. Frigenia. 



2. Sanicula. 



18. Taenidia. 



228 UMBELLIFERAE 

1. HYDROCOTYLE h. 

L,eaves with nearly orbicular peltate blades. 

Umbels simple. i. H. umbellata. 

Umbels proliferous. 2. H. Canbyi. 

Leaves with reniform not peltate blades. 

Umbels nearly sessile : leaf-blades shallowly 5-13-lobcd. 

3. H. Americana. 

Umbels long-peduncled : leaf -blades 3-7-cleft. 4. H. ranunculoides. 

1. Hydrocotyle umbellata L. Umbeli.aTE Marsh-pennywort 
(Man. p. 671 ; I. F. y. 2103.) In swamps and low grounds, eastern Mass. 
to Fla. and the W. I., Minn., Tex. and Mex. Also in S. Am. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks, Bristol ; Phii^adeephia ; Huntingdon ; Dei^aware. 

2. Hydrocotyle Canbyi C. & R. Canby's Marsh-pennywort. 
(Man. p. 671 ; I. V.f. 2^04.) In moist ground, N. J. to Fla. — Pennsyl- 
vania: Bucks. 

3. Hydrocotyle Americana L. American Marsh-pennyworT. 
(Man. p. 672 ; I. F./. 2yo6.) In wet places, N. S. to Minn., Pa. and N. 
C. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei<a- 
ware ; Chester ; Franki^in ; Luzerne ; Coeumbia ; Huntingdon ; 
Somerset ; Aeeegheny. 

4. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f • Floating Marsh-pennyavorT. 
(Man. p. 672 ; I. F. /. 2yo/.) In ponds and swamps. Pa. to Fla., near 
the coast, west to Tex.; Ore. to L. Calif. Also in C. and S. Am., 
Abyssinia and Italy. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER ; Lancaster ; York : 
Dauphin ; Frankein. 

2. SANICULA L. 

Plants perennial : stamens and style exserted. 
Petals and anthers greenish white : sepals linear-subulate : fruit about 6 mm. 
long-. I. .S. Marylandica. 

Petals and anthers yellow : sepals ovate : fruit about 3 mm. long. 

2. .5. gr eg aria. 
Plants biennial : stamens and style included. 

Pedicels of the staminate flowers 1-2 times the length of the calyx. 

3. 5. Canadensis. 
Pedicels of the staminate flowers 3-4 times the length of tke calyx. 

4. 5. trifoliata. 

1. Sanicula Marylandica L. SaniceE- Beack Snake-root. (Man. 
p. 672 ; I. F. f. 2664. ) In rich woods, Newf. to Alberta, Ga., and Colo. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Krie ; Allegheny. 

2. Sanicula gregaria Bickn ell. CLUSTERED Snake-ROOT. (Man. p. 
673 ; 1. V.f. 266^.) In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont., to Minn., Va., 
Kans. and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Northampton. 

3. Sanicula Canadensis L. ShorT-stylEd Snake-root. (Man. p. 
673 ; I. F. / 2666.) In woodlands, Vt. to Fla., S. Dak. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster , Franklin ; Fulton ; Erie ; Allegheny. 



UMBELIylFERAK 229 

4. SaniculatrifoliataBicknell. Long-fruiTEd Snake-ROOT. (Man. 
p. 673 ; I. F. / 2667.) In hilly woods, Vt. to Ont., N. Y. and Ind.— 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Pt. Pleasant. 

3. ERYNGIUM L. 
1. Eryngium Virginianum Lam. Virginian Eryngo. (Man. p. 
673 ; I. F.y. 2661. ) In marshes near the coast, N. J. to Fla., west to Tex. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 
4. CHAEROPHYLLUM L. 
1. Chaerophyllum procumbens (Iv.) Crantz. Si^Ender Chervii.. 
(Man. p. 674 ; I. V.f. 2678.) In moist ground, N. Y. and Ont., to Mich., 
N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester 
Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in ; Luzerne ; Ai.i,egheny. 

la. C. procumbens Shortii T. & G. (Man. p. 674.) Washington. 

5. ANTHRISCUS Hoffm. 
1. Anthriscus Cerefolium (L. ) HofFm. Garden Chervii, or Beaked- 
PARSI.EY. (Man. p. 674; I. F. /. 2676.) Eastern and southern Pa. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster. 
6. SCANDIX L. 
1. Scandix Pecten- Veneris L. Venus-, or Lady's-Comb. (Man. 
p. 675 ; I. F.y. 268J.) In waste places, N. J., D. C, and in ballast about 
the seaports. Fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adeIvPhia. 

7. W^ASHINGTONIA Raf. 
Rachis of the leaf- blades glabrous or with short hairs : stylopodium and styles 

fully 3 mm. long. i. W. longistylis. 

Rachis of the leaf-blades with villous hairs : stylopodium and styles about i 

mm. long. 2. W. Claytonii. 

1. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Smoother SweET- 
CICEI^Y. (Man. p. 675 ; I. F. /. 2681.) In woods, N. S. to the N. W. 
Terr., Ala., and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Pike ; Northampton; Bucks; 
PhiladeI/Phia ; Dei<aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Somerset ; Erie. 

2. Washingtonia Claytonii (Michx.) Britton. Wooi^i^y SweET- 
CICEI/Y. (Man. p. 675; I. F. /. 2680.) In woods and clearings, N. S. 
to N. Dak., N. C. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton : 
Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Hun- 
tington ; Erie. 

8. TORILIS Adans. 
Umbels head-like, sessile or very short-peduncled. i. T. nodosa. 

Umbels with slender rays, long-peduncled. 2. T. Anthriscus. 

1. Torills nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Knotted HEdge-parsi^EY. (Man. 
p. 675; I. F.y 26^3.) In waste places, Pa., Md. and Iowa. Also in 
the Southern States, Calif., the W. Indies and S. Am. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Phii.adei<phia, ballast. 

2. Torilis Anthriscus (L. ) Gmel. ERECT Hedge-parsIvEy. (Man. 
p. 675 ; I. F.y 2634.) In waste places, N. J., to D. C. and Ohio. Adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : PhiIvADEI^phia, ballast. 



230 UMBEI.I.IFERAE 

9. CORIANDRUM L. 

1. Coriandrum sativum L,. Native of Eu., adv. or nat. — Pennsyl- 
vania : MoNROR ; Phii.adei.phia ; Northampton ; Lancaster. 

10. ERIGENIA Nutt. 

1. Erigenia bulbosa (Michx. ) Nutt. Harbinger of Spring. (Man. 
p. 676; I. F. /. 2/op.) Ont., to D. C, Ala., Minn, and Kans.— Penn- 
sylvania : York, above Wrightsville ; Westmorei^and ; Erie. 

11. CONIUM Iv. 
1. Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemi^ock. (Man. p. 676 ; I. F./. 
2684.') In waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Del., Ind. and Mich. Also 
in Calif, and Hex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Tioga ; Erie ; AIvIvEgheny. 

12. BUPLEURUM L. 
1. Bupleurum rotundifolmm L. Hare's Ear. Thorough-wax. 
(Man. p. 677 ; I. F. /. 26//.) In fields, N. H. to N. C, S. Dak., Kans. 
and Ark. Also in the Southwest. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Washington. 

13. APIUM L. 
1. Apium graveolens L. CEI.ERY. (Man. p. 677 ; I. F./. 268S.) In 
waste places, escaped in Va. and nat, in salt marshes on the coast of Calif. 
Native of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIA ; Lancaster. 

14. ZIZIA Koch. 
Basal leaves with 2-3-ternately compound blades. i. Z. aurea. 

Basal leaves with simple blades. 2. Z. cordata. 

1. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Eari,y or Goi^den Meadow-parsnip. 
(Man. p. 678; I. F. /. 2690.) In fields and swamps, N. B. to Ont., S. 
Dak., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. Zizia cordata (Walt.) DC. Heart-i.eaved Ai^exanders. (Man. 
p. 679 ; I. F. /. 26g2.) In woods. Conn, to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Ga. , 
Mo., Wyo. and Ore. — Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Bucks ; Dei^aware; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

15. CICUTA L. 
Plant not bulblet-bearing- : leaf-segments of a lanceolate type. i. C. maculata. 
Plant bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a linear type. 2. C. bulbifera. 

1. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemi^ock. Musquash Root. (Man. 
p. 679 ; I. F. /. 2694.) In swamps, N. B. to Man., Fla. and N. Mex. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; York ; 
Lancaster ; P"ranki,in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Cicuta bulbifera L. Bui.b-bearing Water Hemi^ock. (Man. 
p. 679 ; I. F.y. 26g^. ) In swamps, N. S. to Del., Man., Ind. and Neb. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Lancaster ; Lu- 
zerne ; Susquehanna ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 



UMBBIvLIFERAE . 231 

16. DERINGA Adans. 
1. Deringa Canadensis (Iv. ) Kuntze. Honkwort. (Man. p. 679 ; I. F. 
f. 26g6.) In woods, N. B. to S. Dak., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
i,iN ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai,i.egheny. 

17. CARUM L. 
1. Camm Carui Iv. Caraway. (Man. p. 679; I. F. /. 26gj.) In 
waste places, Newf. to S. Dak., Pa. and Colo. Adv. from Eu.— /V««- 
sylvania : I^Ebanon ; Susquehanna. 

18. TAENIDA Drude. 

1. Taenidaintegerrima (L.) Drude. YEI.1.0W PimperneI/. (Man. p. 
680; I. F. /. 2670,) In rocky or sandy soil, Quebec to N. C, Ont, 
Minn., Kans. and Miss. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Warren ; Ai,i,e- 
gheny. 

19. PIMPINELLA L. 

1. Pimpinella Saxifraga (L.) Bennet. Pimpernei.. (Man. p. 680; 
I. F./. 2671.) In waste places, N. Y., Pa., N. J. and Ohio. Adv. from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Northampton, Easton. 

20. AEGOPODIUM L- 

1. Aegopodium Podagraria L. Goutweed. GouTwort. (Man. p. 
680; I. F.y! 2702.) In waste places, Mass. to Pa. and Del. Adv. from 
Eu. — Pennsylva?iia : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Phii,adei.phia ; Lan- 
caster. 

21. SIUM L. 

Fruit 3 mm. long : leaf-segments 4 -17, mostly 5-13 cm. long. 

1. 5. cicutaefoliutn. 
Fruit 2 mm. long : leaf -segments 3-7, mostly 2.5-5 cm. long. 

2. .S. Carsoni, 

1. Slum cicutaefolium Gmel. Hemlock Water-parsnip. (Man. 
p. 681 ; I. F. /. 2683.) In swamps, N. S. to B. C, Fla., La. and Calif. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lu- 
zerne ; Pike ; Carbon ; Armstrong. 

2. Slum Carsoni Durand. Carson's Water-parsnip. (Man. p. 
681; I. F. y. 2686.) In streams. Me. to R.I. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: 
Wayne ; Monroe ; Carbon ; Bucks. 

22. PTILIMNIUM Raf. 
1. Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Hollick. Mock Bishop-weed. 
(Man. p. 681 ; I. F. f. 26pp.) In wet soil, especially brackish meadows, 
Mass. to Fla., west to Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

23. AETHUSA L. 
1. Aethusa Cynapium L. Fooi^'s ParsIvEy. (Man. p. 682 ; I. F. 
f. 2636.) Native of Eu. Adv. or nat. in eastern N. Am. — Pennsylvania : 
Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware. 



232 UMBELLIFERAE 

24. FOENICULUM Adans. 
1. Foeniculum Foeniculum (h.) Karst. Fennei.. (Man. p. 682; 
I. F. /. 2669.) In waste places, N. J. and Pa. to Va. and La. Adv. from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware; Ai.i,EGheny. 

25. LIGUSTICUM L. 

1. Ligustlcum Canadense (L. ) Britton. Nondo. AngeIvICO. (Man. 
p. 683 ; I. F. f. 26^4.) In rich woods, southern Pa. to Ga., Mo. and Ky. 

— Pennsylvania : Bedford. 

26. THASPIUM Nutt. 

Ivcaves with ternate blades : leaflets relatively thick, crenate. 

1. T. trifotiatum. 
Leaves with biternate blades : leaflets relatively thin, incised or lobed. 

2. T. barbinode. 

1. Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Purpi^e Meadow Parsnip. 
(Man. p. 684 ; I. F. f. 2651.) In woods, R. I. to N. J., Tenn. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; Delaware. 

la. T. trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton. (Man. p. 684.) Range 
of type. — Northampton ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Somerset. 

2. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Hairy-jointed Meadow- 
parsnip. (Man. p. 684 ; I. F. /. 2652.) Along streams, Ont. to Minn., 
Kans., Fla., Ky. and Ark. — Pennsylva^iia : Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Philadelphia ; Cam- 
bria ; Fayette ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

27. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. 

1. Conioselinum Chinense (L.) B.S.P. Hemlock-parsley. (Man. 
p. 684; L F. /. 2638.) In cold swamps. Lab. to Mass., N. Y., N. C, 
Minn., Wis. and Ind. — Pennsylvania: Huntingdon, Spruce Creek; 
Allegheny, Chartier's Creek. 

28. ANGELICA L. 

Branches of the umbel glabrous or nearly so : leaves with acute or acutish seg- 
ments. 
Wings broader than the carpel-body : oil-tubes usually solitary in the inter- 
vals. X. A. Curtisii. 
Wings narrower than the carpel-body : oil-tubes numerous in the intervals, 

2. A. atropurpurea . 
Branches of the umble copiously pubescent: leaves with obtuse segments. 

3. A. villosa. 

1. Angelica Curtisii Buckl. CuRTis' Angelica. (Man. p. 684; I. 
F. /. 263s ') In woods, Pa. to N. C. and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Blair, 
Burgoyne's Gap ; Cambria. 

2. Angelica atropurpurea L. Great or PurplE-STEmmed Angel- 
ica. (Man. p. 685; I. F.y. 2636.) In swamps and moist ground. Lab. 
to Minn., Del. and 111. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware : Chester ; York ; Lancaster ; Luzerne. 



CORNACEAE 233 

3. Angelica villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Pubescent AngeIvICA, (Man. 
p. 685 ; I. F./ 2637.) In dry soil, Conn, to Fla., Minn., Tenn. and Mo- 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; DeIvAWAre ; Ches- 
ter ; York ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Berks ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Ai.i,EGHENY ; Erie. 

29. LEVISTICUM Koch. 
1. Levisticum Levisticum (L.) Karst. Lovage. (Man. p. 685.) In- 
troduced into the northeastern United States. — Pennsylvania: Wayne, 
roadsides near Mt. Pleasant. 

30. OXYPOLIS Raf. 
1. Oxypolisrigidus (Iv.) Britton. Cowbane. Hemi^ock. (Man. p. 
686 ; I. F. /. 26^0.) In swamps, N. Y. to Fla., Minn., Mo., and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; DeIvAware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Susquehanna. 

31. SPERMOLEPIS Raf. 

1. Spermolepis divarioatus (Walt. ) Britton. Rough-eruiTED SpER- 
MOivEPiS. (Man. p. 686 ; I. F. /. ^^p/.) Neb. to Tex., N. C. and Fla. 
Also in ballast at Philadelphia. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei<phia, ballast. 

32. IMPERATORIA L. 
1. Imperatoria Ostmthium L. MasTerworT. ( Man. p. 688 ; I. F. 
f. 2643.) IQ fields, Pa. and Mich. Reported from Newf. Nat. or adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, fields near Long Pond. 

33. PASTINACA L. 
1. Pastinaca satlva L. WiIvD Parsnip. (Man. p. 688 ; I. F. /. 2642.) 
Roadsides and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Tioga ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Frankwn ; 
Erie; Ai,i.egheny. 

34. HERACLEUM L. 

1. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-Parsnip. (Man. p. 688 ; I. F. 
f. 2641.) In moist ground, Newf. to Alaska, N. C, Mo., Utah and Calif. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phii,adei.phia ; Bucks ; Dei<aware ; 
Chester; AIvI^egheny. 

35. DAUCUS L. 

1. D.aucus Carota L. Wii^d Carrot. (Man. p. 688 ; I. F./. 2632. ) 
In fields and waste places. Nat. from Eu. — Pefinsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; 
Erie; Ai.i.egheny. 

FAMI1.Y 3. CORNACEAE Link. Dogwood Famii^y. 

Flowers perfect : drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone : leaves mostly- 
opposite. I. CORNUS. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious : drupe with a i-celled and i-seeded stone: 

leaves alternate. 2. Nyssa. 



234 CORNACEAE 



1. CORNUS Iv. 

Flowers in heads subtended by corolla-like involucres of 4-6 white or whitish 
bracts. 
I^ow herbaceous shrubs : fruit globular : bracts of the involucre pointed. 

1. C. Canadensis. 
Tree or woody shrub : fruit oval : bracts of the involucre notched. 

2. C.florida. 
Flowers in open corymb-like cymes, not involucrate. 

I^eaves opposite, remote. 

I,eaf-blades copiously pubescent beneath, at least when young. 
L,eaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular. 3. C. circinata. 

lycaf -blades ovate or ovate -lanceolate. 
Fruit blue. 4. C. Amomutn. 

Fruit white. 5. C. Baileyi. 

lycaf-blades glabrous or nearly so beneath. 
Twigs purple : leaf-blades ovate, abruptly pointed. 6. C. stolonifera. 
Twigs gray : leaf-blades ovate -lanceolate, acuminate. 

7. C. candidissima. 
I^eaves alternate, approximate at the end of the branches. 

8. C. alterni/olia. 

1. Cornus Canadensis I^. Low or Dwarf CorneIv. Bunch- berry. 
(Man. p. 689 ; I. F. f. 2J10.') In low woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, 
N. J., Ind., Minn., Colo, and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; 
SCHUYivKii,!, ; Carbon ; Tioga ; Sui^livan ; Centre ; M1FF1.IN ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Somerset. 

2. Cornus florida L. F1.0WERING Dogwood. (Man. p. 690 ; I. V.f. 
2JI2.) In woods, Me. and Ont. to Fla., Ky., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei<phia ; Dei<a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,E- 

GHENY. 

3. Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-i^Eaved Cornei. or Dogwood. 
(Man. p. 690; I. F. f. 2jij.) In shady, often rocky situations, N. S. 
to Man., Va., 111. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Schuyi^kii,!, ; 
Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

4. Cornus Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik. (Man. p. 690; I. F. /. 
2714.) In wet soil, N. B. to Out., Fla., S. Dak. and Tq:sl.— Pennsylva- 
nia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; Franki^in ; Perry ; Crawford ; Somerset ; Susquehanna ; 

Al^IvEGHENY. 

5. Cornus Baileyi Coult. & Evans. Baii^ey's CorneIv or Dogwood. 
(Man. p. 690; I. F. f. 2716.) Lake shores and in moist ground. Pa. to 
Minn, and the N. W. Terr., Wyo. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: ERIE; 
Presque Isle. 

6. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Cornei. or Dogwood. 
(Man. p. 690 ; I. F. f. 271 j.) In moist soil, N. S. to Yukon Terr., Va., 
Ky., Neb., Ariz, and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Centre ; 
Crawford ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 



PYROLACKAE 235 

7. Comus candidissima Marsh. PanicIvKd Cornki< or Dogwood. 
(Man. p. 690; I. F. /. 2yi8.) In rich soil, Me. to N. C, Minn, and 
Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; DeIvAWARE, 
Chester; Montour; IvAncaster ; Huntingdon; Bedford; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

8. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Ai^ternate-i^Eaved Cornei. or Dog- 
wood. (Man. p. 691; I. F. /. 2^20.) In woods, N. S. to Ga., Ont, 
W. Va., Minn, and Ala. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dau- 
phin ; Franki^in ; B1.AIR ; C01.UMBIA ; Somerset. 

2. NYSSA L. 
1. Nyssa sylvatioa Marsh. Pepperidge. Sour Gum Tupei^o. 
(Man. p. 691 ; I. F. f. 2J21.) In rich moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., 
Mich, and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
PhiIvADEIyPhia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Le;ba- 
non ; ScHUYi,Kii,i, ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. 

Order 1. ERICALES. 

Gynoecium superior : fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. 
Corolla essentially polypetalous. 
Ovary 3-celled : leaves deciduous : shrubs or trees. 

Fam. I. Clethraceae. 
Ovary 4-5-celled : leaves persistent : herbs. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 
Corolla manifestly gamopetalous (except in Monotropa and Hypopitys of 
the Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Fricaceae). 
Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves. 

Fam. 3. Monotropaceae. 
Shrubs or trees with normal green leaves. Fam. 4. Fricaceae. 

Gynoecium inferior : fruit a berry or drupe. Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 

Famii,y I. CLETHRACEAE Klotsch. White Ai.der Famii^y. 
1. CLETHRA L. 

1. Clethra alnifolia L. SwEET PeppERBUSh. White Ai^der. 
(Man. p. 692 ; I. F./. 2724.) In wet soil, Mc. to northern N. J. and Fla., 
mostly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Pike, Tw^elve Mile Pond ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvAdei^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester. 

FamiIvY 2. PYROLACEAE Agardh. Wintergreen Famii^y. 
Style elongated : flowers solitary or racemose. 
Petals more or less converging : capsule-valves cobwebby : flowers racemose. 

1. Pyrola. 
Petals widely spreading : capsule-valves glabrous : flowers solitary. 

2. Moneses. 
Style very short : flowers corymbed or umbellate. 3. Chimaphit,a. 

1. PYROLA L. 
Style declined : stamens declined. 

Sepals oblong or lanceolate : leaf-blades lustrous. i. P. rotundi folia. 

Sepals ovate to triangular : leaf-blades not lustrous. 



236 PYROLACEAE 

Leaf- blades orbicular, leathery, mostly shorter than the petioles. 

2. P. chloranlha. 
lycaf-blades oval, membranous, mostly longer than the petioles. 

3. P. ellipiica. 
Style straight : stamens converging. 4. P. secunda. 

1. Pyrola rotundifolia L. Round-leavED WintERGREEn. (Man. 
p. 693 ; I. F. J. 2/'26.) In dry woods, N. S. to S. Dak., Ga. and Ohio. 
Also iu Eu. — Pe7insylvania : Pike; Monroe; Carbon; Coi^umbia ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Bi^air ; Somerset ; Ai,i.egheny. 

2. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. GrEEnish-ElowerEd WintERGREEn. 
(Man. p. 693 ; I. F. /. 272';,) In dry woods, Lab. to B. C, D. C, 111., 
Neb. and Colo. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Pike ; 
Dei,aware ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Luzerne ; Tioga ; 
B1.AIR ; Huntingdon. 

3. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin-i,eaf. (Man. p. 693; I. F. /. 2728.) 
In rich, mostly dry woods, N. S. to B. C, D. C, 111., Mich, and in the 
Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Berks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; A1.1.E- 
gheny ; Erie. 

4. Pyrola secunda L. One-sided WinTERGREEN. (Man. p. 694; 
I. F. /. 2/jj.) In woods and thickets, Lab. to Alaska, D. C, Neb., along 
the Rocky Mts. to Mex. and to Calif. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Dei^aware ; 
Cpiester ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Tioga ; Sui.i.ivan ; Huntingdon ; 
Bi,AiR ; Cambria ; Susquehanna. 

4a. P. secunda pumila Paine. (Man.p. 694. ) A low northern form. 
— Monroe ; Wayne ; Schuyi^kiei.. 

2. MONESES Salisb. 

1. Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered WinTERGREEN. 
(Man. p. 694; I. F. y. 2734.) In woods. Lab. to Alaska, Conn., Pa., 
Mich., in the Rocky Mts. to Col. and to Ore. Also in Eu. and Asia. N. 
Pa., deep woods. — Pennsylvafiia : northern tier of counties. 

3. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. 

Sepals longer than broad : leaves variegeted : blades broadest below the mid- 
dle. I. C. maciilata. 

Sepals as broad as long : leaves not variegated ; blades broadest above the mid- 
dle. ' 2. C. umbellata . 

1. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted WinTERGREEN. 
(Man. p. 695 ; I. F. /. 273^.) In dry woods, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Ga, 
and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
DeIvAware ; Chester; Lancaster; Frankein ; Huntingdon; 
Erie ; Aeeegheny. 

2. Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Prince's Pine. 
(Man. p. 695 ; I. F. /. 2736.) In dry woods, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Mex. 
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Peimsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 



ERICACEAE 237 

Delaware; Chester; Lancaster ; York ; Blair; Columbia; Al- 
legheny. 

Family 3. MONOTROPACEAE Lindl. Indian Pipe Family. 
Corolla of united petals, persistent. i. Pterospora. 

Corolla of distinct deciduous petals. 

Flowers solitary : plant white, drying- black. 2. Monotropa. 

Flowers racemose : plant yellowish or red. 3. Hypopitys. 

1. PTEROSPORA Nutt. 
1. Pterospora Andromedea Nutt. Giant Bird 's-nest. Pine-drops. 
(Man. p. 695 ; 1. F.y. ^/J/. ) In rich woods, Quebec and N. H. to Pa., 
B. C. and Calif., south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — Pennsylvania : 

2. MONOTROPA L. 
1. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. (Man. p. 696 ; I. F./. ^/Jp.) 
In moist rich woods, Anticosti to Fla., B. C. and Col. Also in Japan and 
the Himalayas. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester; Lancaster; Columbia; Franklin; Huntingdon; Alle- 
gheny ; Erie. 

3. HYPOPITYS Adans. 

1. Hypopitys Hypopitys (L. ) Small. Pine-sap. False Beech- 
DROPS. (Man. p. 693; I. F. f. 2740.) In dry woods, Anticosti to Fla., 
B. C. and Ariz. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Fulton ; Centre ; Crawford ; Allegheny. 

Family 4. ERICACEAE DC. Heath Family. 
Fruit a septicidal capsule : anthers unappendaged. 
Petals distinct. i. Ledum. 

Petals more or less united. 

Corolla slightly irregular : seeds flat, winged. 
Stamens exserted : corolla funnelformto campanulate. 
Lower lip of the corolla divided to the base. 2. Rhodora. 
Lower lip of the corolla not divided. 
Corolla funnelform : leaves deciduous. 3. Azalea. 

Corolla campanulate : leaves persistent. 4. Rhododendron. 

Stamens included: corolla urn-shaped. 5. Menziesia. 

Corolla regular : seed rounded or angled. 6. Kalmia. 

Fruit a loculicidal capsule, sometimes inclosed in the fleshy hypanthium or 
a driipe. 
A. Fruit a dry capsule : calyx or hypanthium not essentially accrescent, 
a. Anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 
Sepals imbricated at least in the bud. 

Capsules opening by a simple layer of 5 valves. 

7. Leucothoe. 
Capsule opening by two layers, the outer 5-valved, the inner lo-valved. 

8. Chamaedaphne. 
Sepals valvate or separated in the bud. 

■■■ Anthers with two awn-like appendages on the back. 
Corolla cylindric or urn-shaped. 9. Pieris. 

Corolla globular. 10. Andromeda, 



238 ERICACEAE 

''•"■•• Anthers unappendagfed. ii. Xolisma. 

b. Anther-sacs opening by longitudinal valves. 

Corolla contracted at the throat : upright shrubs or trees. 

12. OXYDENDRON. 

Corolla expanded at the tliroat : creeping shrubby plant. 

13. Epigaea. 
B. Fruit a drupe or capsule enclosed in the accrescent hypanthium. 

Fruit a capsule enclosed in the fleshy hypanthium. 14. Gaultheria. 
Fruit a drupe with 4-5 nutlets. 15. Arctostaphylos. 

1. LEDUM L. 
1. Ledum Groenlandicum OEder. Labrador Tea. (Man. p. 698; 
I. F. f. 2J42.) In bogs and swamps, Greenland to B. C, Mass., N.J. 
and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; I/Uzerne. 

2. RHODORA L. 

1. Rhodora Canadensis Iv. Rhodora. (Man. 699; I. F. /. 2J48.) 
In bogs and on wet hillsides, Newf. to N. J., Quebec, central N. Y. and 
Pa. —Pennsylvania : Susquehanna; Lackawanna; Monroe, abundant. 

3. AZALEA L. 

Corollas expanding before the leaves. 
Corollas pink or white. 
Leaf- blades strigose beneath : corolla-tube hirsute. i. A. nudiflora. 

Leaf-blades canescent beneath : corolla-tube glandular-pubescent. 

2. A. canescens. 
Corollas yellow, red or orange. 3. A. lutea. 

Corollas expanding after the leaves. 
Leaves with the midnerve glabrous beneath. 4. A. arborescens. 

Leaves with the midnerve strigillose beneath. 5. A, viscosa. 

1. Azalea nudiflora L. Wir.D Honeysuckle. Pinksxer-fi<ower. 
(Man. p. 698 ; I. 'B.f. 274^.) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to 111., Fla. 
and Tex. Reported from Canada. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Leba- 
non ; BERKS ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

la. A. nudiflora glandifera Porter. — Monroe ; Northampton ; Lan- 
caster ; DEI.AWARE. 

2. Azalea canescens Michx. Mountain Azai^ea. (Man. p. 698 ; 

I. F. f. 2744.) In woods, Mass., N. Y., to Fla. and La. Pe7insylvania : 

Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Pike ; Susquehanna. 

3. Azalea lutea L. Fi^ame Azai^ea. (Man. p. 698; I. F. /. 2743.) 
In dry woods, N. Y., and Pa. to Ga. — Pennsylvania: Franki^in ; Ve- 
nango ; Somerset. 

4. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Smooth or Tree A zai.ea. (Man. p. 
698 ; I. F. y. 2J46.) In woods, Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster ; Perry ; York ; Bedford ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Ai.i,E- 
gheny. 

5. Azalea viscosa L. Swamp Pink. White Azalea. (Man. p. 
698; 1. F. /. 2J4'/.) In swamps, Me. to Ohio, Fla., and Tex. — Penn- 



ERICACEAE 239 

sylvania : Pike ; Monrok ; Nor'ThampTon ; Bucks ; DeIvAwark ; 
Chester ; IvAncaster ; Perry ; Franki^in ; Somerset ; Wyoming ; 
Fayette. 

5a. A. viscosa hispida (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 699.) Borders of 
ponds ; Shawangunk Mts. to Pa. and N. Y. ; Monroe. 

5b. A. viscosa glauca Michx. (Man. p. 699.) Mass. to Va. Pike; 
Monroe; Lancaster; Lebanon; Somerset; DeIvAware. 

5c. A. viscosa nitida (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 699.) Mass. to 
Va. Berks ; Lancaster, Smithville. 

4. RHODODENDRON L. 
1. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Laurei,. Rose Bay, 
(Man. p. 699 ; I. F. f. 2y^o.) In woods and along streams. N. S. to 
Ont., O. and Oa.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lycoming ; Pike ; Lack- 
awanna ; ScHUYi.Kii.1. ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Bi^air ; Cambria ; Somerset ; Erie ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

5. MENZIESIA J. E. Smith. 

1, Menziesiapilosa (Michx. ) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. (Man. 
p. 700 ; I. F. /. 2752.) In mountain woods, Pa. to Ga. — Pennsylvania : 
Lebanon, Cold Springs ; Somerset. 

6. KALMIA L. 

Flowers in compound umbels or corymbs : twigs terete. 

Corolla 6-10 mm. broad : leaf -blades oblong. i. K. angustifolia. 

Corolla 16-25 mm. broad : leaf -blades elliptic to oval. 2. K. latifolia. 
Flowers in simple terminal umbels : twigs 2-edged. 3. K. glauca. 

1. Kalmla angustifolia L. Sheep laurel. Lambkill. (Man. p. 
701 ; I. F. f. 2y^6.) In moist soil, Newf. to Hudson Bay, south to Ga. 
and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Pike ; Monroe; Luzerne; Schuylkill; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster. 

2. Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain LaurEL. Calico-bush. (Man. 
p. 701 ; I. F. / 27 5 J.) In woods, N. B. to Ont., Ohio, Fla. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Schuylkill ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

3. Kalmia glauca Ait. PalE or Swamp Laurel. (Man. p. 701 ; 
I. F. /. 27s8-) In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, Conn., N. J., Pa., Mich, and 
Cal. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Susquehanna; Monroe; Pike. 

7. LEUCOTHOii D. Don. 
1. Leucothoe racemosa (L. ) A. Gray. Swamp LeucoThoe. (Man. 
p. 703 ; I. F. f. 2j66.) In swamps and moist thickets, Mass. to Pa., Fla. 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin. 

8. ANDROMEDA L. 
1. Andromeda polifolia L. Wild Rosemary. (Man. p. 703; I. F. 
/. 2767.) In bogs, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Pa., Mich, and B. C. Also in 
Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Wayne; Susquehanna ; Monroe. 



240 VACCINIACEAE 

9. PIERIS D. Don. 

1. Pieris mariana (L. ) Benth. & Hook. Stagger- bUvSh. (Man. p. 
704; I. F. /. 2770. ) In sandj soil, R. I. to Fla., Tenn. and Ark. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster. 

10. XOLISMA Raf. 

1. Xolisma ligustrina (L. ) Britton. Privet Andromeda. (Man. 
p. 704 ; I. F. y! 2jyi.) In swamps and wet soil, Canada (?), Me. to N. 
Y., Fla., Tenn. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Luzerne; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lan- 
caster ; FrankIvIn ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Ali^egheny. 

11. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. 
1. Chamaedaphnecalyculata (L.) Moench. Leather-i.Eaf. (Man. 
p. 705 ; I. F.y. 2yj2.) In bogs and swamps, Newf. to Alaska, N. J., Ga., 
Ills., Mich, and B. C. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; 
Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Centre ; Luzerne ; Tioga. 

12. OXYDENDRUM DC. 
1. Oxydendrum arboreum (L. ) DC. Sour-wood. Sorrei.-tree. 
(Man. p. 705 ; I. F. /. 2//j.) In woods, Ohio and Pa. to Va., Fla. and 
Miss. — Pennsylvania : Fayette, Mt. Pleasant. 

13. EPIGAEA L. 
1. Epigaea repens L. Traii^ing Arbutus. Mayfi^ower. Ground 
Laurei.. (Man. p. 705; I. F. /. 2JJ4.) In sandy or rocky woods, 
Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., Ky. and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Mon- 
roe ; Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; 
Lebanon ; Somerset ; Ai.i.egheny. 

14. GAULTHERIA L. 
I. Gaultheria procumbens L. Creeping Wintergreen. (Man. p. 
705 ; I. F.y. 2yj_5.) In woods, Newf. to Man., Ga. and Mich. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lackawanna ; Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DeI/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Phii,adei.phia ; Schuyi.kii,l ; 
C01.UMBIA ; Luzerne ; Centre ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Brie ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

15. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. 
1. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi (L. ) Spreng. Red Bearberry, Kinni- 
KiNic. (Man. p. 706; I. F. y". 2yj6.) In dry, sandy or rocky soil. 
Lab. to Alaska, N. J., Pa., 111., Neb., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Erie, Presquelsle; CIvInton. 

Famii^y 5. VACCINIACEAE Lindl. Huckxeberry Famh^y. 

Ovary lo-celled : fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. i. Gaylussacia. 
Ovary 4-5-celled : fruit a many-seeded berry. 
A. Petals more or less united. 
Upright shrubs or trees : ovary wholly inferior : berries variously colored. 



VACCINIACBAB 241 

Corolla open campanulate. 2. Polycodium. 

Corolla globular, ovoid or urn-shaped to cylindric, 3. Vaccinium. 
Creeping shrubby plants : ovary half inferior : berries white. 

4. Chiogenes. 
B. Petals distinct. 5. Oxycoccus. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. 

I^eaves deciduous ; blades relatively thin, entire. 
Corolla conic : leaves sticky with a resinous secretion. i. G. resinosa. 
Corolla campanulate to globose-campanulate : leaves not sticky. 
Drupe with a bloom : leaf-blades pale beneath. 2. G.frondosa. 

Drupe without a bloom : leaf -blades not pale beneath. 3. G. dumosa. 
L,eaves persistent ; blades leathery, serrate. 4. G. brachycera. 

1. Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. Bi,ack or High-bush 
HuCKi^EBERRY. (Man. p. 707 ; I. F. f. 2j8o.) In woods and thickets. 
Newf. to Ga., Man., Wis. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Pike ; 
Lebanon ; Bucks ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Ai.i,e- 

GHENY. 

la. G. resinosa leucocarpa Porter. Monroe ; Huntingdon. 

2. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T. & G. B1.UE Tangi^E. Tangi^E- 
BERRY. (Man. p. 707; I. F. /. ^//p.) In moist woods, N. H. to Fla., 
Ohio and La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Pike ; Lackawanna ; Carbon ; 
ScHUYi^Kii,!, ; Northampton ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Lancas- 
ter ; Chester ; Lebanon. 

3. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf or Bush Hucki^e- 
BERRY. (Man. p. 708 ; I. F.y". 2^81.) In sandy swamps, Newf. to N. 
Y., Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster; Chester; Montgom- 
ery. 

4. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray. Box-Hucki,eberry. 
(Man. p. 708 ; I. V.f. 2782.) In dry woods, Pa. to Va. — Pennsylvania : 
Perry, near Bloomfield. 

2. VACCINIUM L. 

Corolla cylindric or nearly so, twice or thrice longer than thick. 

I. V. corymbosum. 
Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or cylindric-oblong, once or twice as long as thick. 
Leaf -blades not glaucous beneath. 
Leaf-blades entire or essentially so, pubescent beneath. 

Drupe without bloom : leaf-blades of an oval type : shrub 10-50 dm. tall. 

2. V. atrococcum. 
Drupe with bloom : leaf-blades of an oblong type : shrub 1.5-6 dm. tall. 

3. V. Canadense. 
Leaf-blades manifestly serrulate, glabrous or nearly so. 

4. V. Pennsylvanicum. 
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. 

Drupe without bloom.' 5. V. nigrum. 

Drupe with bloom. 6. V. vacillans. 

1. Vaccinium corymbosum L. High-bush or TAi,iy Bi^ueberry. 

(Man. p. 710; I. F. f. 2j88.) In swamps, thickets and low woods, 
16 



242 VACCINIACEAE 

Newf. to Minn., Va. and La. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Montgomery ; Huntingdon. 

2. Vaccinium atrococcum ( A. Gray) Heller. Bi.ack Hucki^eberry. 
(Man. p. 710; I. F. y. ^ySg.) In swamps and wet woods, N. B. and Ont. 
to N. J. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe ; Carbon ; Ches- 
ter ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Erie. 

3. Vaccinium Canadense Richards, Canada Bi^ueberry. (Man. 
p. 710; I. F.y. 2ygo.) In moist places, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., 111. 
and Mich. — Penftsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton. 

4. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum Lam. Dwarf or Low-bush Blue- 
berry. (Man. p. 710 ; I. F.y". 2jgi.) In dry, rocky or sandy soil, Newf. 
to the N. W. Terr., N. J., 111. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; 
Luzerne ; Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Schuylkill ; Lancaster; 
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fulton ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

5. Vaccinium nigrum (Wood) Britton. Low Black Blueberry. 
(Man. p. 710 ; I. F. /. 2/g2.) In dry rocky soil, Me. to N. J., Pa. and 
Mich. — Pennsylvania : Monroe. 

6. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Low Blueberry. Blue Huckle- 
berry. (Man. p. 710; I. F. f. 2ygj.) In dry soil. Me. and N. H. to 
Ont., Mich., N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike; Monroe; North- 
ampton ; Montgomery ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Schuylkill ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon. 

2. POLYCODltjM Raf. 

1, Polycodium stamineum L. Deerberry. BuckbERRY. (Man. 
p. 708; I. F.y. 2yg6.) In dry woods and thickets. Me. to Ont., Minn., 
Fla., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Philadel- 
phia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Somerset ; 
Allegheny. 

3. CHIOGENES Salisb. 

1. Chiogenes hispidula ( L. ) T. & G. Creeping Snowberrv. (Man. 
p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2yg8.) In cold wet woods and bogs, Newf. to B, C, N. C. 
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Susquehanna ; Tioga ; Monroe. 

4. OXYCOCCUS Hill. 

Berry mostly 6-10 mm, in diameter : leaf -blades ovate, acute : petals 4-6 m^m. 
long. I. O. Oxycoccus. 

Berry mostly 10-18 mm. in diameter : leaf -blades oblong or oval, obtuse : pet- 
als 7.5-8.5 mm. long. 2. O. macrocarpus. 

1. Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small or European Cran- 
berry. (Man. p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2'jgg.) In cold bogs, Lab. to Alaska, N. 
J., Mich, and B. C. Also in En. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; 
Pike ; Monroe ; Bradford. 

2. Oxycoccus macrocarpus ( Ait. ) Pers. Large or American Cran- 
berry. (Man. p. 711 ; I. F.y. 2800.) In bogs, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. C, W. Va., Mich, and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Wayne ; Pike; Mon- 



PRIMULACEAE 243 

ROE ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^awark ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Somerset ; Crawford ; Erie. 

Order 2. PRIMULALES. 
FAMII.Y I. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Primrose Family. 

Plants caulescent (the stem-leaves mere scales in Trientalis): corolla-lobes 
erect or merely spreading-. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated at least in the bud, i. Samolus. 

Corolla-lobes valvate or convolute in the bud. 
Capsule opening by longitudinal valves. 
Flower-cluster not subtended by a whorl of leaf -like bracts : corolla 
yellow. 
Androecium not accompanied by staminodia : corolla-lobes convolute. 

2. Lysimachia. 
Androecium with staminodia. 
Anthers linear : corolla without teeth in the sinuses : flowers axillary 

to leaf -like bracts. 3. Steironema. 

Anthers oblong : corolla with teeth in the sinuses : flowers in dense 
peduncled axillary spike-like racemes. 4. Naumburgia. 

Flower-cluster subtended by a whorl of leaf -like bracts : corolla white. 

5. Trientalis. 
Capsule circumscissile. 6. Anagallis. 

Plants scapose : corolla-lobes reflexed. 7. Dodecatheon. 

1. SAMOLUS L. 

1. Samolus floribundusH.B.K. Water Pimpernel. Brookweed. 
(Man. p. 715 ; L F./. 2810.) In swamps and brooks, N. B. to Fla., B. C, 
Tex. and Calif. — Penniylvania : Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon. 

2. LYSIMACHIA L. 

Leaves whorled, or rarely some of the nodes with only a pair. 
Corolla rotate-campanulate, without dark streaks. 
Flowers in terminal panicles : corolla with glabrous lobes. 

1. L. vulgaris. 
Flowers axillary : corolla with glandular-ciliolate lobes. 

2. L. punctata. 
Corolla rotate, dark-streaked. 3. L. quadrifolia. 

Leaves merely opposite or rarely some of the nodes with a single leaf. 
Powers in a terminal narrow raceme, plants with erect stems. 

4. L. terrestris. 
Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts : plants with creeping stem . 

5. L. Nummularia. 

1. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Golden or Yellow Loosestrife. 
(Man. p. 715 ; I. F. /. 2811.) In fields and along roadsides, Me. to N. 
Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : York, York Furnace ; Dela- 
ware, Tinicum. 

2, Lysimachia punctata L. Spotted Loosestrife. (Man. p. 716 ; 
I. F./. 2812.) In waste places, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton. 



244 PRIMULACEAE 

3. Lyeimachia quadrifolia L. Whori^ed LOOSESTRIFE. (Man. p. 
716; I. F./. 2813.) In thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Wis.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Phii^adei.- 
phia; DeIvAware; Chester; Lancaster; Luzerne; Frankein ; 
Huntingdon; Erie; Ai^eegheny. 

4. Lysimachia terrestris (L.) B.vS.P. Bueb-bearing LoosEvSTRIFe. 
(Man. p. 716; I. F. y. 2814.) In swamps and moist thickets, Newf. to 
Man., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Wayne; Monroe; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Perry ; Luzerne ; 
Cearion ; Crawford ; Aeeegheny. 

5. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Loose- 
strife. (Man. p. 716 ; I. F./. 281J.) In moist places, Newf. to N. J., 
Pa. and Ind. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Montgomery ; Phieadeephia ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; York ; Aeee- 
gheny. 

3. STEIRONEMA Raf. 

Upper cauline leaves with ovate or broadly lanceolate blades. 

I. 6". ciliaium. 
Upper cauline leaves with narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong-lanceolate 
blades. 2. 5. lanceolatum- 

1. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. (Man. 
p. 717 ; I. F./. 281b.) In moist thickets, N. S. to B. C, Ga., Ala., Kans. 
and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
Aeeegheny. 

2. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt. ) A. Gray. Lance-eEaved Loose- 
strife. (Man. p. 717 ; I. F./. 28ig.) In moist ^il, Me. to Minn., Fla., 
La. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; BrisToe ; Lancas- 
ter ; Perry ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Cambria. 

4. NAUMBURGIA Moench. 

1. Naumburgiathyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Tufted Loosestrife. (Man. 
p. 717 ; I. F. y. 2821.) In swamps, N. S. to Alaska, Pa., Mo. and Ore. 
Also in En. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne; Pike ; Tioga ; Erie. 

5. TRIENTALIS L. 

1. Trientalis Americana Pursh. Star-feower Chickweed, Win- 
TERGREEN. (Man. p. 718; I. 'B.f. 2822.) In damp woods and thickets, 
Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Va., 111. and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Pike; 
Monroe ; Lehigh ; Northampton ; Berks ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lebanon ; Schuylkiee ; Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Arm- 
strong ; Carbon ; Somerset ; Erie. 

6. ANAGALLIS L. 

1. Anagallis arvensis L. Red or ScareET Pimpernee. (Man. p. 
718; I. F. f. 2824.) In waste places, Newf. to Fla., Minn, and Mex., 
and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Frankein ; Aeeegheny. 



OIvEACEAE 245 

7. DODECATHEON h. 
1. Dodecatheon Meadia L. Shooting Star. (Man. p. 719 ; I. F. 
/. 2826.) On moist cliffs and prairies, Pa. to Man., Ga. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Perry. 

Orders. EBENALES. 
FamiIvY I. EBENACEAE Vent. Ebony Famii^y. 

1. DIOSPYROS Iv. 

1. Diospyros Virglniana ly. Persimmon. DaTE-plum. (Man. p. 
721 ; I. F. y! 2831.) In fields and woods, R. I. to Kans., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; ScHUYi.Kii,i, ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

[Order 4. GENTIANALES. 

Stamens usually 2, fewer than the corolla-lobes or sepals, our representatives 

shrubs or trees. Fam. i. Oleaceae. 

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes : our representatives herbs. 
Gynoecium of several united carpels : stig-mas distinct : plants with a watery 
juice. 
Ovary 2-celled : leaves with stipules, at least connected by astipular line. 

Fam. 2. LOGANIACEAE. 

Ovary i-celled : leaves without stipules. 
Corolla with imbricated or convolute lobes in the bud : leaves opposite 

or whorled. Fam. 3. Gentianaceae. 

Corolla with induplicate-valvate lobes in the bud : leaves alternate. 

Fam. 4. Menyanthaceae. 
Gynoecium of 2 distinct carpels except for the united styles or stigmas : 
plants with a milky juice. 
Androecium of distinct stamens : pollen-grain simple : styles united. ' 

Fam. 5. Apocynaceae. 
Androecium of united stamens : pollen-grains in waxy masses : styles dis- 
tinct. Fam. 6. Asclepiadaceae. 

Famii^y I. OLEACEAE Lindl. Olive Famii<y. 
Fruit dry, a capsule or a samara. 
Flowers complete : fruit a capsule : leaf -blades simple, i. Syringa. 
Flowers without a corolla : fruit a samara : leaf -blades compound, 

2. Fraxinus. 
Fruit fleshy, a drupe or a berry. 

Corolla of nearly distinct petals : flowers in drooping panicles. 

3. Chionanthus. 
Corolla of united petals : flowers in erect panicles. 4. Ligustrum. 

1. SYRINGA L. 
1. Syringa vulgaris L. L11.AC. (Man. p. 724; I. F. /. 2837.) Es- 
caped, Me., N. H. to N. Y. and Pa. Nat. of eastern Eu. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Northampton. 

2. FRAXINUS L. 

Leaves with stalked lateral leaflets : calyx present in the pistillate flowers : 
samara not winged all around. 
Wings of the samara almost entirely terminal on the body. 



246 LOGANIACEAE 

lyCaves and twigs glabrous or essentially so. i. P. Americana. 

I,eaves and twigs pubescent. 2. F. Billmoreana. 

Wings of the samara markedly decurrent on the sides of the body. 
Samara with a spatulate wing. 
Leaves, twigs and panicles glabrous or essentially so. 

3. F. lanceolata. 
Leaves, twigs and panicles velvety-pubescent. 4. F. Pennsylvanica. 

Samara with a long-linear wing. 5. F. Darlingtonii. 

Leaves with sessile lateral leaflets : calyx wanting : samara winged all around. 

6. F. nigra. 

1. Fraxinus Americana ly. White; Ash. (Man. p. 724 ; I. F. /. 
2838.) In rich woods, N. S. to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton; Bucks; Dei^aware; Chester; Lancaster; 
York ; Huntingdon ; Franki^in ; Carbon ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Fraxinus Biltmoreana Beadle. Bii^tmore Ash. (Man. p. 725.) 
In woods, Pa. to Ga. — Peiinsylvania : York, McCall's Ferry. 

3. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash. (Man. p. 725 ; I. F./. 
283g.) Moist soil, Vt. to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Westmorei^and ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

4. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. (Man. p. 725 ; I. F. 
/*. 2840.) In moist soil, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Ala. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in. 

5. Fraxinus Darlingtonii Britton. Darlington's Ash. (Man. p. 
725.) In woods, N. Y. to Pa. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER. 

6. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Beack or Hoop Ash. (Man. p. 725; I. 
F. f. 2843-) Iq swamps and wet woods, Newf. to Man., Va. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Susquehanna ; Aeeegheny. 

3. CHIONANTHUS L. 

1. Chionanthus Virginica L- Fringe Tree. (Man. p. 726 ; I. F./. 
2843.) I^ moist thickets, Del. and southern Pa., to Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : CHESTER ; Lancaster ; York ; Beaver. 

4. LIGUSTRUM L. 

l.jLigustrum vulgare L- Privet. Prim. (Man. p. 726; I. F. y. 
2846.) Escaped, Me. and Out. to Pa. to N. C. Native of Ku. and Asia. 
— Pennsylva?iia : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Delaware ; 
Allegheny. 

Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort. Logania Family. 

1. POLYPREMUM L. 

1. Polypremum procumbens L. Polypremum. (Man. p. 728 ; I. 
F. 2830.) In dry, sandy soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Ky., the Indian Terr, 
and Mex. Also in the W. Indies.— Pennsylva^iia : Philadelphia, ballast. 



GENTIANACKAE 247 

Famii^y 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Gentian Famii^y. 

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : stem-leaves not scale-like. 
Style elongated : anthers twisted or much curved at maturity. 
Corolla salverform. i. Erythraea. 

Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia. 

Style wanting or very short : anthers straight at maturity. 
Corolla funnelform, club-shaped or campanulate, without glands, scales or 

nectariferous pits. 3. Gentiana. 

Corolla rotate, with i or 2 fringed glands at the base of each lobe. 

4. Frasera. 
Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud : stem-leaves mere scales. 
Calyx of 2 sepals : corolla-lobes relatively short. 5. Obolaria. 

Calyx of 4 sepals : corolla lobes relatively long. 6. Bartonia. 

1. ERYTHRAEA Neck. 

Calyx ^3 or J< as long as the corolla: corolla-lobes 5-6 mm. long. 

1. E. Centauriuni. 
Calyx about K as long as the corolla : corolla-lobes 3-4 mm. long. 

2. E. pulchella. 

1. Erythraea Centaurium (L.) Pers. I^essEr Centaury. Bitter- 
HERB. (Man. p. 729; I. F. yi 2852.') In waste places, N. S. and Que- 
becto 111. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Nazareth. 

2. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Fries. Branching Centaury. (Man. 
p. 729 ; I. F. /. 28^3.) In fields and waste places, N. Y. to Pa. and Md. 
Also in the W. Indies. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lebanon ; Perry. 

2. SABBATIA Adans. 

Leaf -blades broad, cordate-clasping : stems 4-angled, the branches opposite. 

I. .S. angularis. 
Leaf -blades narrow, rarely sessile : stems terete or nearly so, the branches alter- 
nate. 2. 5. campanulata. 

1. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. B1TTER-BI.00M. Rose-pink. 
(Man. p. 730 ; I. F. /. 28^8.) In rich soil, N. Y. and Pa. to Ont., Mich., 
Fla., the Ind. Terr, and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. Sabbatia campanulata (LOTorr. Si^Ender Marsh Pink. (Man. 
p. 730 ; I. F.y. 2(§<5j. ) In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely 
in fresh-water swamps, eastern Mass. to Fla. and La. Also in Cuba. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown. 

.3. GENTIANA L. 

Plants annual : corolla without teeth or plaits at the sinuses. 
Corollas about 5 cm. long ; lobes fringed. i. G. crinita. 

Corollas about 1.5-2 cm. long ; lobes entire. 2. G. quinquefotia. 

Plants perennial : corolla with toothed or lobed plaits at the sinuses. 
A. Calyx-lobes and leaf-margins scabrous or ciliate. 

Corolla-lobes as long as the plaits or larger. 3. G. Saponaria. 

Corolla-lobes minute or obsolete, the plaits relatively large. 

4. G. Andreivsii. 



248 GENTIANACEAE 

B, Calyx-lobes and leaf-margins smooth or essentially so. 
Corolla-lobes ovate : leaf-blades mainly broadest below the middle : seeds 
winged. 
Corolla-lobes twice as long as the plaits, acute : leaf-blades of a lanceo- 
late type. 5. G.flavida. 
Corolla-lobes scarcely longer than the plaits, obtuse : leaf -blades of a lin- 
ear type. 6. G. linearis. 
Corolla-tubes triangular-lanceolate : leaf-blades broadest above the mid- 
dle : seeds not winged. 7. G. villosa. 

1. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. (Man. p. 732 ; I. 
F. y". 286J.) In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Minn., Ga. and 
Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango ; 
Erie; Ai^legheny. 

2. Gentiana quinquefoliaL. Stiff Gentian. Ague-weed. (Man. 
p. 732; I. F. /. 2871.) In dry or moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Mich., Fla. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks. 

3. Gentiana Saponaria L. SoapworT Gentian. (Man. p. 733; I. 
F.y! 2875.) I^ ^^^ ^o^l» Ont. to Minn., Conn., Fla. and La. — Pennsyl- 
vania : DEiyAWARE, Tinicum ; CHESTER ; LANCASTER ; Dauphin, Cold 
Spring ; MONTGOMERY ; Bucks ; York ; Erie. 

4. Gentiana Andrewsii Griseb. Ci^osEd Gentian. (Man. p. 733 
I. F./. 2876.) In moist soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Ga. and Mo.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster; York ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon; Franklin; Erie, 
Presque Isle ; Beaver ; Allegheny. 

5. Gentiana flavida A. Gray. Yellowish Gentian. (Man. p. 733 ; 
I. F./. 2877.) I^ moist soil, Ont. to Va., Minn, and Ky. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Lehigh ; Ful'Ton ; Lycoming ; Huntingdon. 

6. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow-lEaved Gentian. (Man. p; 
733 ; I. F.y. 28/8.) In bogs and on mountains, N. B. and Ont. to Md. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe. 

7. Gentiana villosa L. Striped Gentian. (Man. p. 733; I. F./. 
2880.) In shaded places, N.J. and Pa. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: 
Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon; Berks. 

4. PRASERA Walt. 

1. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. American Columbo. (Man. p. 734 ; 
I. F.y. 2884.) In dry soil, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., Ga. and Ky. 
— Pennsylvania : Venango, east Sandy Creek. 

5. OBOLARIA L. 

1. Obolaria Virginica L. Pennywort. (Man. p. 735 ; I. F./. ^<?<?(5.) 
In rich woods and thickets, N. J. to Ga., 111. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Philadelphia ; Chester ; 
Berks; Lebanon; Lancaster; Blair; Allegheny. 



APOCYNACKAE 249 

6. BARTONIA Muhl. 
Corolla yellowish, 3-4 mm. long. i. B. Virginica. 

Corolla purplish, 4-5 mm. long. 2. B. iodandra. 

1. Bartonia Virginica (L.) B.S.P. YKr.i.ow BarTonia. (Man. p. 
735 ; I, F. /. 288'/.) In moist soil, Newf. to Fla., Mich, and La. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Monrok ; Schuyi.kii,i, ; Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Dki/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Centre. 

2. Bartonia iodandra Robinson. (Man. p. 735.) In sphagnum, 
Newf. to Pa. and N. J. — Pennsylvania. Specimens doubtfully referred 
here have been found in Northampton County. 

Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. Buckbean Famii^y. 

Leaves with 3-foliolate blades : swamp plants. i. Menyanthes. 

Leaves with simple blades : floating plants. 2. Limnanthemum. 

1. MENYANTHES L. 
^ 1, Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Marsh Treeoii,. (Man. 
p. 736; I. F./ 288g.) In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, L. I., Pa., Neb. 
and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna ; Mon- 
roe ; Tioga ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Centre ; Crawford ; Erie. 

2. LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmel. 
1. Limnanthemum lacunosum (Vent.) Griseb. Floating Heart. 
(Man. p. 736 ; I. F. /. 28go.) In ponds, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn, and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Pike, Twelve Mile Pond and Silver 
Lake. 

FAMII.Y 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Dogbane Famii^y. 

Leaves alternate. i. Amsonia. 
Leaves opposite. 

Flowers axillary to leaf -like bracts. 2. Vinca. 

Flowers in terminal cymes. 3. Apocynum. 

1. AMSONIA Walt. 
1. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Broad-i^eaved Amsonia. (Man. 
p. 737.) In moist soil, Pa. to Mo., Ky., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: 
Chester, West Grove. 

2. VINCA L. 
1. Vlnca minor L. PERIWINKI^e. MyrTi^e. (Man. p. 738 ; I. F. f. 
28g4.) Escaped, Ont. to N. Y., Conn., N. J. and Ga. — Pennsylvania: 
Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny. 

3. APOCYNUM L. 

Corolla 5-9 mm. long, the lobes recurved or spreading. 

1. A. androsaeniifolium. 
Corolla 3-4.5 mm. long, the lobes erect or nearly so. 

Corolla greenish white : leaf-blades 2-4 times as long as wide. 

2. A. cannabinum. 
Corolla white : leaf -blades 4-6 times as long as wide. 

3. A. album. 



250 ASCIvEPIADACEAE 

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. (Man. 
p. 738; I. F. /. 2Sg^.) In fields and thickets, Anticosti to B. C, Ga., 
Neb. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; 
DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Bedford ; Dauphin ; 
Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp, (Man. p. 738 ; I. F, 
/ 28g6.) In fields and thickets, Anticosti to B. C, Fla. and Lower Calif. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Bedford ; Dauphin ; Hunting- 
don ; Ai^legheny. 

3. Apocynum album Greene. (Man. p. 739.) On river shores, Me, 
and Ont. to Mo. and Va. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Ali^egheny. 

Famii^y 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Milkweed Family. 
Krect or decumbent herbs, not vines. 
Hoods of the crown each with an incurved horn within, i. Asclepias. 
Hoods of the crown each with a crest-like keel, unappendaged. 

2. ACERATES. 

Twining vines. 

Pollen in a single waxy mass in each anther-sac. 
Pollen-masses pendulous: anthers appendaged by a scarious membrane. 

3. Cynanchum, 
Pollen-masses horizontal : anthers unappendaged. 4. Vincetoxicum. 

Pollen granulose, in 2 loosely aggregated masses in each anther-sac. 

5. Periploca. 
1. ASCLEPIAS L. 
Corolla orange : leaves, or some of them, alternate. 
Leaves mainly alternate : stems erect or ascending. i. A. tuberosa. 
Leaves, at least the upper ones, opposite : stems procumbent or reclining. 

2. A. decumbens. 
Corolla red, purple green or white : leaves opposite or whorled. 
Corolla red or deep purple. 
Corona-hoods 4-6 mm. high : corolla 2-4 mm. broad. 
Corolla purplish red : hoods lanceolate. 3. A. rubra. 

Corolla deep purple : hoods oblong. 4. A. purpurascens. 

Corona-hoods 2-3 mm. high : corolla 4-6 mm. broad. 
Plant glabrous or nearly so : leaf- blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 

5. A. incarnata. 
Plant densely pubescent : leaf-blades nearly oblong. 

6. A. pulchra. 
Corolla white, green, greenish purple or pink. 

A. Leaf -blades relatively broad. 
a. Plants glabrous. 
Leaf-blades cordate-clasping, undulate-crisped. 7. A. amplexicaulis. 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled or with petiole-like bases. 
Leaves opposite : corolla white or greenish. 
Umbel lax, the pedicels drooping : corolla greenish. 

8. A. exaltata. 
Umbel dense, the pedicels radiating : corolla white. 

9. ^. variegata. 



ASCLEPIADACEAE 251 

I^eaves in i or 2 whorls of 4's : corolla pink. 10. A. quadrifolia. 
b. Plants more or less pubescent, the lower surface of the leaves, at least, 
copiously pubescent, 11. A. Syriaca. 

B. lycaf -blades linear. 12. A. verticillata. 

1. Asclepias tuberosa L. Buttkrfi,y-weed. Pi,kurisy-rooT. 
(Man. p. 741; I. F. /. 2goo.) In dry fields, Me. and Ont. to Minn., 
Fla., Tex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,a- 
DEivPHiA ; DEI.AWARE ; LANCASTER ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; A1.LE- 

GHENY. 

2. Asclepias decumbens Iv. Decumbent Butterei,y-weed. (Man. 
p. 741 ; I. F. /. 2goi.) In dry fields, Conn, to 111., N. C. and Fla. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franki^in. 

3. Asclepias rubra L. RED Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 742 ; I. F. /. 
2go^.) Moist soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

4. Asclepias purpurascens L- Purpi,E Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 742; 
I. F. f. 2go^.) In dry fields and thickets, Mass. to Va., Ont., Minn, and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Bucks; Dei^aware ; Chester; 
FRANK1.1N ; Huntingdon. 

5. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 742 ; I. F. 
/. 2go^.) In swamps, N. B. to tlie N. W. Terr., Tenn., La. and Kans.^ 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Frank- 
1.IN ; Huntingdon ; Lebanon ; Erie ; Ai^legheny. 

6. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 742; I. 
'B.f'2go6.) In moist fields and swamps, Me. to Minn, and Ga. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Chester. 

7. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. (Man. p. 742 ; I. F. f. 
2gog.) In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Me. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Fueton ; Huntingdon. 

8. Asclepias exaltata (L. ) Muhl. Poke or Taei. MiekweEd. 
(Man. p. 743; I. F. f. 2gii.) In thickets and woods, Me. to Minn., Ga. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Luzerne ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Fueton ; Aeee- 

GHENY. 

9. Asclepias variegata L. White MiekwEEd. (Man. p. 743 ; I. F. 
/ 2gi2.) In dry woods and thickets, Conn, to 111., Fla., Ark. and La. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; York ; Huntingdon. 

10. Asclepias quadiifolia Jacq. Four-EEaved MiekwEEd. (Man. 
p. 743 ; I. F. yi 2gjj.) Woods and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., N. 
C. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Frankein ; Somer- 
set; Aeeegheny. 

11. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Miekweed. Siekweed. (Man. 
p. 743 ; I. F. y. 2gi4. ) In fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W. 



252 ASCLEPIADACEAE 

Terr., N. C. and Kaus. — Pennsylvania: Pike ; Lackawanna; Mon- 
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks; Dei^aware ; Chester; Lancaster; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai^IvEGheny, 

12. Asclepias verticillata L. Whori^ed Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 744 ; 
I. F. /. 2g20.) Dry fields and hills, Me. and Oat. to the N. W. Terr., 
Fla., Mex. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne; Northampton; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 
C1.AR10N ; Armstrong. 

2. ACERATES Ell. 
1. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Mii^kweed. (Man. p. 
746; I. F. f. 2g24.) In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Mass. to Ont., N. W. 
Terr., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dei^aware ; 
Chester; Lancaster; Franki^in ; Westmorei^and ; Huntingdon; 
Ai.i,eghany ; Montgomery. 

3. CYNANCHUM L. 
1. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Bi,ack Swai^i.ow-worT. (Man. 
p. 747 ; I. F. f. 2pjo.) In waste places, escaped, Mass. to Pa. and Ohio. 
— Pennsylvania: Phii,adei.phia, Bartram's Garden ; DeI/AWAre. 

4. VINCETOXICUM Walt. 
1. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq. ) Britton. Large-ei,owered 
VINCETOXICUM. (Man. p. 748; I. F. /. 2pj4.) In thickets, Pa. to 
Ohio, Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franki^in. 

5. PERIPLOCA L. 
1. Periploca Graeca L. (Man. p. 1050.) Nat. of Syria and the 
Grecian Islands. Adv. or nat. in N. Am. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeI/- 
phia. 

Orders. POLEMONIALES. 
A. Stamens 5. 
a. Fruit capsular or baccate : ovary not 4-lobed. 
Styles or stigmas distinct. 
Ovary 1-2-celled, or rarely 4-celled : stigmas 2. 
Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled. 
Corolla unappendaged within : plants with typical leaves. 

Fam. I. Convolvulaceae. 
Corolla appendaged within : parasitic twining plants with scale-like 
leaves. Fam. 2. Cuscutaceae. 

Ovary i-celled. Fam. 3. Hydrophyllaceae. 

Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. 
Calyx-lobes imbricated ; corolla mostly plaited in the bud. 

Fam. I. Convolvulaceae. 
Calyx-lobes valvate : corolla merely convolute in the bud. 

Fam. 4. Polemoniaceae. 
Styles or stigmas wholly united. 
Median axis of the gynoecium in the same axis as the stem : seeds 

mostly pitted. Fam. 9. Solanaceae. 

Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same axis as the stem : seeds 
mostly tuberculate. Fam. 10. Scrophulariaceae . 



CONVOIvVULACBAE 253 

b. Fruit drupaceous, or of 2 or 4 nutlets. Fam. 5. Borraginaceae. 

B. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or i or 2. 
Carpels ripening into a group of 4 nutlets, an achene or a drupe. 
Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 
Ovary 2-several-celled. Fam. 6. Verbenaceae. 

Ovary i -celled. Fam. 7. Phrymaceae. 

Style arising between the lobes of the ovary. Fam. 8. I^abiateae. 
Carpels ripening into a capsule. 
I'lacentae of the ovary axile. 
Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled, 
Corolla-lobes imbricated : capsule not elastically dehiscent. 

Fam. 10. Scrophulariaceae. 
Corolla-lobes convolute : capsule elastically dehiscent. 

Fam, 15. ACANTHACEAE. 

Ovary i-celled. Fam. 11. Lentibulariaceae. 

Placentae of the ovary parietal. 

Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants : leaves scale-like : foliage 

not green. Fam. 12. Orobanchaceae. 

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, or herbs, but not parasitic : leaves not 
scale-like : foliage green. 
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : trees, shrubs or woody vines : seeds 

winged. Fam, 13, Bignoniaceae, 

Ovary and capsule i -celled : herbs : seeds wingless. 

Fam, 14, Martyniaceae. 

Famii^y I, CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Morning- glory Famii^y. 

Stigma or stigmas capitate. 

Corolla salverform : stamens and style exserted. i. Quamoclit. 

Corolla campanulate or funnelform : stamens and style included. 

2. IPOMAEA. 

Stigmas elongated. 3, Convol,vui.US. 

1. QUAMOCLIT Moench. 

I^eaf -blades pinnately parted into narrow segments, i. Q. Quamoclit. 

I^eaf-blades entire or merely angulately lobed. 2. Q. coccinea. 

1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vink. Indian 
Pink, (Man. p, 751 ; I, F. /. 2^43.) In waste and cult, ground, Va. to 
Fla., Kans. and Tex. Adventive farther north. Nat. from tropical Am. 
— Pennsylvania : Bucks, 

2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Smai^i, Rkd Morning-gi^ory. 
(Man. p. 751 ; I. F. f. 2944.) Along river-banks in waste places, Pa. to 
Fla,, Ohio, Kans., Tex, and Ariz, Nat, from tropical Am,, or native in 
the Southwest. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Phii,a- 
DE1.PHIA, 

2. IPOMOEA L. 

Ovary 2-celled or rarely 4-celled : stigma entire or 2-lobed, 

Perennial from an immense root : corolla 5-8 cm. long, i, /, pandurata. 

Annual with fibrous roots : corolla 1-2 cm, long, 2, /. lacunosa. 
Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3. 

Corollas over 4.5 cm. long : leaf-blades entire. 3. /, purpurea. 

Corolla less than 4.5 cm. long: leaf-blades 3-lobed, 4. /. hederacea. 



254 CUSCUTACEAE 

1. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wii^d Potato Vine. (Man. p. 
752; I. F. f. 2g4^.) In dry soil, Ont. to Conn., Kla. Mich., Kans. and 
Tex. — PentiiSylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster; Franklin; Bedford; Huntingdon; Ali^egheny. 

2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Smali. - flowered White Morning- 
Glory. (Man. p. 752 ; I. F. /. 2946.) In moist soil, Pa. to S. C, 111., 
Kans. and Tex. — Peimsylvaiiia : Lancaster, on the Susquehanna, 

3. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning-glory. (Man. p. 752 ; 
I. F. y*. ^9^9.) In waste places, escaped, N. S. to Fla., Ont. Neb. and 
Tex. Adv. or nat. from tropical Am. — Pefinsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

4. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory. (Man. 
p. 752 ; I. F. /. 2g^o.) In fields and waste places, L. I. to Fla., Pa., S. 
Dak., Neb. and Mex. — Pemisylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phila- 
delphia ; Allegheny'. 

3. CONVOLVULVUS L.* 

Calyx enclosed in 2 large bracts. 

Plants erect or ascending : bracts cordate. i. C. spithamaeus. 

Plants climbing : bracts not cordate. 2. C. sepiutn. 

Calyx not accompanied by bracts. 3. C. arvensis. 

1. Convolvulus spithamaeus Upright Bindweed. (Man. p. 753; 
I. F. /. 2g§j. ) In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, N. S. to the 
Northwest Terr., Fla. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Al- 
legheny. 

2. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. (Man. 
P- 753 ; I- F. /. 2pji. ) In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, N. S. 
to N. C, Mont., Utah and Kans. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Allegheny. 

3. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. (Man. p. 753; I. 
F. /. 2g54.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. J., Neb. and 
Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin. 

Family^ 2. CUSCUTAOEAE Dumort. Dodder Family. 

1. CUSCUTA L. 

Scales within the corolla merely crenulate : stigmas slender : capsule circum- 
scissile. 

Scales crenulate near the apex, not incurved. i. C. Epilimim. 

Scales crenulate all around, incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. 

Scales within the corolla fringed : stigmas capitate : capsule utricle-like. 

A. Sepals partially united. 



■^Convolvulus Japonicus Thunb. (Man. p. 753.) Escaped from N. 
H. to D. C. and Md. — Pennsylvania : Northaivipton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Columbia : Ali^EGhEny. 



HYDROPHYLLACKAE 255 

Flowers sessile or essentially so : corolla persistent around the base of the 
fruit. 
Calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla-scales ovate, fringed. 3. C. arvensis. 
Calyx-lobes acutish : corolla-scales obsolete or of several processes. 

4. C. Polygonorum. 
Flowers markedly pedicelled : corolla surrounding or capping the fruit or 

deciduous. 
Capsule depressed : corolla-scales fringed all around. 

5. C. Cephalanthi. 
Capsule not depressed : corolla-scales fringed mainly near the apex. 

6. C. Gronovii. 
B. Sepals distinct, accompanied by nearly similar bracts. 7. C. conipacia. 

1. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Fi.ax Dodder. ( Man. p. 754 ; I. F- 
f. 2<ps6.) On flax, N. S. to N. J. and Pa. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Chkster ; LtAncaster. 

2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. CivOVER Dodder. (Man. p. 755 ; I. 
F. f. 2g^j.) Usually on clover. Me. and Out. to Conn., N. Y., Pa. and 
S. Dak. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania:. Northampton ; SusquE. 

HANNA. 

3. Cuscuta arvensis Bey rich. F1EI.D Dodder. (Man. p. 755 ; I. F. 
f. 2g^8.) On various herbs and low shrubs, Mass. to the N. W. Terr., 
Fla., Tex., Mex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Bucks ; Lancaster. 

4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Eagelm. Smart-weed Dodder. (Man. 
p. 755 ; I. F. f. 2g^g.) On Polyg07imn and other herbs, Minn, and Wis. 
to Neb. and Ark. Also in Pa. and Del. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Huntingdon. 

5. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. BuTTon-bush Dodder. (Man. p. 
755; I. F./. 2g62.) On shrubs and tall herbs, Pa. to Minn., the N. W. 
Terr., Tex. and Ariz. — Petmsylvania : Northampton; Lancaster; 
Dauphin. 

6. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius' Dodder. Love- VINE. (Man. 
P- 755 ; I- F". f. 2g6j.) On herbs and low shrubs, N. S. to Man., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Dei^aware ; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

7. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. (Man. p. 756 ; I. F. 
f. 2g66. ) On shrubs, Ont. to N. Y., Ala., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks, Nockamixon ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

Famii^y 3. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Water-i.Eaf Famii^y. 
Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : ovary with well dilated placentae. 
Calyx not accrescent : stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum, 

Calyx accrescent : stamens included. 2. Macrocalyx. 

Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud : ovary with very narrow placentae. 

3. Phacelia. 
1. HYDROPHYLLUM L. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 
Calyx unappendaged : lobes linear. i. H. Virginicum. 

Calyx with refiexed appendages at each sinus ; lobes lanceolate. 

2. H. appendiculatum. 
Leaf-blades palmately lobed. 3. H. Canadense. 



256 . POLEMONIACEAK 

1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum h. Virginia WaTER-i*Eaf. (Man. 
p. 763; I. F. /. 2996.) In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to S. C, 
Kans. and Wash. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Monroe; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Hunting- 
don ; Somerset ; Ai^legheny ; Erie. 

2. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water- 
i,EAF. (Man. p. 763; I. F. /. 2998.) In woods, Ont. to N. C, Minn. 
and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Ai.i,egheny. 

3. Hydrophyllum Canadense L- Broad-i,eaved Water-leaf. 
(Man. p. 763; I. F. /. 2999.) In woods, Mass. to N. C, 111. and Ky. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Lancaster ; Sui<i<ivan ; Ai,i,E- 
gheny. 

2. MACRO CALYX Trew. 

1. Macrocalyx Nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. NycTELEA. (Man. p. 764; 
I. F. /. 3001.) In moist soil, N. J. to Minn., the N. W. Terr., Va., 
Neb. and Kans. — Penfisylvania : Bucks; Phii,adei<phia ; Lancaster; 
York. 

3. PHACELIA Juss. 

Corolla with entire or merely crenulate lobes. i. P. dubia. 

Corolla with fimbriate lobes . 2. P. Purshii, 

1. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Smai,i,-fi.owerEd Phacelia. (Man. 
p. 765; I. F. /. 3006.^ In moist soil, Pa. to Ga., Kans. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Perry. 

2. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. (Man. p. 765 ; I. 
F. /. 3009.) In moist woods or thickets, Pa. to Minn., N. C, Ala. 
and M-o.— Pennsylvania : York ; Lancaster ; Fayette ; Washing- 
ton; Allegheny. 

Family 4. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Phlox Family. 

Capsule rupturing the normally distended calyx : leaves opposite. 

I. Phlox. 
Capsule loosely enclosed in the calyx : leaves alternate. 2. Polemonium, 

1. PHLOX L. 

Leaves with dilated blades, sometimes narrow but not subulate. 
Plants without prostrate and creeping sterile shoots. 
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 
Calyx-lobes bristle-like, or bristle-tipped. i. P. paniculata. 

Calyx-lobes lanceolate to nearly triangular. 
Calyx-lobes less than y^ as long as the tube. 2. P. maculata. 

Calyx-lobes y^ or Vz as long as the tube. 3. P. ovata. 

Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. 4. P. pilosa. 

Plants with prostrate or creeping sterile shoots. 
Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots of an elliptic or oblong type, sessile. 

5. P. divaricata. 
Leaf-blades of the sterile shoots of a spatulate type, petioled. 

6. P. reptans. 
Leaves with subulate rigid blades. 7. P. subulata. 



BORRAGINACEAB 257 

1. Phlox paniculata I^. Garden Phi^ox. (Man. p. 75 7, I. F. /. 
2g68.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Fla., 111., Kans. and La. — Pennsyl- 
vania : LuzERNK ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Northampton ; Hunt- 
ingdon; Franki,in ; Greene; Ai,i.egheny. 

2. Phlox maculata L. Wild SweET-william. (Man. p. 757 ; I. F. 
f. 2g6g.) In moist woods and along streams, N. J. to Fla., Minn, and 
Tenn. — Pennsylva?iia : Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; 
Luzern:e ; Blair ; Bedford. 

3. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F./. 2gyo. ) 
In woods. Pa. to N. C. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Barrens. 

4. Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F. / 2gj2.) 
In dry soil, Ont. to Man., N. J., Fla., Kans., Ark, and Tenn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Lehigh ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster. 

5. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F./. 
2g74.) In moist woods, Ont. to Minn., Pa., Fla., Kans., La. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania : Chester ; York ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Blair ; 
Clearfield ; Venango ; Allegheny ; Erie. 

6. Phlox reptans Michx. Crawling Phlox. (Man. p. 758 ; I. F. 
/. ^975.) In woods, Pa. to Ga. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; 

Blair ; Clearfield ; Fayette ; Somerset. 

7. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. (Man. p. 759 ; I. F. 
f. 2gjg.) In dry sandy or rocky soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich, and Ky. — 
Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster; Cumberland; Berks; Columbia; Centre; Hunting- 
don ; Allegheny. 

2. POLBMOMIUM L. 

Corolla over 15 mm. broad : anthers exserted : stems recliningf. 

1. P. Van-Bruntiae, 
Corolla less than 15 mm. broad : anthers included : stems erect. 

2. P. replants. 

1. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. American Jacob's Ladder. 
(Man. p. 761; I. F. y". 2gg2.) In swamps and along streams, Vt. and 
northern N. Y. to Md. — Pejinsylvania : Sullivan ; Somerset ; Sus- 
quehanna. 

2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian. (Man. p. 761 ; I. F. 
f. 2ggj.) Woods, N. Y. to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: 
Bucks ; Chester ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting- 
don ; Clearfield ; Cambria ; Erie. 

Family 5. BORRAGINACEAB Lindl. Borage Family. 

Ovary entire or merely 2-4-grooved, surmounted by the style. 

I. Heliotropium. 
Ovary of 4 distinct or partially united carpels, the style arising from the center. 
A. Corolla regular. 
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. 

Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles. 2. Cynoglossum. 

17 



6. 


Myosotis. 


7- 


LiTHOSPERMUM. 


8. 


Onosmodium. 


9- 


Symphytum. 


lO. 


BORAGO. 


II. 


Lycopsis. 


12. 


ECHIUM. 



258 BORRAGINACEAE 

Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles in the back or sides. 

3. Lappula. 
Nutlets unarmed. 

Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle. 
Mature calyx not markedly enlarged or membranous. 

4. Mertensia. 
Mature calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. 

5. ASPERUGO. 

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their bases. 
Nutlet with a small flat scar where attached. 

Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse, spreading. 
Racemes without bracts. 
Racemes with bracts. 
Corolla tubular ; lobes acute, erect. 
Nutlet with a large hollow scar where attached. 
Corolla tubular. 
Corolla rotate. 
B. Corolla irregular. 
Stam^ens included : corolla throat closed with scales 
Stamens exserted : corolla-throat dilated and open. 

1. HELIOTROPIUM L- 

Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe separating as a i-seeded nutlet. 
I,eaf-blades of an oval type : foliage puberulent : calyx hairj'. 

1. H. Europaeum. 
Leaf -blades of a linear or spatulate type : foliage glabrous : calyx glabrous. 

2. H. Curassavicum. 
Fruit 2-lobed or of 2 carpels. 3. H. Indicum. 

1. Hellotropium Europaeum L. European Hewotrope. (Man p. 
767 ; I. F./. 3014.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. to Fla. — Pennsylva- 
nia : PhiIvADEIvPHIA, on and about ballast. 

2. Heliotropium Curassavicum Iv. Sea-side Hewotrope. (Man. 
p. 767 ; I. F. f. 3oi§. ) In dry, saline soil, Man. and the N. W. Terr, to 
Neb. and Tex. On the Pacific Coast from Ore. to Mex. In ballast 
about the northern seaports. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adei^phia, ballast ; 
Bucks. 

3. Heliotropium Indicum L. Indian Hei^iotrope. (Man. p. 768 ; 
I. F. / 301S.) In waste places, N. C. to 111., Fla., and Tex. Nat. from 
India. Ballast about the northern seaports. — Pennsylvajiia : PhiIvADEI/- 
PHIA, ballast ; Bucks. 

2. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 

Plants biennial, softly pubescent : stem copiously leafy to the top : nutlets 

flat: naturalized species. i. C. officinale. 

Plants perennial, hirsute : stem terminated by a long peduncle : nutlets con- 
vex : native species. 2. C. Vi^'ginicum. 
1. Cynoglossum ofiBcinale L. Hound's-Tongue. (Man. p. 768 ; I. F. 
f. soig.) lu fields and waste places, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., Man., N. 
C. and Kans. — Peufisylvania : Northampton; Bucks; DeIvAWare ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Ai.i,egheny. 



BORRAGINACEAE 259 

2. Cynoglossura Virginicum L. Wild Comfrey. (Man. p. 768 ; I. 
F.y*. 3020.) In woods, N. B. to western Ont., Fla., La. and Kans. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Delawarb ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
Erie; Allegheny. 

3. LAPPULA Moench. 

Fruit erect : upper leaves with linear blades : pedicels subtended by narrow 

bracts. i. L. Lappula. 

Fruit drooping : upper leaves with dilated blades : pedicels bractless. 

2. L. Virginiana. 

1. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Bur- 
SEED. (Man. p. 769; I. F./. 3021.) In waste places, N. S. to B. C, N. 
J. and Kans. Nat. from En. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, ballast; 
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Lappula Virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. (Man. 
p. 769; I. F. f. 3023.) In dry woods and thickets, N. B. to Ont. and 
Minn., Ala., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

4. MERTENSIA Roth. 

1. Mertensia Virginica (L- ) DC. Virginia Cowslip. (Man. p. 
771 ; I. F. f. 3034.) In low meadows and along streams, Ont. to N. J., 
S. C , Minn., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DELAWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

5. ASPERUGO L. 

1. Asperugo procumbens L. German MadworT. Catchweed. 
(Man. p. 772 ; I. F./ 3037.) In waste places and ballast, N. Y. to D. C. 
and Minn. Adv. from En. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 

6. MYOSOTIS L. 

Calyx pubescent with straight hairs : plants perennial. 
Corolla mostly over 6 mm. broad : calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. 

1. M. palustfis. 
Corolla mostly less than 6 mm. broad : calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 

2. M. laxa. 
Calyx pubescent with hooked hairs : plants annual or biennial. 

Pedicel longer than the calyx at maturity. 3. M. arvensis. 

Pedicel not longer than the calyx at maturity. 

Calyx-lobes equal : corolla yellow, becoming blue or violet. 

4. M. ve7'sicolor. 

Calyx-lobes unequal : corolla white. 5. M. Virginica. 

1. Myosotis palustris (L. ) Lam. ForgeT-mE-noT. (Man. p. 772 ; I. 
^•f- 3038.) In brooks and marshes, N. S. to N. Y. and Tenn. Escaped. 
Nat. of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylva^iia : Monroe ; Philadelphia. 

2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller ForgeT-me-noT. (Man. p. 772 ; 
I. F. f. 303g.) In wet muddy places, Newf. to Out., Va. and Tenn. 
Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 



260 BORRAGIXACEAE 

ware; Chester; Montgomery; J.ancaster ; Lebanon; Dauphin; 
Frankun ; Huntingdon; Susquehanna; Somerset; Ali^egheny. 

3. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Lam. Field Scorpion-grass or Mouse- 
Ear. (Man. p. 772 ; I. F. /. 3040.) In fields, N. B. to Out. aud Minn., 
south to W. Va. Also in Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Frank- 
1.1N ; Lancaster. 

4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers. ) Reichenb. Yellow or Blue Scor- 
pion-grass. (Man. p. 773; I. V. f. 3041.) In fields and along road- 
sides, southern N. Y. to Del. Nat. of Eu. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, 
Tinicum. 

5. Myosotis Virginica (L.) B.S. P. Spring Scorpion-grass. (Man. 
p. 773; I. ^. f. 3042.) On dry hills and banks. Me. to Ont., Minn., 
Ga. and Tq:s..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Philadel- 
phia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

7. LITHOSPERMUM L. 

Corolla white or rarely yellow-tinged : calyx as long as the corolla-tube or 
longer : flowers separated. 
Annuals or biennials : nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, i. L. arvense. 
Perennials : nutlets white, smooth and shining. 
Leaf-blades of a lanceolate type. 2. L. officinale. 

Leaf-blades of an ovate or oval type. 3. L. latifolium. 

Corolla decidedly yellow : calyx shorter than the corolla-tube. 
Corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 4. L. Gmelini. 

Corolla-tube not bearded at the base. 5. L. canescens. 

1. Lithospermum arvense L. Corn Gromwell. (Man. p. 773 ; I. 
F. f. 3043.) In waste places and fields, Quebec to Mich., Ga. and Kans. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Al- 
legheny. 

2. Lithospermum officinale L- Gromwell. (Man. p. 774; I. F. /. 
3044.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to N. Y., west to Minn. Nat, 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Susquehanna. 

3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. (Man. 
p. 774; I. V. f. 304J.) In dry fields and thickets, Ont. and western N. 
Y. to Minn., Va., Kans. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Berks ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Fayette ; Allegheny. 

4. Lithospermum Gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. Hairy Puc- 
COON. (Man. p. 774 ; I. F./. 304J.) In dry woods, N. Y. to Fla., Minn., 
Mont., Colo, and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

5. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. 
(Man. p. 774 ; 1. F. /. 3048.) In dry soil, Ont. to N. J., Ala., the N. W. 
Terr., Kans. and Ariz. — Pe^msylvania : Northampton; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Centre. 



VERBENACEAE 261 

8. ONOSMODIUM Michx. 
Stems pubescent with spreading hairs : corolla-lobes triangular-ovate. 

1. O. Carolinianum. 
Stems pubescent with appressed hairs : corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate. 

2. O. Virginianum. 

1. Onosmodium Carolinianum (L/am.) DC. Shaggy Fai^se Grom- 
WEi/i/. (Man. p. 775; I. F. /. 3030.) In dry fields, thickets, or on 
banks, Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn., Kans., south to Ga. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Washington. 

2. Onosmodium Virginianum (Iv. ) DC. Virginia Fai,se Grom- 
wELiv. (Man. p. 775 ; I. F. f.30^2. ) In thickets or on hillsides, N. Eng. 
to Fla., Kans. and Tq-s..— Pennsylvania : Lancaster; Bucks ; Dei<a- 
ware; Chester. 

9. SYMPHYTUM L. 

1. Symphytum officinale L. Comerey. (Man. p. 775 ; I. F. /. 
3033.) In waste places, Newf. to Minn., south to Md. Nat. or adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monroe ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster. 

10. BORAGO L. 

1. Borago officinalis L. Borage. (Man. p. 776 ; I. F. / 30^4.)— In 
waste places, escaped, N. S. to Ont. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; 
C01.UMBIA. 

11. LYCOPSIS L. 

1. Lycopsis arvensis L. Smaix Bugi^oss. (Man. p. 776 ; I. F. /. 
30SS.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont., Pa. and Va. Nat. or 
adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adelphia, on and about ballast. 

12. ECHIUM L. 
1. Echium vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Bi^ueweed. (Man. p. 
776; I. F. y. 30^6.) In fields and waste places, N. B. to Va., Ont. and 
Neb. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvA- 
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Berks ; Leb- 
anon ; Huntingdon; Somerset; Ai^legheny. 

Famii^y 6. VEHBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Vervain Famii^y. 
Corolla essentially regular, 5-lobed : fruit of 4 nutlets. i. Verbena. 

Corolla 2-lipped, 4-lobed : fruit of 2 nutlets. 2. Lippia. 

1. VERBENA L. 

Spikes slender: bracts shorter than the flowers. 
Spikes nearly filiform : corolla white or pale blue : fruits remote. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or deeply incised : fruit barel5' 2 mm. long. 

I. V. officinalis. 
Leaf-blades merely serrate : fruit fully 2 mm. long. 2. V. urticifolia. 
Spikes not filiform : corolla deep blue : fruits contiguous and imbricated. 
Corolla 4-6 mm. long : plants glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 

Leaf -blades of a lanceolate type, petioled. 3. V. hastaia. 

Leaf-blades of a spatulate or linear type, sessile. 4. V. angustifolia. 

Corolla 8-10 mm. long : plants closed with a soft pubescence. 

5. V. sir id a. 
Spikes dense and thick : bracts longer than the flowers. 6. V. braclcosa. 



262 LARIATAE 

1. Verbena officinalis L- European Vervain. (Man. p. 777; I. 
F. f. 30^7.) In waste and cult, ground, Me. to Fla, and Tex. Also on 
the Pacific Coast. Nat. from the Old \\orV\.~ Pennsylvania : Phila- 
DEivPHiA ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. 

2. Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain. (Man. p. 777 ; I. F. 
y. 30^8.) In fields and waste places, N. B. to S. Dak., Kans., Fla, and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phii.adeIvPhia ; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Coi.^mbia ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 
Erie ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

3. Verbena hastata L. Bi.uE Vervain. (Man. p. 778 ; I. F./. ^059. ) 
In moist fields and in waste places, N. S. to B. C, Fla., Neb. and N. Mex. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adei^phia ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Coi^umbia ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie; 

AIvI^EGHENY. 

4. Verbena angustifoliaMichx. Narrow-i.eaved Vervain. (Man. 
p. 778 ; I. F.y. 3060.) In dry fields, Mass. to Fla., Minn., Kans. and Ark. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; Dauphin ; Franki^in. 

5. Verbena striata Vent. Hoary or Mui,i.en-i.eaved Vervain. 
(Man. p. 778 ; I. F./. 3061.) In dry soil, Ohio to Minn., S. Dak., Wyo., 
Tenn., Tex. and N. Mex. Nat. further east. — Pennsylvania : Lancas- 
ter ; Westmoreland. 

6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. (Man. 
p. 778 ; I. F. f. 3062,) On prairies and in waste places, Minn, and 111. 
to Fla., B. C, Ariz, and Calif. Adv. eastward. — Pennsylvania: Lan- 
caster. 

Several hybrid verbenas have been found in the State. 

2. LIPPIA L. 
1. Lippia lanceolata Michx. FoG Fruit. (Man. p. 779; I. F. /. 
3066.) In moist soil, N. J. to III., Kans., Fla., Tex. and Mexico. Also 
in Calif. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, on the Susquehanna; York; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

FAMII.Y 7. PHRYMACEAE Schauer. Lopseed Famii^y. 

1. PHRYMA L. 

1. Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed. (Man. p. 856 ; I. V.f.3377.) 
In woods and thickets, Can. to Minn., Fla. and Kans. — Pefinsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
iviN ; Huntingdon ; Ali^egheny. 

Famii^y 8. LABI AT AE B. Juss. Mint Family. 

A. Ovary of 4 united carpels, 4-lobed : style not basal : nutlets laterally attached. 
Corolla very irregular ; limb nearly i-lipped, the upper lip very short. 

I. Teucrium. 
Corolla nearly regular. 
Stamens only slightly exserted, nearly equal. 2. Isanthus. 

Stamens conspicuously exserted, didynamous. 3. Trichostema. 



IvABIATAE 263 

. Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels, style basal : nutlets basally 

attached. 
Calyx with a crest on the upper side or on the upper lip : lips 2, entire. 

4. Scutellaria. 
Calyx without a crest on the upper side : lips not entire. 
Stamens included. 5. Marrubium. 

Stamens exserted. 
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped ; lips different, the upper concave. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4. 

Upper pair of filaments longer than the lower. 
Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. 
Upper pair of stamens declined, lower pair ascending : erect 

herbs. 6. Agastache. 

Upper and lower pair of stamens ascending : trailing herbs. 

7. Meehania. 
Anther-sacs diverging. 

Calyx barely 2-lipped, with 5 equal teeth : erect herbs. 

8. Nepeta. 
Calyx 2-lipped, with unequal teeth : trailing herbs. 

9. Glecoma. 
Upper pair of filaments shorter than the lower. 

Calyx manifestly 2-lipped, 10. Prunella. 

Calyx merely with 3-10 teeth or lobes. 
Tube of the calyx faintly nerved, inflated at maturity. 

II, Physostegia. 
Tube of the calyx prominently 5-10-nerved, not inflated at 
maturity. 
Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. 12. Galeopsis. 

Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved. 
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate above. 
Calyx-teeth spine-tipped, 13. Leonurus. 

Calyx-teeth not spine-tipped, 14, Lamium. 

Nutlets nearly terete, rounded above. 15. Stachys. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 
Connective of the anther elongated, bearing a perfect sac at one end 

and a rudimentary one at the other. 16. Salvia. 

Connective short : anther-sacs confluent. 
Calyx not 2-lipped ; tube 15-ribbed ; lobes nearly equal, 

17. MONARDA, 

Calyx 2-lipped ; tube 13-ribbed ; lobes unequal, 

18. Blephilia, 
Corolla regular or if 2-lipped, the upper lip flat or not concave, 

a. Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters ; these sometimes forming 
terminal spike-like racemes. 
Corolla 2-lipped, 
Filaments curved, converging under the upper lip of the corolla. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2, 19, Hedeoma. 

Anther-bearing stamens 4. 

Corolla-tube strongly bent. 20. Melissa. 

Corolla-tube straight. 

Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth, not 2-lipped. 

21. Satureia. 
Calyx 2-lipped. 22. Clinopodium, 



24. 


Origanum. 


25- 


Thymus. 


26. 


KOELLIA. 


27. 


CUNILA. 


28. 


Lycopus. 


29. 


Mentha. 


30. 


COLLINSONIA. 



264 LABIATAE 

Filaments straight, often spreading. 

Calyx-tube 15-nerved. 23. Hyssopus. 

Calyx-tube io-13-nerved. 
Anther-bearing stamens 4. 
Anther-sacs divergent. 

Calyx equally 5-lobed : erect herbs. 
Calyx 2-lipped : creeping herbs. 
Anther-sacs parallel. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 
Corolla regular with 4-5 teeth. 
Anther-bearing stamens 2 : foliage not aromatic. 

Anther-bearing stamens 4 : foliage aromatic, 
b. Flowers in loose terminal panicles. 
Lower lip of corolla fringed : native species. 
Lower lip of carolla not fringed : naturalized species. 

31. Perilla. 

1. TEUCRIUM L. 

Calyx canescent, the upper lobes obtuse. i. T. Canadense. 

Calyx villous, the upper lobes acutish. 2. T. occidentale. 

1. Teucrium Canadense Iv. American Germander or Wood Sage. 
(Man. p. 782 ; I. F. f. 30J0.) In moist thickets or along marshes, N. B, 
to Man., Fla., Kans., Tex. and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Pike; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Fr°anki.in ; Lu- 
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. (Man. p. 
782 ; L F./. 3071.) In moist soil, Ont. to Pa., B. C, Kans., N. Mex. and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIA. 

2. ISANTHUS Michx. 

1. Isanthus bracheatus (L.) B.S.P. Fai.se Pennyroyal. (Man. 
p. 782 ; I. F. f. 30J2.) In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec 
and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Phila- 
delphia ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Lebanon ; Hunting- 
don ; Allegheny. 

3. TRICHOSTBMA L. 

Foliage viscid-pubescent : leaf-blades of an oblong or lanceolate type. 

1. T. dichotomum. 
Foliage glabrous or merely puberulent : leaf -blades of a linear type, 

2. T. lineare. 

1. Trichostema dichotomum L. Blue Curls. Bastard Penny- 
royal. (Man. p. 782; 1. F. /. 3073.) In dry fields, Me. to Fla., Pa., 
Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks; Phil- 
adelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; 
Luzerne ; Allegheny ; Erie. 

2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow-leaved Blue Curls. ( Man . 
p. 783 ; I. F. f. 3074.) In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, R. I. to Ga. 
and La. — Pennsylvafiia : Philadelphia, on Schuylkill. 



IvABIATAB 265 

4. SCUTELLARIA L. 

Fruit very slightly elevated on the small gynobase : nutlets wingless. 
Corolla less than ii mm. long. i. 5. lateriflora. 

Corolla over ii mm. long. 
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 
Il^eaf -blades above the middle of the stem cordate at the base. 
Foliage, especially the internodes of the stem and the inflorescence 

copiously pubescent, 2. 5", cordifolia. 

Foliage glabrous or with scattered hairs about the nodes and in the 
inflorescence, 3, 5", saxatilis. 

Leaf -blades above the middle of the stem abruptly or gradually narrowed 
at the base. 
Leaves with toothed blades. 

Corolla over 2 cm, long, 4, 5, serrata. 

Corolla less than 2 cm, long. 
Corolla copiously pubescent. 5. 5, incana. 

Corolla glabrous or nearly so. 6. 5. pilosa. 

Leaves, at least those above the middle of the stem, with entire blades. 

7, 5. integri/olia. 
Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. 

Corolla less than 1.5 cm, long, 8. .S", parvula. 

Corolla over 1.5 cm. long. 9. S. galericulata. 

Fruit elevated on a slender gynobase : nutlets winged. 10. 5". nervosa. 

1. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skui.i.cap, (Man, p. 783; 
I. F. /. 30JS-) In wet places, Newf, to B. C, Fla., N. Mex. and Wash. 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adki<phia ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franki^in ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

2. Scutellaria cordiflora Muhl. Heart-i.Eaved Skui.i.cap. (Man. 
p. 784; I. F. /. 3078.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Fla., west to Wis., 
Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Ly- 
coming ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny ; Erie. 

3. Scutellaria saxatilis Ridd. Rock Skui,i.cap. (Man. p. 785 ; I. F. 
f. 3086.) On moist banks and in thickets, Del. to Va., Ohio and Tenn. — 

Pennsylvania: Westmorei^and ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

4. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skui.i.cap. (Man. p, 783 ; I. 
F. / 3oy6.) In woods, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C, 111. and YLy .—Pennsyl- 
vania : DEI.AWARE, Upper Darby. 

5. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy SkuIvLCap. (Man. p. 784;!, 
F- /• 3077- ) In moist woods and thickets, Ont. to 111,, Kans,, N. C. and 
Ala, — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny, 

6. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy SkuIvI^cap. (Man. p, 784 ; I, F, 
/• 3079-) In dry sandy woods and thickets, N. Y, and Pa. to Mich., Mo,, 

Fla. and Tex, — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Ai,i,egheny, 

7. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or Hyssop Skui<i.cap. (Man, 
p. 784; J.F.f. 3080.) In fields, woods and thickets. Conn, and R. I. to 
W. Va., Fla., Li. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Ches- 
ter ; Montgomery ; Daui'hin ; Berks; Frankun ; Huntingdon. 



260 LABIATAE 

8. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Smai.Iv vSkuij.cap. (Man. p. 7S4 ; 
I. F. f.SoSj.) lu moist sandy soil, Quebec to Ont., S. Dak., N. J., Fla., 
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; IvAncaster ; Dauphin ; Frani^in ; Ai.i.egheny. 

9. Scutellaria galericulata L. Marsh Skui^lcap. (Man. p. 785; 
I. V. f. J087.) In swamps and along streams, Newf. to Alaska. N. C, 
Ohio, Neb., Ariz, and Wash. — Peufisylvania : Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; York ; Bucks ; Blair ; 
Centre; Erie. 

10. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. (Man. p. 785; 
I. F. /. 3088.) In moist woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J. to III., N. 
C, Tenn. and Mo. — Pennsylva7iia : Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; 
Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Huntingdon; Allegheny. 

5. MARRUBIUM L. 
1. Marrubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound. (Man. p. 785 ; I. 
F. / 3o8g.) In waste places. Me. and Ont. to Minn., B. C, N. C, Tex. 
and Mex. Nat. from Bu. — Pe7insylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie; 
Allegheny. 

6. AGASTACHE Clayt. 

Corolla greenish yellow : calyx-lobes barely acute. \. A. nepetoides. 
Corolla purplish : calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. 

1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Catnip Giant-hyssop. (Man. 
p. 786 ; I. F. /. J090. ) In woods and thickets, Vt. and Ont. to S. Dak., 
Kans., Ga, and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phila- 
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Figwort. Giant- 
hyssop. (Man. p. 786 ; I. F./. jogi.) In woods and thickets, Mass. to 
Wis., Kans., N. C. and Yiy.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle- 
gheny. 

7. MEEHANIA Britton. 

1. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. MeEhania. (Man. p. 786; 
I. F. y. jopj.) In rich moist woods and thickets. Pa. to Tenn. and N. 
C. — Pennsylvania : Westmoreland, Turtle Creek ; Allegheny. 
8. NEPETA L. 

1. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Catnip. (Man. p. 787; I. F. /. 

30^4.) In waste places, N. B. and Quebec to S. Dak., Va. and Kans. — 

Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela- 

A^ARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Blair ; 

Erie ; Allegheny. 

9. GLECOMA L. 

1. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-The-Ground. 
(Man. p. 787; I. F. y". 3og§.^ In waste places, woods and thickets, 
Newf, to Minn., Ga. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 



LABIATAE 267 

10. PRUNELLA L. 

1. Prunella vulgaris Iv- SeIvF-heal. Heai.-ai.i,. (Man. p. 788; I. 
V. /. jogS.) In fields, woods and waste places, throughout nearly the 
whole of N. Am. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvaiiia : Pike; Monroe; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Erie ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

11. PHYS03TEGIA Benth. 

1. Physostegia Virginiana (L. ) Benth. False Dragon-head. 
(Man. p. 788 ; I. F./. j/oa) In moist soil. Quebec to the N. W. Terr., 
VXsi.^'h^.. ssidi'Tic^.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, on the Susquehanna; 
ToRK ; Dauphin; Luzerne; Susquehanna; Ai^legheny.. 

12. GALEOPSIS L. 

Leaf-blades mainly linear or lanceolate : plant puberulent. i G. Ladanum. 
Leaf-blades mainly ovate : plant hispid. 2. G. Tetrahit. 

1. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp-netti.e. (Man. p. 790; I. F. 
f. 3106.) In waste places, N. B. to Mich, and N. J. Adv. or nat. from 
^\x.— Pennsylvania : Dei,aware. 

2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-netti.e. (Man. p. 790; I. F. yi 
3107.) In wet places, Newf. to Alaska, N. C. and Mich. Nat. from Eu. 
— Pennsylvania: Monroe; Carbon; D ei. aware ; Erie. 

13. LEONURUS L. 

Leaf-blades lobed or parted. 

Leaf-blades 2-5-cleft, or the upper 3-cleft. i. L. Cardiaca. 

Leaf-blades deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft or incised. 

2. L. Sibiricus. 
Leaf-blades toothed or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum. 

1. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. (Man p. 790; I. F, /. 
JioS.) In waste places, N. S. to N. C, S. Dak. and Kans. Nat. from 

Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii^adelphia ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Erie; Ai.i,egheny. 

2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. Siberian Motherwort. (Man. p. 790 ; 
-I. F. /. Jiog.) In waste and cult. r>oil. Pa. and Del. Nat. of eastern 
Asia. — Pennsylvania : Phii^adeIvPHIa. 

3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Ho arhound Motherwort. (Man. 
•p. 790; I. F. /, 3110.) In waste place-^, N. J., Pa. and Del. Nat. from 

Eu. — Pennsylvania: PhiIvADELPhia ; Dei^aware ; Chestek.. 
14. LAMIUM L. 

Upper stem-leaves with sessile or partly clasping- blades, i. L. ample xicaule. 
Upper stem-leaves with petioled blades. 

Corolla 12-18 mm. long- : leaf-blades not blotched. 2. L. purpureum. 

Corolla 20-27 mm. long-: leaf-blades blotched. 3. L. mactilatum. 

1. Lamium amplexicaule L. HenbiT. (Man. p. 791; I. F. f. 3111.) 
In waste and cult, ground, N. B. to Out., B. C, Fla. and Ark. Nat. from 



268 LABIATAE 

Eu. — Pe f insy Ivama : 'NoKT^UAMFTOT^ ; Bucks; Phii,adei.phia ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

2. Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead NeTTLE. (Man. p. 791 ; I. 
F. /. 31 ] 2-) In waste and cult, soil, R. I. to Pa. and D. C. Also in bal- 
last about northern seaports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : 
Pike ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Netti^e. (Man. p. 791 ; 
I. F. f. 3113.) Along roadsides, escaped, Me. to Va. Nat. of Eu. and 
Asia. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks; Ali^egheny. 

15. STACHYS L. 

Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, relatively narrow. 
Stem glabrous : leaf-blades entire or essentially so. 
Leaf-blades linear, mostly less than 5 mm. wide. i. 5. hyssopifolia. 

Leaf-blades oblong to linear-oblong, mostly over 5 mm. wide. 

2. S. Atlantica. 
Stem retrorsely pubescent : leaf-blades serrate. 3. S. ambigua. 

Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base, relatively broad. 
Stem glabrous or nearly so. 4. 5. tenuifolia. 

Stem hirsute. 
Lower leaves with petioles but little longer than those of the upper. 

5. 5". palustris. 
Lower leaves with petioles several times longer than those of the upper. 

Plant perennial : leaf-blades of an oblong-lanceolate type. 

6. S. aspera. 
Plant annual : leaf-blades of an ovate type. 7. 5". arvensis. 

1. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Netti^e. (Man. p. 
792 ; I. F. /. 3116.) In fields and thickets, Man. to Mich, and Fla. — 
Pemisylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Lebanon, near Cornwall. 

2. Stachys Atlantica Britton. Coast Hedge Netti^e. (Man. p. 
792.) In marshy ground, L. I. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. DensE-Fi^owered Hedge 
Netti^E. (Man. p. 792 ; I. F. /. 3117.) In moist soil, Pa. to Ga., 111. 
and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

4. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge NETTI.E. (Man. p. 
792 ; I. F. /. 3118.) In moist fields and thickets, N. Y. to 111., Kans., 
N. C. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

5. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Netti^e. (Man. p. 793; I. F. /. 
3119.) In moist soil, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., Ore., Pa., 111., Mich. 
andN. Mex. — Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Northamp- 
ton ; Phii,adei.phia ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Ai,i.egheny. 

6. Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge NETTI.E. (Man. p. 793; 
I. v. f. 3120.) In moist soil, Ont. to Minn., Fla. and La. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Ai.- 
i^egheny. 

7. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Fiei^d Woundwort. (Man. p. 
793; I. F. y". 3122.) In waste places, Me., Mass., and in ballast about 
the eastern seaports. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 



IvABIATAE 269 

16. SALVIA L. 

Leaves mainly basal ; blades lyrate-pinnatifid. i. 5. lyrata. 

Leaves cauline ; blades merely toothed. 

Calyx-lobes acuminate : upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower one. 

2. 5. urhcifolia. 
Calyx-lobes subulate-acicular : upper lip of the corolla longer than the lower 
one. 3. 5. Sclarea. 

1. Salvia lyrata L. Lyrk-i.Eaved Sage. (Man. p. 794; I. F. /. 
3124.) In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, N. J. to Fla., 111., Ark. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Lancaster ; York ; Montgomery. 

2. Salvia urticifolia L. NetTIvE-i<Eaved Sage. (Man. p. 795; I. 
v. f. J128.) In woods and thickets, Pa. to Ky., Ga. and La. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Phii,adei.phia. 

3. Salvia Sclarea L. Ci.ary. Ci.Ear-eye. (Man. p. 795 ; I. F. /. 
3130.) In fields, Pa. to S. C, escaped. Nat. from En. — Pennsylvania : 
Huntingdon. 

17. MONARDA L. 
Flower-clusters terminal or solitary. 
Corolla scarlet, mostly over 3 cm. long, i. M. didyma. 

Corolla pink-purple or white, mostly less than 3 cm. long. 
Corolla white or greenish pink. 2. M. Clinopodia. 

Corolla pink, purple or purple-red. 
Plants with spreading pubescence. 

Bracts purple or pink : corolla pink or purplish. 3. M.Jistulosa. 
Bracts purple-red or red : corolla deep purple or purple-red. 

4. M. media. 
Plants canescent. 5. M. mollis. 

Flower-clusters axillary. 6. M. punctata. 

1. Monarda didyma L. OswEGO Tea. American Bee Bai,m.* 
(Man. p. 795 ; I. F.y. 313T.) In moist soil, especially along streams, N. 
B. (?) to Ont., Mich, and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; 
Pike ; Monroe ; Bi<air ; Ci<arion ; Ai^i^egheny ; Erie ; Somerset ; 
westmore1.and. 

2. Monarda Clinopodia L- BasaIv Bai^m. (Man. p. 796; I. F. /. 
3132.) In woods and thickets, Ont. to Ky. and Oo..— Pennsylvania : 
Dauphin ; Northampton ; Phii^adeIvPhia ; Lancaster. 

3. Monarda fistulosa L. W11.D BergamoT. (Man. p. 796 ; I. F. /. 
3133.) On dry hills and in thickets, Me. and Ont. to Minn., Kans., Fla. 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i,egheny ; 
Armstrong ; Erie ; Westmorei^and. 

4. Monarda media Willd. Purpi^E Bergamot. (Man. p. 796; I. 
^•f- 3^34') 111 moist thickets, Me. to Ont., Pa. and Va. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks. 

5. Monarda mollis L. Canescent W11.D Bergamot. (Man. p. 
1051.) In dry soil, N. E. to S. Dak., Ga. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : 
Northampton. 



270 LABI ATA E 

6. Monarda punctata L. HorsE-mint. (Man. p. 796 I. F. / 3137.) 
In dr}' fields, southern N. Y. to Fla. , Wis., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Bucks, Bristol. 

18. BLEPHILIA Raf. 

I,eaf-blades shallowly toothed : stem softly pubescent with short hairs. 

I. B. ciliata, 
L,eaf-blades decidedly serrate : stem hirsute or villous-hirsute. 2. B. hirsuta. 

1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Bi^ephilia. (Man. p. 797 ; I. 
F. f. 3139.) In dry woods and thickets, Mass. to Mich., Wis., Ga. and 
Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester; Huntingdon; Arm- 
strong ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. (Man. p. 

797 ; I. F./. 3140.) In woods and thickets, Vt. to Wis., Kans., Ga. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Cameron ; Clarion ; Somerset ; Allegheny ; 
Mercer ; Erie. 

19. HEDEOMA Pers. 

1. Hedeoma pulegioides ( ly. ) Pers. American Pennyroyal. (Man. 
p. 797; I. 'P.f.3141.) In dry fields, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., Fla. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

20. MELISSA L. 
1. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm. 
(Man. p. 798 ; I. F. f. 3144.) In waste places, thickets and woods, Me. 
to Ga. and W. Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Allegheny. 

21. SATUREIA L. 

1. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Summer Savory. (Man. p. 

798 ; I. F.yi 3145-^ In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to Pa., west to Nev. 
Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

22. CLINOPODIUM L. 
1. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. (Man, p. 799 ; 
I. F. /. 3146.) In woods and thickets, N. S. to N. C, Minn, and Man., 
south in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

23. HYSSOPUS L. 

1. Hyssopus ofiBcinalis L. Hyssop. (Man. p. 800; I. F. /. 3152.) 
Along roadsides and in waste places, Ont. to Me. and N. C, and on the 
Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks. 

24. ORIGANUM L. 

1. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. (Man. p. 800 ; I. F. 
f. 3133.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to N.J. and Pa. Nat. from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; 
Lancaster ; Philadelphia ; Lehigh. 



LABIATAE 271 

25. THYMUS L. 
1. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wii.d or Creeping Thyme. (Man. p. 
802; I. V.f. 3166.) lu thickets, woods and along roadsides, N. S. to 
Mass., N. Y., Pa. and N. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Mont- 
gomery ; Lancaster. 

26. KOELLIA Moench. 
Leaves with prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate blades. 
Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, merely acute, i. K. Virghiiana. 

Calyx-lobes subulate, subulate-lanceolate, sometimes bristle-tipped. 

2. K.Jiexuosa. 
Leaf -blades linear or narrowly linear. 
Leaf-blades lanceolate, all or some of them toothed. 
Flower clusters dense : bracts erect or appressed. 
Plant hirsute or pilose. 3. K. pilosa. 

Plant glabrate or merely puberulent. 4. K. verticillata. 

Flower-clusters lax : bracts spreading. 5. K. clinopodioides. 

Leaves with prevailingly-ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades. 
Calyx-lobes subulate, 6. K. incana. 

Calyx-lobes triangular. 7. K. muiica. 

1. Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia MounTain-mint- 
(Man. p. 801 ; I. F. y. JJ'SS-) In dry fields and thickets, Quebec to 
Minn., Ga., Ala. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Cambria ; Erie ; Fayette ; Ai^legheny. 

2. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow- i^eaved MounTain- 
mint. (Man. p. 801 ; L V. f. 3154.) In fields and thickets, Me. and 
N. H. to Fla., Ont., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Arm- 
strong ; Aei<egheny. 

3. Koellia pilosa (Null. ) Britton. Hairy Mountain-minT. (Man. 
p. 801 ; 1. F.y. j/jd.) On prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Ga., Kans. 
and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Huntingdon. 

4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey's MounTain- 
mint. (Man. p. 801; I. F. /. 5157.) In dry fields and thickets, Vt. 
to R. I., N. Y., Va., Pa. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Lycoming ; Aei<egheny. 

5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze, Basie Mountain; 
mint. (Man. p. 801 ; I. F. /. 3138.) In dry soil, N. Y. and Pa, to 
Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Lancaster; Berks. 

6. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary MounTain-minT. (Man. 
p, 802 ; I. F./. 3 161.) Dry thickets and hillsides, Me. to Ont., Ohio and 
Fla. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; DeI/Aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; West- 
moreland ; Aeeegheny. 

7. Koellia mutica (Michx,) Britt, ShorT-Toothed Mountain-mint. 
(Man. p. 802 ; I, F./. 3164.) In sandy soil. Me. to Va. and Fla., west 
to Mo. —Pennsylvania : Northamptc^n ; Delaware; Bucks; Chester. 



272 LABIATAE 

27. CUNILA L. 
1. Cunila origanoides ( L. ) Britton. American Dittany. (Man. 
p. 803; I. V. f. J167.) In dry woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fla., Ohio 
and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Bradford; Monroe; Northampton; Lu- 
zerne ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki.in ; 
Ali^egheny. 

28. LYCOPUS L. 

Calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the nutlets. 

Stem not tuberous at the base : leaf-blades mainly ovate, i. L. Virginicus. 

Stem tuberous at the base : leaf-blades mainly oblong. 2. L. commxtnis. 
Calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate. 

Corolla twice as long as the calyx : bracts minute. 3. L. sessilifolius. 

Corolla not twice as long as the calyx : bracts subulate. 4. L. Americanus. 

1. Lycopus Virginicus L. Purple Bugi,e-weed. (Man. p. 803.) 
In moist soil, N. Y. to Ala., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Lacka- 
wanna ; Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgom- 
ery ; DEiyAWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; 
Erie; ATvI^egheny. 

2. Lycopus communis Bicknell. Common Bugi.E-weed. (Man. p. 
803.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, Va., Neb. and Qx^. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Lancaster. 

3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile-IvEaved Water Hoar- 
hound. (Man. p. 804 ; l.V.f. jiSp.) In wet soil, eastern Mass. to Fla. 
— Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

3. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. CuT-i,eaved Water Hoarhound. 
(Man. p. 804; I. V.f. 3171.) In wet soil, Newf. to B. C, Fla., Tex., 
Utah and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Coi^umbia ; Norhtampton ; 
Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunting- 
don ; Allegheny. 

29. MENTHA L. 

Flower-clusters, at least most of them, in terminal spike-like panicles. 
Plants glabrous or essentially so. 
Panicles slim, mostly less than 10 mm. thick : leaf -blades sessile or nearly 

so. I. M. spicata. 

Panicles stout, mostly over 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades petioled. 

2. M. piperita. 
Plants pubescent, at least about the nodes of the stem. 

Panicles relatively thin, mostly less than 11 mm. thick. 
Leaf -blades of a lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate type, mostly acute. 

3. M. longifolia. 
Leaf-blades of an elliptic or ovate-oblong type, mostly obtuse. 

4. M. rotundifolia. 
Panicles relatively stout, mostly over 11 mm. thick. 

Leaf-blades sessile : panicles, at least the terminal one elongated. 

5. M. alopecuroides. 
Leaf-blades, or those below the inflorescence, petioled : panicles short. 

Leaf-blades merely serrate. 6. M. aquatica. 

Leaf-blades incised and crisped. 7. M. crispa. 

Flower-clusters axillary, not in terminal spike-like racemes. 



IvABIATAE 273 

Calyx-lobes triangular : leaf-blades crenate-dentate. 8. M. arvensis. 
Calyx-lobes subulate : leaf-blades serrate. 

Calyx-lobes ciliate ; tube glabrous, 9. M. gentilis. 

Calyx-lobes and tube more or less pubescent. 
Stem pubescent with reflexed hairs : leaves closely pubescent. 

10. M. sativa. 
Stem pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves glabrous or nearly so. 

11. M. Canadensis. 

1. Mentha spicata h. Spearmint. (Man. p. 805; I. F. /. 3174.) 
In moist fields or waste places, N. S. to Ont., Minn., Utah, Fla. and Kans, 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pikk ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei.a- 
WARE : Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuyi,kii,i, ; Coi^umbia ; Frankwn ; 
Huntington ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. (Man. p. 805 ; I. F./. j/75.) 
In wet soil, N. S. to Minn., Fla. and Tenn. — Pennsylvafiia : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; Coi^um- 
BiA ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai^legheny. 

3. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. (Man. p. 805 ; I, 
F. y". 3177.) In waste places, Conn, to Pa. and N. J. Nat. from Eu, 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia. 

4. Mentha rotundifolia (L. ) Huds. Round-i^Eaved Mint. (Man. 
p. 805 ; I. F. /. 3178.) In waste places, Me. to N. C, Tex. and Mex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Ai.i.egheny. 

5. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. W001.1.Y Mint. (Man. p. 806; I. 
v. f. 3i7g.) Along roadsides, N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Mo. Nat. from 
^u.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Perry ; 
FRANKI.IN. 

6. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. (Man. p. 806 ; I. F./. 3180.) 
In wet places, N. S. to Pa, and Ga. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : 
Lancaster. 

7. Mentha crispa L. Crisp-i.eaved or Curi^ed Mint. (Man. p. 
806; I. V. f. 3181.) In swamps and roadside ditches, N. Y., N.J. and 
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phii,adei.phia. 

8. Mentha arvensis L. Corn or F1E1.D Mint. (Man. p. 806 ; L 
V.f.3182.) In dry waste places, N. B. to N. Y., N. J., Pa. and Fla.. 
Also in Calif, and Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Chester;, 
Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Erie.. 

9. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Downy Whori^ed Mint.. 
(Man. p. 806; I. F.y. 3183.) In waste places and along streams, Me. tO' 
northern N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Nat. from Eu, — Pennsylvania : Monroe ;, 
Northampton ; Dauphin ; Lancaster. 

10. Mentha sativa L. Marsh Whori^ed Mint. (Man. p. 806; L 
F.y, 3184. ) In waste places, N. S. to Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster. 

11. Mentha Canadensis L- American Wii^d Mint. (Man. p. 806 ; 
I. F./. 3/8S.) In moist soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., B. C, Va., Kans., 
N. Mex. and Nev. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; Dei^aware, 

18 



274 SOLANACEAE 

Chester; Lancaster ; Dauphin; Franklin; Bedford ; Erie; Sus- 
quehanna; AlvIvEGHENY. 

30. COLLINSONIA L. 
1. Collinsonia Canadensis L. Horse-bai^m. Rich- weed. (Man. 
p. 807 ; I. F. /; 3186.) In moist woods, Me. and Ont. to Wis., Fla. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Dauphin ; Cumberland ; Beaver. 

31. PERILLA Ard. 

1. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Perilla. (Man. p. 807; I. F. 
/. 3187.) In waste places, escaped, N. Y. to 111. Nat. of India. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, Nockamixon ; Northampton, Easton ; York. 

Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers. Potato Family. 
Fruit a berry. 

Corolla-tube plicate : lobes usually induplicate : berries pulpy. 
Anthers not connected : sacs opening- lengthwise, not by terminal pores. 
Ovary 3-5-celled : calyx-lobes nearly distinct, auricled at the base. 

I. Physalodes. 
Ovary 2-celled : calyx-lobes united to near the tips. 2. Physalis. 
Anthers converging or connate. 
Anther-sacs commonly opening by terminal pores or short slits. 

3. SOLANUM. 

Anther-sacs opening lengthwise and introrsely. 4, Lycopersicon. 

Corolla-tube barely, if at all plicate ; segments imbricated and berries dry. 

5. Lycium. 
Fruit a capsule : corolla funnelform. 

Capsule circumscissle near the top, which separates as a lid. 

6. Hyoscyamus. 
Capsule opening by valves. 

Capsules armed with prickles. 7. Datura. 

Capsules unarmed. 
Flowers in racemes or panicles : filaments nearly equal in length. 

8. NiCOTIANA. 

Flowers solitary in the axils or opposite the leaves : filaments unequal in 
length. 9. Petunia. 

1. PHYSALODES Boehm. 

1. Physalodes Physalodes (L) Britton. Apple of Peru. (Man. p. 
808 ; I. F./. 3i8g.) In waste places, escaped, N. S. to Ont., south to Fla. 
Adv. from Peru. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; CHESTER ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. PHYSALIS L. 

Plants annual, with fibrous roots. 
Foliage manifestly pubescent even in age. 
Leaf -blades cordate and oblique at the base, sinuate : stem obtusely angled: 

mature calyx 2-3 cm. long. i. P. pruinosa. 

Leaf-blades mostly truncate, scarcely oblique, repand-dentate : stem 
acutely angled : mature calyx longer. 2. P. Barbadensis. 

Foliage glabrous, at least in age. 



SOLANACEAE 275 

Calyx-lobes broadly triangular : pedicel scarcely as long as the flower. 

3. P. ixocarpa. 
Calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate : pedicel longer than the flower. 

4. P. Philadelphica. 
Plants perennial by rootstocks and roots. 

I^eaves glabrous. 4. P. Philadelphica. 

Leaves pubescent. 

Stem strigose with flat hairs. 5. P. Virginiana. 

Stem clammy-pubescent with spreading hairs. 6. P. heterophylla. 

1. Phyaalis pniinosa L. Tai^i, Hairy Ground-cherry. (Man. p. 

810 ; I. F.y. 3 191.) In cult, soil, Mass. to Iowa, Mo. and Fla. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Lancaster. 

2. Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes Ground-cherry. (Man. 
p. 810; I. F.y. 3192.) Sandy soil, N. C, southern 111. and Mex., the W. 
Indies and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Aj^i^EGHENy. 

3. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Mexican Ground-Cherry. Straw- 
berry Tomato. (Man. p. 811 ; I. V.f.3ig6.) In waste places, locally 
eastward. Native of Mex. — Pennsylvania: Phii,adei<phia. 

4. Physalis Philadelphica Lam. Phii^adei^phia Ground-cherry. 
(Man. p. 811 ; I. F./. 3197-) In rich soil, R. I. to Ga., Neb. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania: Monroe ; Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franki^in. 

5. Physalis Virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-cherry. (Man. p. 

811 ; I. F.y. 3202.^ Rich soil and open places, N. Y. to Man., Fla. and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks ; DeI/Aware ; 
Chester ; Phii.adei.phia ; York ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Cearion ; 
Erie. 

5a. P. Virginiana intermedia Rydb. (Man. p. 812.) Northampton. 

6. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Ceammy Ground-cherry. (Man. 
p. 812; I. F./. 3203.) In rich soil, N. B. to Saskatchewan, Fla., Colo, 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phieadeephia ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein ; Bedford ; Hunting- 
don ; Luzerne; Erie. 

6a. P. heterophylla ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb. (Man. p. 812.) 
Monroe ; Aeeegheny. 

3. SOLANUM L. 
Upright or spreading herbs. 
Plants glabrous or simply pubescent, not prickle-armed, i. 5. nigrum. 
Plants stellate-pubescent, prickle-armed. 
Berry not enclosed in the calyx : perennial species. 2. S. Cayolinense. 

Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : annual species. 3. S. rostratum. 
Climbing vine. 4. 5". Dulcamara. 

1. Solanum nigrum L. Beack or Garden Nightshade. (Man. 
p. 814; I. F.y. 32 II.) In waste places or cult, soil, N. S. to the N. W. 
Terr., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phiea- 
deephia ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frankein; Aeee- 
gheny. 

2. Solanum Carollnense L. Horse-netteE. (Man. p. 814; I. F. /. 
3213.) In dry fields and in waste places, Ont. to Mass., Fla., 111., Neb. 



276 SOLANACEAE 

and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Phii^adelphia ; Chester; Lancaster; 
Franklin ; Bucks ; Bedford ; Allegheny. 

3. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Beaked Nightshade. 
(Man. p. 815 ; I. F./. 3216.) On prairies, S. Dak. to Tex. and Mex. A 
weed, Ont. to N. H., Mass. and N. J. Adv. from the west. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Susquehanna ; Lancaster ; Philadelphia. 

4. Solanum Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Bittersweet. (Man. p. 
815 ; I. F. 3218.) In waste places or in thickets, N. B., to Minn., N. J., 
Pa. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Co- 
lumbia ; Franklin; Huntingdon; Erie; Allegheny. 

4. LYCOPERSICON Mill. 

1. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. (Man. p. 

815 ; I. F.y. 32ig.) Escaped, N. Y. and Pa. southward. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bedford ; Allegheny. 

5. LYCIUM L. 

1. Lycium vulgare (Ait. f.) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. (Man. p, 

816 ; I. F.y. 3220.) In thickets and waste places, escaped, Ont. to Conn.; 
Va., Minn, and Kans. Introd. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Allegheny. 

6. HYOSCYAMUS L. 

1. Hyoscyamus niger L. Black Henbane. (Man. p. 816; I. F.y 
3221.) Waste places, N. S. to Ont., N. Y. and Mich. Nat. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 

7. DATURA L. 

Corolla white : capsule with the lower prickles shorter than the upper : stem 
green. i. D. Stramonium , 

Corolla lavender or violet : capsule with equal prickles : stem purple. 

2. D. Tatula. 

1. Datura Stramonium L. Stramonium. Jamestown-weed. (Man. 
p. 816; I. F.y j^^^.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Fla., Minn, 
and Tex. Nat. from tropical regions, probably from Asia. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dau- 
phin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Datura Tatula L. Purple Thorn-applE OR Stramonium. (Man. 
p. 816; I. F.y 3223.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to Minn., N. Y.^ 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : ^Q^lYLKMVto^ \ Bucks; Lancaster; 
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

8. NICOTIANA L. 

Calyx-lobes triangular : corolla about 2.5 cm. long, the tube short-cylindric. 

1. N. rustica. 
Calyx-lobes linear : corolla 10-15 cm. long, the tube slender and elongated. 

2. N. longiflora. 



SCROPHUI/ARIACEAE 277 

1. Nicotiana rustica L. Wii^d Tobacco. (Man, p. 817 ; I. F. /. 
322^.) In fields and waste places, Ont., to Minn., N. Y. and Fla. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton. 

2. Nicotiana longiflora Cav. IvOng-fi,owered Tobacco. (Man. p. 
817 ; I. F.y^ 3226.) In waste places, eastern U. S. Native of S. Am. — 
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Dauphin. 

9. PETUNIA Juss. 
Corolla white ; tube cylindric. i. P. axillaris. 

Corolla violet-purple ; tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea. 

1. Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. White Petunia. (Man. p. 
817 ; I. F.y, 322J.) In waste places, N. Y. and Pa. Native of southern 
Brazil. — Pennsylvania ; Northampton ; Phii,adei.phia ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Ai^lEGheny. 

2. Petunia violacea Lindl. V101.ET Petunia. (Man. p. 817 ; I. F. 
f. 3228.) In waste places, escaped, N. Y. and Pa. Native of southern 
Brazil and Paraguay. — Pennsylvania : Dei^awarE ; Northampton ; 
Dauphin ; Ali^egheny. 

FAM11.Y 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Figwort Famii^y. 

Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting (except in 
Mimulus) . 
Leaves prevailing-ly alternate. i. Verbascum. 

Leaves prevailingly opposite. 
Corolla-tube with a spur or sac on the lower side near the base. 
Leaf -blades palmately veined and palmately lobed. 

2. Cymbalaria. 
Leaf-blades pinnately veined and entire. 

Flowers axillary to leaf -like bracts and remote. 3. Kickxia. 
Flowers approximate, in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria. 

Corolla-tube with neither spur nor sac. 
Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, i sterile ( staminodium ) and different 
from the others. 
Staminodium a scale, adnate to the upper side of the corolla-tube. 
Corolla-tube stouter than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip indu- 

plicate. 5. CoLLiNSiA. 

Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, the lobes of the lower lip flat. 

6. SCROPHULARIA. 

Staminodium elongated. 
Filaments longer than the staminodium : seeds winged. 

7. Chelone. 
Filaments shorter than the staminodium : seeds wingless. 

8. Pentstemon. 
Filaments 2 or 4. 

Trees. 9. Paulownia. 

Herbs. 
Anther-bearing filaments 4, or rarely 3. 
Sepals manifestly united. 
Calyx tubular : corollas-lipped. 10. Mimulus. 

Calyx campanulate : corolla essentially regular. 

II. LiMOSELLA. 



278 scrophulariaceae: 

Sepals distinct or essentially so. 12. Conobea. 

Anther-bearing filaments 2. 
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. 

Filaments short and stout, or almost wantinj?. 

13. Gratiola. 
Filaments elongated and slender. 14. Ilysanthes. 

Calyx of 5 partially united sepals. 15. Micranthemum. 

IvOwer lips or lobes of the corolla external in the bud. 
Sepals distinct or essentially so. 

Corolla rotate or campanulate : stamens not surpassing- the corolla lobes. 

16. Veronica. 
Corolla tubular : stamens exserted. 17. IvEptandra. 

Sepals almost wholly or only partially united into a tube. 

Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped : stamens not ascending under 
the upper lip. 
Corolla funnelform : capsule exserted. 
Anther-sacs awned at the base : corolla yellow. 18. Dasystoma. 
Anther-sacs awnless : corolla rose-purple, pink or white. 

19. Gerardia. 
Corolla salverform : capsule mostly in the calyx. 20. Buchnera. 
Corolla strongly 2-lipped : stamens ascending under the upper lip. 
Anther-sacs unlike, the inner pendulous. 21. Castilleja. 

Anther-sacs alike, parallel. 
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary: capsules 1-4-seeded. 

22. Melampyrum. 
Ovules several to many in each cavity : capsules many-seeded. 

23. PediculariS. 
1. VERBASCUM L. 
Plant densely woolly or finely tomentose. 
lycaf -blades entire or merely undulate : racemes usually simple : capsules 7- 

10 mm. long. i. V. Thapsus. 

I,eaf-blades crenate : racemes usually compound : capsules 4-5 mm. long. 

2. V. Lychnitis. 
Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent above. 3. V. Blattaria. 

1. Verbascum Thapsus L. Great MUI.1.EN. (Man. p. 819; I. F./. 
322g.') In fields and waste places, N. S. to S. Dak., Fla. and Kans. Nat. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntington ; A1.1.E- 

GHENY. 

2. Verbascum Lychnitis L.* White Muli^EN. (Man. p. 820 ; I. F. 
f. J2JI.) In fields and waste places, Ont. to N.J. and Pa. Reported 
from Kans. Nat. from 'E\x.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Phila- 
DEivPHiA ; BEI.AWARE ; Lebanon. 

3. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen. (Man. p. 820; I. F. 
f. 32J2.) In fields and waste places, Quebec to Fla., Minn, and Kans. 
Nat. from Eu. — Penyisylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. CYMBAL ARIA Medic. 
1. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. KenilworTh on Coli- 
seum Ivy. ( Man. p. 820 ; 1.1?./. 3233. ) In waste places and roadsides, 



SCROPHULARIACEAE 279 

adv. from Eu., N. Y., N. J. and Pa., and in seaport ballast. — Pennsylva- 
nia ; Bucks. 

3. KICKXIA Dumort. 

I^eaf-blades ovate to orbicular- ovate, merely rounded or cordate at the base. 

I. K. spuria. 
lycaf-blades triangular, Hastate at the base. 2, K. Elatine. 

1. Kickxia spuria (Iv.) Dumort. Round-i^eaved Toad-flax. (Man. 
p. 820; I. 'B.f.32j4.) Nat. of Eu. Adv. or nat. in eastern N, Am. — 
Pennsylvania : Philadklphia, especially on ballast. 

2. Kiokxia Elatine (L.) Dumort. Sharp-pointed Fluellin or 
Toad-flax. (Man. p. 320 ; l.Y.f. S^SS-) Nat. of Eu. Nat. in eastern 
N. Am. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Pleasantville ; Philadelphia. 

4. LINARIA Hill. 
Corolla yellow, 25-30 mm. long. i. L. Linaria. 

Corolla blue or white, 6-12 mm. long. 
Corolla blue ; spur filiform, curved : native species. 2. L. Canadensis. 

Corolla white, striped with blue or purple ; spur conic, short : naturalized 
species. 3. L. repens. 

1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. ButTER-and-Eggs. 
(Man. p. 821 ; I. F. f. 3236.^ In fields and waste places, N. S. to Man., Va. 
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Mont- 
gomery ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Berks ; Allegheny. 

2. Linaria Canadensis (L.) Dumort. Blue or Wild Toad-Flax. 
(Man. p. 821 ; I. F. /. 3238. ) In dry soil, N. S. to Fla., Ore. and Calif. 
Also in Cent, and S. Am. — Pennsylvania: Lackawanna; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Lancaster. 

3. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Pale-bluE Toad-flax. (Man. p. 821 ; 
I. F. f. 323g.) Newf. and in ballast about the Atlantic seaports. Adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on or about ballast. 

5. COLLINSIA Nutt. 
1. Collinsia verna Nutt. Blue- Eyed Mary. (Man. p. 826 ; I. P. /. 
3261.) In moist woods and thickets, western N. Y. and Ont. to Wis., 
Pa., Ky. and the Ind. Terr. — Pennsylvania: Westmoreland; Wash- 
ington ; Allegheny. 

6. SCROPHULARIA L. 

Corolla dull without : sterile filament deep purple. i. 5". Marylandica. 

Corolla lustrous without : sterile filament greenish yellow. 2. S. leporella. 

1. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Maryland FigworT. (Man. p. 
822; I. F. /. 3242.) In woods and thickets. Me. to S. Dak., N. C, 
Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. Scrophularia leporella Bicknell. Hare FigworT. (Man. p. 822 ; 
I. V.f. 3243.) In woods and along roadsides, Vt. to Conn., Minn., Va. 
and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks. 



280 SCROPHUIvARIACEAE 

7. CHELONE L. 
1. Chelone glabra L. Snake-head. Turtle-head. (Man. p. 823 ; 
I. V. f. 3244.) In swamps and along streams Newf. to Fla., Man. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Monroe; Luzerne; Bucks; 
DEiyAWARE; Chester; Montgomery; Lycoming; Lackawanna; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

8. PENTSTEMON Soland. 
Stem pubescent with spreading hairs. i. P. hirsutus. 

Stem glabrous below the inflorescence. 
Corolla white, mostly over 2.5 cm. long, the tube abruptly enlarged. 

2. P. Digitalis. 
Corolla purplish, mostly less than 2 cm. long, the tube gradually enlarged. 

3. P. Pentstemon. 

1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. (Man. 
p. 824 ; I. F. /. 324J.) In dry woods and thickets, Me. to Ont., Man., 
Fla., Minn, and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne; Northampton; 
Bucks; Montgomery; Phii.adei.phia; Delaware; Chester; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Foxglove Beard-tongue. 
(Man. p. 825 ; I. F. /. 3231.) In fields and thickets, Me. to 111., Kans., 
Va. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster. 

3. Pentstemon Pentstemon (L.) Britton. Smooth Beard-tongue. 
(Man. p. 825 ; I. F./. 32^2.) In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Fla., Ky. 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Franklin ; Fayette ; Westmore- 
land ; Allegheny. 

9. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zucc. 
1. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Paulownia. (Man. p. 
827; I. V. f. 3264.) Escaped from cultivation, N. Y. and N. J. to D. 
C. and Ga. — Pennsylvania: Philadelphia; Lancaster. 

10. MIMULUS L. 

Corolla blue or violet, or rarely white. 

Calyx shorter than the pedicel : leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping. 

I. M. ringens. 

Calyx longer than the pedicel : leaf-blades petioled. 2. M. alatus. 

Corolla yellow. 3. M. moschatus. 

1. Mimulus ringens L. Square-STEmmed Monkey-flower. (Man. 
p. 827 ; I. F.y. 326^.) In swamps and along streams, N. S. to Va., Tenn., 
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Columbia ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sharp-winged Monkey- flower. 
(Man. p. 827 ; I. V.f. 3266.) In swamps, Ont. to Conn., 111., Ga., Kans., 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches- 
ter ; Huntingdon. 



SCROPHUIvARIACEAE 281 

3. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-fi,ower. Musk-pIvANT. 
{Man. p. 828; I. F. /. 3269.) In wet places, N. S. and Ont. to N. Y. 
Adv. from the Pacific Coast. Pennsylvania : Phii.adei.phia, rocks near 
Manayunk. 

11. LIMOSELLA L. 

1. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. MudworT. (Man. p. 831 ; 
I. F. /. 3283.) On muddy shores and in brooks, Lab. and Hudson Bay 
to the N. W. Terr., Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu., Australia and S. Am. — 
Pennsylvania : Philadei<phia ; Delaware. 

12. CONOBEA Aubl. 

1. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. Conobea. (Man. p. 828; 
I. F. f. 3270.) Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa, Kans., Ky. and 
Tex. Introd. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, on or near bal- 
last. 

13. GRATIOLA L. 
Staminodia wanting or mere scales : corolla yellowish white, 

1. G. Virginiana. 
Staminodia conspicuous, with capitate tips : corolla golden yellow. 

2. G. aurea. 

1. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-hyssop. (Man. p. 829; 
I. F. y! 3275.) In wet places, Quebec to B. C, Mass., Fla., Tex. and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Luzerne ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

2. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Golden Hedge-hyssop. (Man. p. 830; 
I. F.y". 3277.) In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ont. to N. J. and Fla. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe, Water Gap ; Northampton, on Delaware, 
Bethlehem ; Bucks, Bristol. 

14. ILYSANTHES Raf. 
1. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnh. Long-stalked False Pimper- 
nel. (Man. p. 830 ; I. F. /. 3280.) In wet places, N. Eng. to Fla., Ont, 
S. Dak. and Tex. Also on the Pacific Coast. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

15. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. 
1. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. NuTTall'S 
MicranThemum. (Man. p. 831 ; I. F./ 3282.) In tidal mud, N. J. and 
Pa. to Fla. Also in Cuba. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Delaware. 

16. VERONICA L. 

A. Flowers in axillary racemes : bracts very different from the leaves. 
Plants mainly glabrous, sometimes slightly glandular above, or obscurely 
strigillose in V. scutellata : partly aquatic species. 
Leaf-blades ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate : capsule slightly flattened. 
Blades of the stem-leaves sessile and partly clasping, entire or ob- 
scurely toothed. I. V. Anagallis-aquaiica. 



282 SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Blades of the stem-leaves petioled, distinctly serrate. 

2. V. Avieticana. 
Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate : capsule very fiat. 

3. V. sctilellata. 
Plants copiously pubescent : dry-soil species. 

Calyx longer than the pedicel: corolla 4-6 mm. broad ; leaf-blades finely 

toothed, petioled. 4. V. officinalis. 

Calyx shorter than the pedicel : corolla 6-8 mm. broad : leaf-blades 
coarsely toothed, sessile. 5. V. Chamaedrys. 

B. Flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts, sometimes collected into terminal ra- 
cemes. 
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts. 
Plants perennial : capsules merely retuse or truncate. 

6. V. serpyllifolia. 
Plants annual : capsules deeply notched. 
Foliage glabrous or glandular. 7. V. peregrina. 

Foliage pubescent. 8. V. arvensis. 

Pedicels longer than the subtending bracts at maturity. 
I,eaf-blades ovate to oblong, toothed. 
Capsule barely broader than high : calyx about as long as the corolla. 

9. V. agrestis. 
Capsule about twice as broad as high : calyx much shorter than the 
corolla. 10. V. Byzantina. 

Leaf-blades orbicular to reniform, lobed. 11. V. hederaefolia. 

1. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. Water SpEEdwei.1. or Pim- 
PERNBiy. (Man. p. 832; I. F. y. 3287.) In brooks and swamps, N. S. 
to B. C, N. C, Pa., Va., Neb. and N. Mex. Also in Eu. and Asia.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton, on the Delaware above Easton. 

2. Veronica Americana Schwein. American Brooki^ime. (Man. 
p. 833 ; I. F. f. J288. ) In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, 
Pa., Neb., N. Mex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania: Luzerne ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Phii.adei.phia ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Lebanon ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skui.i.cap SpeEdweli.. (Man. 
p. 833; \.V. f. 328g.) In swamps, Lab. to B. C, N. Y., Minn, and 
Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pen7isylvania : Monroe ; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speedwei.1.. (Man. p. 833; 
I. F. /. j^po.) In dry fields and woods, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., N. C. 
and Tenn. Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Phieadei^phia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Somerset ; Aleegheny. 

5. Veronica Chamaedrys L. Germander SpEEdweee. (Man. 
p. 833 ; I. F. y! 3291-) In fields and waste places, N. S. and Quebec to 
N. Y. and Pa. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phieadeephia, ballast. 

6. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme-eEaved Speedweee. (Man. 
p. 833; I. F. /. 3293.) In fields and thickets, Lab. to Alaska, Ga., 
N. Mex. and Calif. Also in Eu., Asia and S. Am. — Pennsylvania : Mon- 



SCROPHULARIACKAE 283 

ROK ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii.adei<phia ; Chkstkr ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai,i,egheny. 

7. Veronica peregrina L. Pursi^ane SpEEDWEIvL- Neckweed. 
(Man. p. 834; I. F. /. 3294.) In moist and cultivated soil, N. S. to 
B. C, Fla., Mex. and Calif. Also in Cent, and S. Am. and in the Old 
World.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,a- 
DEi<PHiA ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; AIvI^egheny. 

8. Veronica arvensis L. Corn or Wai.1. Speedweli.. (Man. 
p. 834; I. F. /. 32gs.) In cultivated soil, N. S. to Ont. and Wash., 
Fla., Kans. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
I,IN ; Ai<lvEGHENY. 

9. Veronica agrestis L. Field or Garden Speedweli.. (Man. 
p. 834 ; I. F. f. J2g6. ) In fields and waste places, N. S. to N. J. and La. 
Nat. from Fu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lancaster ; Bucks. 

10. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith.) B.S.P. Buxbaum's 
SpEEDWEEI.. (Man. p. 834; I. F. /, 32^7.) In waste places, N. S. to 
N. Y. and Ohio. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

11. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-eeaved Speedwele. (Man. 
p. 834; I. F. f. 32g8.) In thickets, fields and waste places, N. Y., 
Pa. and N. J. to S. C. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

17. LEPTANDRA Nutt. 

1. Leptandra Virginica (L. ) Nutt. Cuever'S-rooT. (Man. p. 834; 
I. F. f. 32gg.) In meadows, moist woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C, 
Ala., Mo. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Centre ; 
Allegheny. 

18. DASYSTOMA Raf. 

Plants annual or biennial : corolla pubescent or glandular without. 

I. D. Pedicularia. 
Plants perennial : corolla g-labrous without. 
Stem manifestly pubescent or puberulent. 2. D.Jiava. 

Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous. 

Leaf-blades entire, repand or incised : stem green. 3. D. laevigata. 

Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnatifid : stem glaucous. 4. D. Virginica. 

1. Dasystoma Pedicularia (L. ) Benth. Fern-lEaved False Fox- 
glove. (Man. p. 836 ; I. F. / 3303.') In dry woods and thickets, Me. 
to Minn., Fla. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. (Man. 
p. 836 ; I. F. y] 3304.) In dry woods and thickets, Mass. to Ont., Wis,, 
Ga. and Miss. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks: 
Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomery ; Lancaster ; Schuylkill ; 
Columbia ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 



284 vSCROPHULARIACEAE 

3. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire-IvEaved Fai.se Foxglove. 
(Man. p. 837; I. F. f. 3306.) In dry thickets, Pa. to Mich., south to 
Ga. — Petinsylvania : York ; Franki^in ; Bedford ; Huntingdon. 

4. Dasystoma Virginica (L. ) Britton. Smooth Fai^se Foxgi^ovE- 
(Man. p. 837; I. F. y. 330J.) In dry or moist woods, Me. to Minn., 
Fla. and 111. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware; Chester. 

19. GERARDIA L. 

Anthers equal : leaf -blades not auricled. 

Pedicel mainly shorter than the calyx, or the calyx and the capsule. 
Corolla 2 cm. long or longer. i. G. purpurea. 

Corolla 1.5 cm, long or shorter. 2. G. paupercula. 

Pedicel much longer than the calyx and capsule. 
Leaf-blades narrowed upward : corolla rose-purple. 3. G. tenuifolia. 
Leaf-blades broadened upward : corolla pink. 4. G. Skinneriana 

Anthers of 2 kinds : leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, auricled at the base 

5. G. auriculata. 

1. Gerardia purpurea L. Large Purple Gerardia. (Man. p. 838 
I. F. f. 3310.) In moist fields and meadows, Me. and southern Ont. to 
Fla., mostly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin. 

2. Gerardia paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. Small-fowered Ger- 
ardia. (Man. p. 838; I. F. f. 3311.) In bogs and low meadows, 
Quebec to N. J., Man. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Erie ; Delaware. 

3. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. (Man. p. 838; I. 
^' /• 33^3-) In <iry woods and thickets, Quebec to Ga., Ont., Kans. and 
La. — Pennsylvafiia : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Centre ; Allegheny. 

4. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. Skinner's Gerardia. (Man. p. 
839; I. F. y. 331^.) In dry sandy woods and thickets, Mass. to Fla., 
Minn., Kans. and La. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, New Texas. 

5. Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. (Man. p. 839 ; 
I. ^. f. 3316.) In moist open soil, Pa. to Minn., N. C. and Kans. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Chester. 

20. BUCHNERA L. 
1. Buohnera Americana L. Blue-hearts. (Man. p. 835 ; I. F. /. 
3301.) In sandy or gravelly soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Minn., Va., La., 
Kans. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Delaware ; Lancaster. 

21. CASTILLEJA Mutis. 
1. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted Cup. (Man. 
p. 839; I. F. f.3318.) In meadows and thickets, Me. and Ont. to Man., 
N. C, Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Centre; Allegheny. 



LENTIBULARIACEAE 285 

22. MELAMPYRUM L. 

1. MelampynimlineareLam. Narrow-i.eaved Cow-whkaT. (Man. 
p. 845 ; I. F. /. 3340 ■) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to B. C, N. C, 
Ky. and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Pikk ; Monroe; Luzerne; Schuyi.- 
Kiiviv ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon. 

23. PEDICULARIS L. 

Leaf-blades shallowly pinnatifid or toothed : capsules ovoid, little longer than 
the calyx. i. P. lanceolata. 

Leaf-blades pinnately parted : capsule linear-lanceolate, thrice as long- as the 
calyx. 2. P. Canadensis. 

1. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. (Man. p. 
843 ; L 'P.f- 3334-) In swamps, Ont. to Conn., Va., Man., Minn., Ohio, 
Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

2. Pedicularis Canadensis L. Wood Betony. Lousewort. (Man. 
p. 844 ; I. F. f. 333S.) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to Man., Fla., 
Miss., Colo, and northern Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
1.1N ; Huntingdon ; Montgomery ; Somerset ; Crawford ; Erie ; 

Al,I.EGHENY. 

Famii^y ii. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl. Bi^adderwort Family. 

1. UTRICULARIA L. 

Scapes erect from rooting bases : leaves simple, entire : bladders few or none. 
Corolla yellow, over 15 mm. broad. i. U. cornuta. 

Corolla purple, less than 12 mm. broad. 2. U. resiipinata. 

Scapes emersed, from wholly or partly free-swimming leafy stems : leaf -blades 
finely divided, bladder-bearing. 
Flowering stems bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles and dis- 
sected blades. 3. U. inflata. 
Flowering stems leafless or merely scaly. 
Stem-leaves whorled. 4, U. purpurea. 
Stem-leaves merely crowded, or remote. 
Leaf-blades 2-3-pinnately divided : leaves crowded. 5. U. vulgaris. 
Leaf-blades dichotomously divided : leaves scattered. 
Plants bearing cleistogamous flowers among the leaves. 

6. U. clandestina. 
Plants destitute of cleistogamous flowers. 

Bladders borne mainly or wholly on leafless branches. 

7. U. intermedia. 
Bladders borne among the leaves. 8. U. gibba. 

1. Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bi^adderworT. (Man. p. 
846; I. F. y. 3342.) On borders of ponds, or in bogs, Newf. to Ont., 
Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Lackawanna ; 
Erie ; Susquehanna. 



286 OROBANCHACEAE 

2. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. REVERSED Bt^addERWORT. 
(Man. p. 846 ; I. F. f. 3344.) In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Me. 
to Fla. , west to Mich. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

3. Utricularia Inflata Walt. Swoi^i^en Bi^adderworT. (Man. p. 

846 ; I. F./. 3347') In ponds, Can., Me. to Fla. and Tex., mainly near the 
coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

4. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Purpi^E Bi^adderwort. (Man. p. 

847 ; I. F. /. 3348. ) In ponds, Me. to Fla., mainly near the coast ; also 
in Ind. — Pennsylvania : Carbon, Great Lake. 

5. Utricularia vulgaris h. Greater BladderworT. (Man. p. 847 ; 
I. F. /. 3349.) In brooks and ponds, Newf. to Fla., B. C. and Calif. Also 
in Eu., Asia, Cuba and Mex. — Pennsylvafiia : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Beaver. 

6. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Hidden-fruited Bi^adderworT. 
(Man. p. 847 ; I. F. /. 3330.) In shallow ponds, N. B. to Pa. and N. J. 
— Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Mc>nroe ; Huntingdon ; Crawford ; 
Erie, Presque Isle. 

7. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Fi.aT-i,eaved Bi^adderwort. 
(Man. p. 847 ; I. F./. 3331.) In shallow water. Cape Breton to B. C, N. 

J., Minn, and Calif. Also in Eu. — Pennsylva^iia : Northampton ; 
Tioga ; Bucks ; Erie, Presque Isle. 

8. Utricularia gibba L. Humped Bi^adderwort. (Man. p. 847 ; I. 
F. f. 3334.) In shallow water, Ont. to Me., Mich., Ala. and 111. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; York ; Luzerne ; Franki^in. 

FamiIvY 12. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. Broom-rape Famii^y. 

Flowers perfect and complete throughout. 

Calyx regular or essentially so, with 2-5 teeth. 

Calyx-lobes nearly equal : bractlets wanting. i. Thalesia. 

Calyx-lobes unequal : bractlets present. 2. Orqbanche. 

Calyx irregular, spathe-like, the lower side split, the upper with 3-4 teeth. 

3, CONOPHOLIS. 

Flowers various, cleistogamous on the lower part of the spike, complete but 
mostly sterile above. 4. Leptamnium. 

1. THALESIA Raf. 
1. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton. One-fIvOWEREd Broom-rape. 
Cancer-root. (Man. p. 849 ; I. F. /. 3338.) In woods and thickets, 
Newf. to B. C, Va., Ohio, Tex. and Calif. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei< aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; 
Somerset ; Ai^legheny. 

2. OROBANCHE L. 

1. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. LESSER or Ci^over Broom-rape. 
(Man. p. 849 ; I. F. /. 3361. ) Parasitic on the roots of clover, N. J. and 
Pa. to Va. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton. 



ACANTHACBAE 287 

3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. 

1. Conopholis Americana (Iv. f . ) Wallr. Squaw-root. (Man. p. 
850; I. F. y. jj(5j. ) In rich woods at bases of trees, Can. (?), Me. to 
Mich, and Fla. — Pen7tsylvania : ^\sQ.-^s \ Dei^aware ; Chester; Lan- 
caster; Franki^in; Somerset; Coi^umbia ; Mercer; Ai,i,egheny. 

4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. 

1. Leptamnium Virginianum (L.) Raf. BeECH-drops. (Man. p. 
850; I. V. f.3364.') In beech woods, N. B. to Fla., Ont., Mich., Mo. 
and 1^3..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dei^aware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Venango ; Erie ; 

Al,I.EGHENY. 

Famii^y 13. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Trumpet- creeper Famii^y. 
Leaf -blades compound : vines or rarely herbaceous shrubs. 
Calyx with an undulate edge : capsule flattened parallel with its partition. 

1. Bignonia. 
Calyx with 5 lobes : capsule flattened at right angles with its partition. 

2. Tecoma. 
Leaf-blades simple : trees. 3. Catalpa. 

1. BIGNONIA L. 

1. Bignonia cmcigera L. Tendrii,i.ed Trumpet-ei^ower. (Man. 
p. 851 ; I. ^.f- 3363.) In moist woods, Va. to Fla., La., Ohio and 111. 
— Pennsylvania : Reported from the lower Susquehanna. 

2. TECOMA Juss. 

1. Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. Trumpet-ei^ower or -creepER. 
(Man. p. 851 ; I. F. f. 3366.) In moist woods and thickets, N. J. and 
Pa. to Fla., Tex., Kans. and 111. Escaped further north. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Fayette ; Ai^i^egheny. 

3. CATALPA Scop. 
1. Catalpa Catalpa (L-) Karst. Catai^pa. Indian Bean. (Man. p. 
852; I. F. f.336j.) Escaped northward as far as Pa. and southern N. 
Y. — Pennsylvania : Lehigh ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei<phia ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Lancaster ; Ai,i,egheny. 

FAMI1.Y 14. MARTYNIACEAE Link. Unicorn-pi.ant Famii^y. 
1. MARTYNIA L- 
1. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Unicorn-plant. (Man. p. 853; I. F. 
/. 336g.) In waste places, escaped, Me. to N. J. and N. C. Native from 
Iowa, 111. and Kans., southward. — Pennsylvatiia : Bucks; Dauphin. 

FAMI1.Y 15. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Acanthus Famii^y. 
Androecium of 4 stamens : corolla nearly regular, convolute in the bud. 

1. RUELLIA. 

Androecium of 2 stamens : corolla 2-lipped, imbricated in the bud. 

2. DiANTHERA. 



288 PIvANTAGINACKAE 

1. RUELLIA Iv. 

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : capsule rather longer than the calyx, 

I. R. strepens. 
Calyx-lobes linear-filiform : capsule shorter than the calyx. 2. R. ciliosa. 

1. Ruellia strepens L. Smooth RueIvIvIA. (Man. p. 854 ; I. F. 
/. 3371.) In dry woods, Pa. to Wis., Fla. and Tex. — Pemisylvania : 

Northampton ; IvAncaster ; Franki^in. 

la. R. strepens micrantha (Engelm. & Gray) Britton. (Man. p. 
854. ) Range of type. Franklin. 

2. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy Ruei<i.ia. (Man. p. 854; I. F. 
/• 3372 • ) I^ dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Mich., Kans. and La. — Penn- 
sylvania : Franki^in. 

2. DI ANTHER A L. 
1. Dianthera Americana L- Dense-fi.owkred Water WiIvLOw. 
(Man. p. 855 ; I. F. /. 3374.) In water and wet places, Ont. to Mich., 
Kan., Ga. and Tex. — Permsylvania : Bucks ; CHESTER ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin; Frank un; Miffi^in; Huntingdon; Bradford; Luzerne ; 
Cambria; Ai.i.egheny. 

Order 6. PL ANT AGIN ALES. 

FAMII.Y I. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Pi^antain Famii^y. 

1. PLANTAGO L. 

Plants acaulescent : flowers in terminal spikes. 

Corolla-lobes reflexed or spreading in fruit, not converging over the top of 
the pyxis. 
Leaves with widely dilated blades. 
Seeds several or many in each pyxis. 

Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. i. P. major. 
Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 

2. P. Rugelii. 
Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. 
Flowers or flower-clusters contiguous : leaf-blades narrow to the base 

parallel-ribbed. 3. P. lanceolata. 

Flowers or flower-clusters separated : leaf-blades, at least some of 
them, cordate, not parallel-ribbed. 4. P. cordata. 

Leaves with linear blades. 5. P. aristata. 

Corolla-lobes erect and converging over the top of the pyxis. 
Stamens 4 : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong or obovate. 6. P. Virginica. 
Stamens 2 : leaf-blades linear-filiform. 
Pyxis slightly longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded. 7. P. elongata. 
Pyxis twice as long as the calyx, 8-20-seeded. 8. P. heterophylla. 

Plants caulescent : flowers terminating axillary peduncles. 9. P. arenaria. 

1. Plantago major L. Common Pi^antain. (Man. p. 857 ; 1. F. 
f. 3378.) In waste places, nearly throughout N. Am. Mostly nat. from 
Ku. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Susquehanna ; Erie, Presque Isle ; Ali^EGheny. 

2. Plantago Rugelii Dec. RuGEi<'s Pi^antain. (Man. p. 857 ; I. F. 
f. 3379.) In fields, woods and waste places, Me. and Ont. to S. Dak.^ 



RUBIACEAE 289 

Fla., Neb. s.ndi'Te^.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Monrok; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Pike ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 
Susquehanna ; Ai^IvEGheny. 

3. Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-grass. (Man. p. 857; 
I. F. f. 3380.) In fields and waste places, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., 
B. C, Fla. and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Allegheny. 

4. Plantago cordata Lam. HearT-i,eaved or Water Pi^anTain. 
(Man. p. 858 ; I. F. /. 338^.) In swamps and along streams, N. Y. to 
Ala., Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bedford. 

5. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plantain. (Man. 
p. 859; I. F. f.338j.) On dry plains and prairies, 111. to La. and Tex., 
S. Dak., B. C. and N. Mex. Adv. as weed in the eastern States from 

*Me. to Ga. — Pennsylva?iia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware, Tin- 
icum ; AEI.EGHENY. 

6. Plantago Virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Pi^anTain. 
(Man. p. 859 ; I. F. / 3388.) In dry soil. Conn, to Fla., 111., Mo., Ariz, 
and Mex. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Lafayette ; Allegheny. 

7. Plantago elongata Pursh. SlEndER Plantain. (Man. p. 859 ; I. 
F./. 3389. ) In dry sandy soil. Conn, to N. Y., Va., La., 111., S. Dak. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 

8. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many-sEEded Plantain. (Man. 
p. 859 ; I. F./. 3390.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., Tenn., Tex. and Calif. 
— Pe?insylvania : Philadelphia, ballast. 

9. Plantago arenaria W. & K. Sand Plantain. (Man. p. 859; I. 
F. f. 3391. ) Eastern United States. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pemi- 
sylvaitia: Philadelphia, Mifflin St. wharf. 





Order 7. 


RUBIALES. 


Leaves with stipules. 




Fam. I. Rubiaceae. 


Leaves without stipules. 




Fam. 2. Caprifoliaceae 



Family i. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Madder Family. 
Leaves merely opposite by pairs (rarely in whorls of 3 in Cephalayithiis). 
Ovules and seeds several or many in each cavity of the ovary. 

I. Houstonia. 
Ovules and seeds solitary in each cavity of the ovary. 
Shrubs or trees : flowers in dense, globular heads. 2. Cephalanthus. 

Herbs : flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts. 
Flowers 2 together, with their ovaries united : fruit drupaceous. 

3. Mitchella. 
Flowers with their ovaries distinct : fruit of 2 dry carpels. 

4. DiODIA. 

Leaves apparently whorled, the stipules foliaceous. 
Corolla rotate : sepals minute or obsolete. 5. Galium. 

Corolla funnelform : sepals prominent. 6. Sherardia. 

19 

t 



290 RUBIACEAE , 

1. HOUSTONIA L. 

Peduncles or pedicelvS solitary or essentially so, terminal or lateral. 
Plants erect : sepal lanceolate : corolla-tube glabrous within. 

I. H. coerulea. 
Plants diffusely spreading and creeping : sepals oblong : corolla-tube pubes- 
cent within. 2. H. serpyllifolia. 
Peduncles or pedicels in more or less effuse cymes. 

Leaf-blades, especially those of the basal leaves, conspicuously ciliate. 

3. H. ciliolaia. 
lycaf-blades not ciliate. 4. H. longifolia. 

1. Houstonia coerulea L. Bluets. Innocence. (Man. p. 861 ; I. 
F. f. 3393.) In open grassy places or on wet rocks, N. S. to Quebec, 
Mich., Ga. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Phii^adelphia ; DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Schuyl- 
Kiivi. ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Clarion ; Cambria. 

2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. Thyme-LEaved BlueTS. (Man. 
p. 861; I. F. /. 3394-) Mountains of Pa. , Va. and W. Va. to S. C. 
and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Somerset, Negro Mt. ; Fayette. 

3. Houstonia ciliolata Torn Fringed Houstonia. (Man. p. 862 ; 
I. F. /. 339S.) On rocks and shores, Me. (?), Ont. to Mich., Pa., W. 
Va., Ky. SLwdi Kr^,— Pennsylvania : Allegheny; Washington. 

4. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long-leaved Houstonia. (Man. 
p. 862 ; I. F. /. 3399.) In dry open places. Me. and Ont. to Man., 
Ga. and Mo.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Chester; 
Berks ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Clarion. 

2. CEPHALANTHUS L. 
1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. ButTOn-bush. (Man. p. 863 ; I. 
F. f. 3403.) In swamps and low grounds, N. B. to Ont., Wis., Neb., Fla. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Dela- 
ware ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Erie. 

3. MITCHELLA L. 

1. Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Twin-berry. (Man. 
p. 863; 1.^. f. 3404.) In woods, N. S. to Fla., Ont., Minn., Ark. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Tioga . 

4. DIODIA L. 
1. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button- weed. (Man. p 864; I. 
V. f. 3406.) In dry or sandy soil. Conn, to Fla., 111., Kans., Tex., N. 
Mex. andSonora. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster. 

5. GALIUM L. 
A. Plants annual (except G. vernm and G. Mollitgo). 

Corolla yellow. i. G.veru^n. 

Corolla white or greenish white. 
Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo. 

Fruit bristly. 3. G. Aparine. 



RUBIACEAE 291 

B. Plants perennial. 
Fruit bristly or becoming glabrous in G. boreale. 
IvCaves in whorls of 4. 

L,eaf -blades i -nerved. 4. G. pilosum. 

I^eaf-blades 3-nerved. 

I^eaf-blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong. 
Upper leaves with lanceolate blades. 5. G. lanceolatuni . 

Upper leaves with oblong or ovate-lanceolate blades. 

6. G. circaezans. 
L,eaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. 7. G. boreale. 

I^eaves in whorls of 6. 8. G. triflorum. 

Fruit smooth and glabrous. 

Corolla brown-purple. 9. G. latifolhim. 

Corolla white, greenish or yellowish. 
Endosperm of the seed annular in cross-section. 

Corolla-lobes 4, acute : stems smooth or nearly so. 10. G. tinctoritim. 
Corolla-lobes 3, obtuse : stems retrorsely hispid. 
Leaves mostly in 4's : pedicels slender, rough. 11. G. trifidtim. 
Leaves mostly in 5's or 6's : pedicels stout, smooth. 

12. G. Claytonii. 
Endosperm of the seed lunate in cross-section. 

Stem smooth or essentially so. 13. G. concinnum. 

Stem retrorsely hispid. 14. G. asprellum. 

1. Galium verum L. Yei^i^ow or Lady's Bedstraw. (Man. p. 
865 ; I. F. f. 3408.) lu waste places and fields, Ont. to Mass., Pa. and 
N. J. Adv. or nat. from ^n.— Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia. 

2. Galium Mollugo L. W11.D Madder. (Man. p. 865; I. F. /. 
34og.) In fields and waste places, Newf. to Vt., Pa., N. J. and Del. 
Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Tioga ; Northampton ; Bucks. 

3. Galium Aparine L. Ci^Eavers. Goosegrass. (Man. p. 865 ; I. 
F. f. 3412.) In various situations, N. B. to S. Dak., Fla., Mo. and Tex. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks; Phii,a- 
DEivPHiA ; DeI/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in. 

4. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. (Man. p. 866 ; 1. F. /. 

34^5.) In dry or sandy soil, Mass. to Ind., Kans., Fla. and Tex. — Penn 
sylvania: Pike; Northampton; Bucks; D ei. aware ; Chester 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Ai,i.egheny. 

5. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Torrey's WiIvD Liquorice. (Man 
p. 866 ; I. F. /. 3416.) In dry woods, Quebec and Ont. to Minn., N. J. 
Va., and Mich. — i^(?;/w5y/z'rt«m .• NORTHAMPTON ; Bucks; Dei^aware 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Luzerne ; Ai.i.egheny. 

6. Galium circaezans Michx. WiiyD Liquorice. (Man. p. 866 ; I 
F. /. 3417.) In woods, Quebec to Minn., Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsyl 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phieadei<phia ; Chester ; Lancas 
ter; FrankIvIN ; Luzerne; Huntingdon; Ai,i,egheny. 

7. Galium boreale L- Northern Bedstraw. (Man. p. 866; I, F 
/. 34ig.) In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, N. J., Pa. 



292 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

Mich,, Mo., Neb., N. Mex. and Calif. Also in Eu. and h.^\2i. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei<phia ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Huntingdon; Ali^egheny. 

8. Galium triflorum Michx. SweeT-scented Bedstraw. (Man. p. 
866 ; I. F. /. 3420.) In woods, N. S. to Alaska, Fla., La., the Ind. Terr., 
Colo, and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Mont- 
gomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; Somerset. 

9. Galium latifolium Michx. PurpIvE Bedstraw. (Man. p. 867 ; I. 
F. /. 3421.) In dry woods, Pa. to Tenn. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : 
FRANKI.IN. 

10. Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw. W11.D Mad- 
der. (Man. p. 867 ; I. F. f. 3423.) Damp shady places, wet meadows 
and swamps, Can. to N. C, Tenn., Mich., Neb. and Ariz — Pennsyl- 
vania : Bucks ; Lancaster ; Luzerne. 

11. Galium trifidum L. Smali. Bedstraw or CIvEavers. (Man. p. 
867; I. V. f. 3424.) Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, Me. to N. Y., 
Ohio, Neb,, Colo, and northward. — Pen?isylvania : EriE, Presque Isle. 

12. Galium Claytonii Michx. Ci^ayton's Bedstraw. (Man. p. 867 ; 
I. F./. 342^.) Swamps, Mass. and N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne ; Coi^umbia ; Fui.- 
ton ; Erie- 
is. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray. Shining Bedstraw. (Man. 

p. 868 ; I. F.y, 342 J.) In dry woodlands, N. J. to Va., Minn., Kans. and 
Ark, — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York ; ^Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny. 
14, Galium asprellum Michx, Rough Bedstraw, (Man, p, 868; 
I, F. /. 342S.) In moist soil, Newf. to Ont., N. C, 111., Wis. and Neb.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Luzerne ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Erie. 

6. SHERARDIA L. 
1. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field-MaddER. (Man. p. 868 ; I. 
^- /• 3430.) In waste places, Ont. and Mass. Also in Bermuda. Adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, ore heaps at Bethlehem. 

Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Honeysuckle Family. 
Corolla rotate or corn-shaped : stigfmas 2-5-lobed, sessile. 
Drupe berry-like, with 3-5 nutlets : leaves with pinnate-blades. 

1. Sambucus. 
Drupe with a single nutlet : leaves with simple blades. 

2. Viburnum. 
Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate, sometimes with a 2-lipped limb : style 

elongated. 
Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils : upright herbs. 3. Triosteum. 

Flowers in terminal or axillary sometimes congested cj^mes : shrubs, vines 
or creeping herbs. 
Fruit baccate, rather dry in Linjiaea, a creeping plant with geminate 
flowers. 
Corolla regular or nearly so. 



CAPRIFOLIACKAK 293 

Flower-clusters lotig-peduncled : flowers in pairs. 

4. LiNNAEA. 

Flower-clusters sessile or nearly so : flowers not in pairs. 

5. Symphoricarpos. 
Corolla irregular, the limb more or less 2-lipped. 6. Lonicera. 

Fruit capsular. 7. Diervilla. 

1. SAMBUCUS ly. 

Fruit purple or black : cymes flat-topped, broad. i. 5". Canadensis. 

Fruit red : cymes ovoid, fully as long as broad. 2. ^. pubens. 

1. Sambucus Canadensis L. American or Sweet Ei^der. (Man 
p. 869 ; I. F./. 3432.^ In moist soil, N. B. and N. S. to Fla., Man., Kans. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 

Al^IvEGHENY. 

2. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red-berriEd Bidder. (Man. p. 869 ; 
L F. / jyfjj.) In rocky places, N. B. to Alaska, B. C, Ga., Colo, and 
Calif. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster ; 
Luzerne ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Tioga ; Schuyi.kii,i, ; York ; 

Al,I,EGHENY. 

2a. S. pubens dissecta Britton. (Man. p. 870.) — Bi,air. 

2. VIBURNUM L. 

Marginal flower of the cymes radiant, conspicuous : fruit red. 
Leaf -blades doubly serrate, pinnately veined : fruit mostly over 10 mm. long. 

1. V. alnifoliicm . 
Leaf-blades lobed, palmately veined : fruit mostly less than 10 mm. long. 

2. V. Opulus. 
Marginal flowers of the cymes not radiant, no more conspicuous than the rest : 

fruit blue or black, except in V. pauciflorum. 
Leaf-blades palmately veined or 3-ribbed. 

Cymes with abbreviated rays : fruit red. 3. V. pauciflorum. 

Cymes with elongated rays : fruit nearly black. 4. V. acerifolium. 

Leaf-blades pinnately veined. 
Cymes decidedly peduncled. 
Leaf-blades coarsely dentate. 

Leaves with sessile or very short-petioled blades. 5. V. piibescens. 
Leaves with relatively long-petioled blades. 
Lower surfaces of the leaf-blades glabrous or merely tufted in the 

axils. 6. V. dentatuvi. 

Lower surfaces of the leaf -blades stellate-pubescent. 

Leaf-blades entire or irregularly erose-crenulate. 
Peduncles shorter than the cymes. 
Peduncles as long as the cymes or longer. 
Cymes sessile or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades prominently acuminate. 
Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute. 
1. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. 
/. 3434.) In low woods, N. B. to N. C, western 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Centre ; Tioga ; B1.AIR 



7- 


V. 


molle. 


8. 


V. 


cassinoides. 


9- 


V. 


nudiivi. 


10. 


V. 


Lentago. 


II. 


V. 


prunifoliuvi. 


(Man. 


p. 870 ; L F. 


N, 


. Y 


'. and Mich. 


; Venango ; Erie. 



294 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

2. Viburnum Opulus L. Cranberry-Tree. (Man. p. 870; I. F. /. 
S4SJ-) In low grounds, N. B. to B. C, N. J., Mich., S. Dak. and Ore. 
Also in Europe and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Berks ; Hunting- 
don ; Mercer; SomeRvSet; Erie. 

3. Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie. Few-feowered Cranberry- 
TREE. (Man. p. 871 ; l.'B. f. 343b.) In cold mountain woods, Newf. 
to Alaska, Me., N. H., Vt., Pa., Colo, and Wash. — Pennsylvania: 
Aeeegheny. 

4. Viburnum acerifollum L. Mapee-eEaved Arrow-wood. (Man. 
p. 871; I. V.f.3437.) In dry woods, N. B. to N. C, Ont., Mich, and 
Minn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Deeaware ; Chester ; 
IvANCaster ; IvUZERNE ; Montgomery ; Frankein ; Fueton ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Erie ; Aeeegheny. 

5. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-eeaved Arrow- 
wood. (Man. p. 871; I. F. /■ 3438.) In rocky woods, Quebec to Man., 
Ga., 111., Iowa and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Chester; Frankein; Huntingdon; Beair ; Aeeegheny. 

6. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow- wood. (Man. p. 871; I. F. f. 
3439.) In moist soil, N. B. to Ont., Ga., Mich, and Minn. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Montgomery ; 
Frankein ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Erie ; Pike ; Deeaware ; 
Fayette. 

7. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft-eEaved Arrow-wood. (Man. 
p. 871 ; I. F. /. 3440.) In low grounds. Pa., Ky. to Fla. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks, Quakertown. 

8. Viburnum cassinoides h. Withe-ROD. Appaeachian Tea. 
(Man. p. 872; I. V. /. 3442.) In swamps and wet soil, Newf. to Man., 
N. J., Ga. and Ala. — Peftnsylvania : Lebanon. 

9. Viburnum nudum L. Larger Withe-ROD. (Man. p. 872; I. F. 
y. 3443-) In swamps, L. I. to Fla., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks 
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester. 

10. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny- or Sheep-berry. (Man. p. 872 
I. 1^. f. 3444.) In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Man., N. J., Ga., Kans. 
Ind. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Mon 
roe ; Deeaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Susque 
HANNA ; Centre ; Erie ; Somerset ; Aeeegheny. 

11. Viburnum prunifolium L. Beack Haw. Seoe. (Man. p. 872 ; 
I. 'P. f. 344,5.) In dry soil. Conn, to S. C, Mich., Kans. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe ; Deeaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Lebanon ; York ; Frankein ; Bedford ; Huntingdon ; 
Aeeegheny. 

11a. V. prunifolium globosum Nash. (Man. p. 872.)— Deeaware, 
Tinicum. 

3. TRIOSTEUM L. 
A. Leaf-blades of an ovate or oval type : corolla purplish or dull red. 
Upper stem-leaves connate-perfoliate : fruit orange-yellow. 

I. T. perfoliatum. 



CAPRIFOLIACEAE 295 

Upper stem-leaves merely sessile : fruit orange -red. 2. T. aurantiacum. 

B. I^eaf-blades of a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate type : corolla yellowish. 

3. T. atigusli/olium. 

1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. K^ver-worT. Horse GknTian. (Man. 
p. 873.) In rich soil, N. Y. to Minn., Ala., Ky. and Kans. — Pen?isylvania : 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
1.1N ; Somerset ; Erie. 

2. Triosteum aurantiacum Bickn ell. ScarIvET-fruiTEd Horse-Gen- 
TiAN. (Man. p. 873; l.V.f. 3448.) In wood?, Quebec to Minn., N, 

C, Ky. and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

3. Triosteum angustifolium L. YEi.i,ow or Narrow-i.eaved Horse- 
Gentian. (Man, p. 873 ; I. F. f. 3449.) In rich soil, Conn, and L. I- to 
N. J., Pa., Ala., 111., l^a.—Pennsylvafiia : Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster. 

4. LINNABA L. 
1. Linnaea Americana Forbes. (Man. p. 873. ) In cold woods, Newf. 
to Alaska, S. Dak., Colo, and Md., Pa., Mich., Utah. — Pennsylvania: 
Susquehanna; Wyoming; Tioga, Hillsboro; Huntingdon; Wayne; 
Schuyi,kii,l; Erie. 

5. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. 
Style glabrous : fruit white. 
Erect shrub : leaf-blades mostly over 2.5 cm. long : clusters seve ral-flcweied 

I. 6". racemosus. 
Diffusely spreading shrub: leaf-blades mostly less than 2.5 cm. long: clus 
ters i-2-flowered. 2. 5. pauciflorus. 

Style pubescent : fruit red. , 3. S. Symphoricarpos. 

1. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. (Man. p. 874 ; 
I. F. f. 3451.) In rocky places and on river shores, N. S. to B. C, 
Pa., Ky., S. Dak, and in Calif. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Wayne, escaped ; Ai,i,egheny. 

2. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins)Britton. Low Snowberry. 
(Man. p. 874 ; I. F. y; 3452.) In rocky places, Ont. and Vt. to N. Y., Pa., 
S. Dak., B. C, Neb. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon. 

3. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Corai,- berry. 
(Man. p. 874 ; 1. F. f. 3454. ) Along rivers and in rocky places, N. J. and 
Pa. to western N. Y., Dak., Neb., Ga. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton, escaped ; Phii.adei<phia ; Bucks ; Franki^in, naturalized ; 

Al.I,EGHENY. 

6. LONICERA L. 

A. Flowers in whorls at or near the ends of the branches : bracts and usually 
some of the upper leaves connate-perfoliate. 
Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. 

Corolla-tube glabrous within. i. L. Caprifolium. 

Corolla-tube pubescent within. 
Leaf-blades pubescent at least beneath : corolla yellow, pubescent. 
Corolla-tube slightly gibbous at the base : leaf-blades pubescent on 
both sides, copiously ciliate. 2. L. hirsuta. 



296 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

Corolla-tube strongly gibbous at the base : leaf-blades pubescent be- 
neath, scarcely if at all ciliate. 3. L. glaucescens. 
Leaf-blades glabrous, glaucous, especially beneath : corolla greenish 
yellow, glabrous. 4. L. dioica. 
Corolla-limb scarcely 2-lipped, of 5 nearly equal lobes. 5. L. sempcrvirens. 
B. Flowers in pairs, each pair terminating an axillary peduncle, accompanied 
by a pair of bracts and bractlets. 
Bracts minute, very different from the leaves : corolla-tube not gibbous at 

the base : vine. 6. L. Japonica. 

Bracts foliaceous, resembling the leaves : corolla-tube gibbous at the base : 
upright shrubs, 
lycaves with more or less pubescent blades, not cordate at the base. 

lyCaf-blades relatively thick, pale and glaucous, strongly reticulated be- 
neath, 
lycaf-blades ciliate : flowers longer than the peduncles : drupe blue. 

7. L. coerulea. 
L,eaf-blades not ciliate : flowers shorter than the peduncles : drupe red. 

8. L. oblongi/olia. 
I,eaf-blades relatively thin, bright green, ciliate, not reticulated beneath. 

9. L. ciliata. 
Leaves with glabrous cordate blades. 10. L. Tatarica. 

1. Lonicera Caprifolium L- ITAI.IAN or Perfoi^iate; Honeysucki^e. 
(Man. p. 875 ; I. F. /. j/5> ) Thickets, N. Y., N. J. and Pa. to Mich., 
and in the Southern States. Nat. from Bu. — Pennsylvania : CHESTER. 

2. Lonicera hirsuta Baton. Hairy Honeysucki^e. (Man. p. 875 ; 
I. F./. 3436.) In woodlands, Vt. and Ont. to Man., Pa., Ohio and Mich. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Jefeerson. 

3. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. D0UGI.AS' Honeysucki^e. (Man. 
p. 875 ; I. ^-f. 3457.) Ont. to Saskatchewan, Pa., N. C, Ohio and Kans. 
— Pennsylvania : Suleivan ; Ceearfieed ; Faye'TTE ; Armstrong ; 
Brie, Presque Isle ; AeeEGHENy. 

4. Lonicera dioica L. Smooth-eeaved or Geaucous Honey- 
SUCKEE. (Man. p. 875 ; I. F. /. 3458.) In rocky and usually dry situa- 
tions, Quebec to Man., N. C, Ohio and Mich. — PeJinsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Miffein ; 
Be AIR. 

5. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet HoneysuckeE- (Man. p. 

875 ; \.V.f. S461.) In low ground, or on hillsides. Conn, to Fla., Neb. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Phiea- 
DEEPHiA ; Deeaware ; Lancaster ; Aeeegheny. 

6. Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckee. (Man. p. 

876 ; L F./. 3462.) Bscaped, N. Y. and Pa. to N. C, Fla. and W. Va.— 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Frankein ; Aeee- 
gheny. 

7. Lonicera coerulea L. Beue or Mountain Fey Honeysuckee. 
(Man. p. 876; I. F. /. 3463.) In low grounds, Newf. to Alaska, R. I., 
Pa., Wis. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, 
Naomi Pines. 



VAIvERIANACEAE 297 

8. Loniceraoblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fi<y HoneysuckIvE. 
(Man. p. 876; I. V. f. 3464.) In swamps, Quebec to Man., Vt. to Pa. 
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Erie, near Union City. 

9. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fi.y Honeysuckle. (Man. p. 
876 ; I. F. /. 34^5- ) In moist woods, N. S. to Man., Conn., Pa. 
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Tioga ; Sui^i^ivan ; 
Centre ; Huntingdon ; B1.AIR ; Venango ; Somerset ; Susque- 
hanna ; Ai,i,EGHENY. 

10. Lonicera Tatarica L. Tartarian Bush Honeysucki^e. (Man. 
p. 876 ; I. F. /. 346J.) Escaped, Ont. and Vt. to N. Y., N. J. and Ky. 
Native of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, in woods. 

7. DIERVILLA Moench. 
1. Diervilla Diervilla (I^.) MacM. Bush HonEysucki^e. (Man. p. 
877 ; I. F.y^ 3469.) In dry or rocky woodlands, Newf. to the N. W. Terr., 
N. C. and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Lancaster ;' Chester ; Franki^in ; Hunt- 
ingdon ; Somerset ; Erie ; Ai,i.egheny. 

Order 8. VALERIANALES. 

Cynoecium 3-carpellary, two of the carpels abortive. 

Earn. I. Valerianaceae. 
Cynoecium i-carpellary. Fam. 2. Dipsacaceae. 

Famii^y I. VALERIANACEAE Batsch. Vai^erian Famii^y. 

Sepals becoming very slender and plumose : fruit i-celled. i. Valeriana. 
Sepals minute or obsolete : fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cavities empty. 

2. Valerianella. 

1. VALERIANA L. 

Corolla-tube relatively slender, 10-20 mm. long : basal leaves with merely 

toothed cordate blades. i. V. pauciflora. 

Corolla-tube relatively stout, 2-6 mm. long : basal leaves with pinnatifid and 

not cordate blades. 2, V. officinalis. 

1. Valeriana pauciflora Michx. Large-fi,owered Vai^ERIan. 
(Man. p. 878; I. F. /. 3471.) In moist soil, Pa. to W. Va., 111., Ky. 
and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Lancaster, near Millersville ; Huntingdon; 

AlvI^EGHENY. 

2. Valeriana ofiBcinalis L. Garden Vai^ERIAN. (Man. p. 879; I. 
F. f. 3474.) Escaped, N. Y. and N. J., native of Eu. and Asia. — Pennsyl- 
vania : A1.1.EGHENY. 

2. VALERIANELLA Poll. 
Corolla blue or purplish : fruit about twice as broad as thick : introduced 

species. i. V. Locusta. 

Corolla white : fruit about as broad as thick : native species. 

Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. V. chenopodifolia. 

Fruit globular or ovoid-tetragonal. 



298 DIPSACACEAE 

Fruit with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile. 

3. K radiala. 

Fruit with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower than the sterile. 

4. V. IVoudsiatia. 

1. Valerianella Locuata (L. ) Bctlke. European Corn Sai^ad. 
(Man. p. 879; I. F. /. 3475.) In waste places, N. Y., N.J. and Pa. to 
Va. and La. Nat. from Eu. — Pe7insyh)ania : Bucks; Montgomery; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Ai^t^egheny ; 
Northampton. 

2. Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. GoosE-FooT Corn 
Salad. (Man. p. 879; I. V. f, 3476.) In moist soil, western N. Y. to 
Va., Wis. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Ai,i,EGHEny. 

3. Valerianella radiata(Iv. ) Dufr. Beaked Corn Sai,ad. (Mnn, 
p. 879; I. F. /. 3477.) In moist soil, N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; A1.1.E- 

GHENY ; DEI^AWARE. 

4. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Woods' Corn Salad. 
(Man. p. 880; I. F. /. 3479.) In moist soil, N. Y., Pa. and Ohio to 
Tenn. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Philadelphia; Lancaster; 
Dauphin; Westmoreland; Ali^EGheny ; Huntingdon. 

4b. V. Woodsiana patellaria (Sulliv.) A. Gray. (Man. p. 880.) 
Ohio and Pa. — Bucks ; Lancaster. 



Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Teasel Family. 
1. DIPSACUS L. 

1. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild Teasel. (Man. p. 880 ; I. F. /. 
3481.) In waste places, Me. and Ont. to Va., west to Mich. Nat. from 
Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; 
Franklin ; Somerset ; Ali<egheny. 

Order 9. CAMPANULALES. 

Flowers variously disposed, but not in involucrate heads : plants mostly with 
milky juice. 
Seeds without endosperm : flowers monoecious or dioecious : vines (our 

species) with tendrils. Fam. i. Cucurbitaceae. 

Seeds with endosperm : flowers perfect : upright or spreading herbs. 

Fam. 2. Campanulaceae. 
Flowers in involucrate heads. 
Corollas of each head all expanded into ligules. Fam. 3. Cichoriaceae. 
Corollas of each head without ligules, or the outer series with them. 
Stamens with distinct or nearly distinct anthers. 

Fam. 4. Ambrosiaceae. 
Stamens with the anthers united around the style (except in Kuhtiia). 

Fam. 5. Compositae. 



CAMPANULACEAE 299 



FAMII.Y I. CUCURBIT ACE AE B. Juss. Gourd Famii^y. 

Fruit smooth and glabrous : ovules and seeds numerous, horizontal. 

I. Melothria. 
Fruit prickly and often pubescent : ovules and seeds i or few in each cavity, 
erect or pendulous. 
Fruit opening- at the apex or irregularly : seeds several. 2. Micrampelis. 
Fruit indehiscent : seed solitary. 3. SiCYOS. 

1. MELOTHRIA L. 
1. Melothria pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. (Man. p. 882 ; I. 
F, /. 3486.) In thickets, Pa. to Fla., Ind., Ky., IvE. and yi&s..— Penn- 
sylvania : Collected many years ago by Schweinitz. 
2. MICRAMPELIS Raf. 
1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. W11.D Bai<sam Appi^E. 
(Man. p. 883 ; I. F. J. 348 j.) Along rivers and in vi^aste places, Me. to 
Ont., Mont., Va., Ky. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Lancaster ; Carbon ; Dauphin ; Susquehanna ; Ai,i.egheny. 

3. SICYOS h. 
1. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-cucumber. Star Cu- 
cumber. (Man. p. 883 ; I. F. f-348g.) Along river banks and in moist 
places, Quebec to S. Dak., south to Fla., Kans. and Tex. — Peftnsylvania: 
Northampton; Bucks; Dei^aware; Chester; Phii^adeIvPhia; Ly- 
coming ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.i.egheny. 

Famii^y 2. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Belefi^ower Famii^y. 
Flowers regular : corolla campanulate or rotate : anthers separate. 

Corolla campanulate, or rotate in C. Americana : flowers all complete. 

1. Campanula. 
Corolla rotate : flowers various, the earlier ones cleistogamous. 

2. Specularia. 
Flowers irregular : corolla with a cleft tube and a 2-lipped limb : anthers 

united around the style. 3. Lobelia. 

1. CAMPANULA L. 

Corolla campanulate : style straight or nearly so. 
Corollas over 12 mm. long. 
Stem-leaves with linear blades ; basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-or- 
bicular blades. i. C. rotundifolia. 
Stem-leaves and basal leaves with ovate or ovate-lanceolate blades. 

2. C. rapunculoides. 
Corollas less than 10 mm. long. 3. C. aparinoides. 

Corolla rotate : style declined. 4. C. Americana. 

1. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebei.1.. (Man. p. 884; I. F./. 
3491.) On moist rocks and in meadows. Lab. to Alaska, south to N. J., 
Neb., in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and in the Sierra Nevada to Calif. 
Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Mon- 
roe ; BERKS; Lancaster; York; Luzerne; Huntingdon. 



300 CAMPANULACEAE 

2. Campanula rapunculoldes L. European Brt^t^fIvOwer. (Man. 
p. 885 ; I. F. y. 3492.) In fields and along roadsides, N. B. to Ont., 
southern N. Y. and Ohio. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike; ; Mon- 
roe ; Lancaster. 

3. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Beli.fi.ower. (Man. 
p. 885; I. F. /. 3494.) In grassy swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Frank- 
1.1N ; Huntingdon ; Ali^egheny ; Erie. 

4. Campanula Americana L. Tali. Bei.i.fi,owhr. (Man. p. 885 ; 
I. V.f. 3496.) In moist thickets and woods, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla., 
Ky., Ark. and Kans, — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; CHESTER ; Lancaster ; 
FRANKI.IN ; Huntingdon ; AIvI^egheny. 

2. SPECULARIA Heist. 
1. Speculariaperfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-gi.ass. (Man. 
p. 886 ; I. F./. 349S.) In dry woods, Me. to B. C, Fla., La., Mex., Utah 
and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franki^in ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. LOBELIA L. 

Species aquatic : stems scaly. i. L. Dortmanna. 

Species terrestrial : stems leafy. 

Corolla red. 2. L. cardinalis. 

Corolla blue or rarely white. 
Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, over 10 mm. long. 
Anthers glabrous at the tip. 3. L. syphilitica. 

Anthers bearded at the tip. 4. L. puberula. 

Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, less than 10 mm. long. 
Stem-leaves with relatively broad blades. 

Capsule partly inferior, 2.5-3 mm. long. 5. L. spicata. 

Capsule wholly inferior, 5-8 mm. long. 6. L. inflata. 

Stem-leaves with very narrow blades. 
Capsule wholly inferior, about 4 mm. long : flowers much shorter than 

the stalks. 7. L. Kalmii. 

Capsule half-inferior, about 2 mm. long : flowers longer than the stalks 
or nearly as long. 8. L. Nuttallii. 

1. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water LobeIvIA. (Man. p. 887 ; 1. F. /. 
3500.) Borders of ponds, N. J. and Pa. to N. S., N. B., the N. W. Terr, 
and B. C. Also in 'Bm.— Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; Mon- 
roe ; Luzerne, Great Lake ; Susquehanna. 

2. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinai,-fi,ower. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. 
/• 3502.) In moist soil, N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; York ; 
C01.UMBIA ; Bedford ; Lebanon ; Erie ; Beaver ; Ai.i,egheny. 

3. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great L0BE1.IA. Blue Cardinai.- 
F1.0WER. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. /. 3503.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to 



CICHORIACEAB 301 

S. Dak., Ga., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Bedford ; Westmorei^and ; Venango ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobewa. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. 
/. 350§.) In moist sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster, New Texas. 

5. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pai,e Spiked LobeIvIa. (Man. p. 888; I. 
F.y. 350J.) In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, N. S. and Ont. to 
the N. W. Terr., N. C, La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei<aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango ; Ai.i.egheny. 

5a. L. spicata parviflora A. Gray. (Man. p. 889.) — Lancaster. 

6. Lobelia inflata L. Indian or W11.D Tobacco. (Man. p. 889 ; I. F. 
f. 35og.) In fields and thickets, Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Ga., Neb., 
Ark. and Kans. — Pennsylvania :_ Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster; Coi^umbia; Franki^in; Hunting- 
don ; Ali^egheny. 

7. Lobelia Kalmii L- Brook or Kai^m's Lobewa. (Man. p. 889; 
I. F. /. 3510.) On wet banks and in wet meadows, N. S. to N. J., west 
to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio and M\c\i.— Pennsylvania : Lancaster, 
Dillerville Swamp ; EriK, Presque Isle. 

8. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. NuTTAi^l's Lobewa. (Man. p. 889; 
I. F. y". 35 If.) Sandy soil, L. I to Pa., Fla. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : 
Lucks, Bristol ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

Famii^y 3. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Chicory Famii^y. 
Pappus of scales or scales and bristles, or wanting. 
Pappus of both scales and bristles, or wanting. 
Corollas blue or white. i. Cichorium. 

Corollas yellow. 
Pappus wanting. 2. Lapsana. 

Pappus of rounded scales, sometimes accompanied by an inner series of 
bristles. 3. Adopogon. 

Pappus, at least a part of it, of plumose bristles. 
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. 
Plants scapose. 4. PiCRiS. 

Plants caulescent. 5. Leontodon. 

Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 6. Tragopogon. 

Pappus of simple bristles. 
Achenes spinulose or with short processes near the apex. 7. Taraxacum. 
Achenes smooth or merely papillose. 
Achenes flattened. 
Achenes truncate at the top. 8 Sqnchus. 

Achenes narrowed or beaked at the top. 9. IvACTUCA. 

.-Vchenes prismatic or terete. 
I'appus of soft white bristles : achenes narrowed or beaked at the top. 

10. Crepis. 
Pappus of relatively rigid brown, brownish purple, red or pale bristles : 
achenes columnar, except in a few Hieracia. 



300 CAMPANULACEAE 

2. Campanula rapunculoldes L. European BeTvT.flower. (JNIau. 
p. 885 ; I. F. y. 3492.) In fields and along roadsides, X. B. to Ont., 
southern N. Y. and Ohio. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; Mon- 
roe ; Lancaster. 

3. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bei^LFIvOwer. (Man. 
p. 885; I. F. /. 3494.) In grassy swamps, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Ga., Ky. and Colo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Dauphin ; Frank- 
1.IN ; Huntingdon ; Ali^egheny ; Erie. 

4. Campanula Americana L. Tat^i, Bei.i.fi,owhr. (Man. p. 885 ; 
I. F./. 3496.) In moist thickets and woods, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla., 
Ky., Ark. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; AIvI,EGheny. 

2. SPECULARIA Heist. 
1. Speculariaperfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-gi.ass. (Man. 
p. 886 ; I. F./. 349S.) In dry woods, Me. to B. C , Fla., La., Mex., Utah 
and Ore. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; Franki^in ; AlIvEGheny. 

3. LOBELIA L. 

Species aquatic : stems scaly. i. L. Dortmanna. 

Species terrestrial : stems leafy. 

Corolla red. 2. L. cardi7ialls. 

Corolla blue or rarely white. 
Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, over 10 mm. long. 
Anthers glabrous at the tip. 3. L. syphilitica. 

Anthers bearded at the tip. 4. L. puberula. 

Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, less than 10 mm, long. 
Stem-leaves with relatively broad blades. 

Capsule partly inferior, 2.5-3 mm. long. 5. L. spicata. 

Capsule wholly inferior, 5-8 mm. long. 6. L. i^ijiata. 

Stem-leaves with very narrow blades. 

Capsule wholly inferior, about 4 mm. long : flowers much shorter than 

the stalks. 7. L. Kalmii. 

Capsule half-inferior, about 2 mm. long : flowers longer than the stalks 
or nearly as long. 8. L. Nicttallii. 

1. Lobelia Dortmanna L. Water Lobewa. (Man. p. 887 ; I. F. /. 
3SOO.) Borders of ponds, N. J. and Pa. to N. S., N. B., the N. W. Terr, 
and B. C. Also in 'B\x.~ Pennsylvania : Pike, Twelve Mile Pond ; Mon- 
roe ; Luzerne, Great Lake ; Susquehanna. 

2. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinai,-fi,ower. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. 
/. 3302.) In moist soil, N. B. to Fla., the N. W. Terr., Kans. and Tex.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DeIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; York ; 
C01.UMBIA ; Bedford; Lebanon; Erie; Beaver; Ai.i,egheny. 

3. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great Lobei<ia. Bi,ue Cardinai,- 
FivOWER. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. /. 3503.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to 



CICHORIACEAE 301 

S. Dak., Ga., Iva. and ^Sins.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; 
DeIvAware ; Chester ; IvAncaster ; York ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Bedford ; Westmorei<and ; Venango ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Lobelia puberula Michx. Downy Lobei^ia. (Man. p. 888 ; I. F. 
/. jjoj.) In moist sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Chester ; Lancaster, New Texas. 

5. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pai^e Spiked Lobewa. (Man. p. 888; I. 
F.y. 33oy.) In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, N. S. and Ont. to 
the N. W. Terr., N. C, La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; 
Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Centre ; Venango ; Ai,i.egheny. 

5a. L. spicata parviflora A. Gray. (Man. p. 889.) — Lancaster. 

6. Lobelia inflata L. Indian or W11.D Tobacco. (Man. p. 889 ; I. F. 
/. 3509.) In fields and thickets. Lab. to the N. W. Terr., Ga., Neb., 
Ark. and Kans. — Pennsylvania .- Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster; Coi^umbia; Frankwn; Hunting- 
don ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

7. Lobelia Kalmii L- Brook or Kai^m's Lobewa. (Man. p. 889; 
I. F. f. 3510.) On wet banks and in wet meadows, N. S. to N. J., west 
to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster, 
Dillerville Swamp ; EriE, Presque Isle. 

8. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. NuTTai^l's Lobewa. (Man. p. 889; 
I. F. y. 351 r.) Sandy soil, L. I to Pa., Fla. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : 
Bucks, Bristol ; Dei<aware, Tinicum. 

Famii^y 3. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Chicory Famii^y. 
Pappus of scales or scales and bristles, or wanting. 
Pappus of both scales and bristles, or wanting. 
Corollas blue or white. i. Cichorium. 

Corollas yellow. 
Pappus wanting. 2. Lapsana. 

Pappus of rounded scales, sometimes accompanied by an inner series of 
bristles. 3. Adopogon. 

Pappus, at least a part of it, of plumose bristles. 
Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. 
Plants scapose. 4. PiCRiS. 

Plants caulescent. 5. Leontodon. 

Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 6. Tragopogon. 

Pappus of simple bristles. 
Achenes spinulose or with short processes near the apex. 7. Taraxacum. 
Achenes smooth or merely papillose. 
Achenes flattened. 
Achenes truncate at the top. 8. SoNCHUS. 

Achenes narrowed or beaked at the top. 9. Lactuca. 

Achenes prismatic or terete. 

I'appus of soft white bristles : achenes narrowed or beaked at the top. 

10. Crepis. 
Pappus of relatively rigid brown, brownish purple, red or pale bristles : 
achenes columnar, except in a few Hieracia. 



302 CICHORIACEAE 

Disk or corollas yellow, orange or red. ii. Hieracium. 

Disk or corollas pale, cream-colored or purple. 12. Nabalus. 

1. CICHORIUM h. 

1. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. (Man. p. 891 ; I. F. / 35^3-) 
Roadsides and waste places, N. S. to Miun., N. C, Neb. and Kans. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Luzerne; Franklin; Huntingdon; Centre; Venango: 
Allegheny. 

la. C. Intybus divaricatum DC. (Man. p. 891.) — Northampton. 

2. LAPS AN A L. 
1. Lapsana communis L. Nipplewort. (Man. p. 891; I. F. 
f. 3314.) Along roadsides and in waste places, Quebec and Ont. to 
N. J. and Pa. Also on the Pacific Least. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvaiiia : 
Northampton, Easton ; Lancaster. 

3. ADOPOGON Neck. 
Scapes branched above, the first node with a conspicuous bract. 

I A. Virginicum. 
Scapes simple, naked. 2. A. Caroliniantini. 

1. Adopogon Virginicum (L-) Kuntze. Virginia Goat's-beard. 
(Man. p. 892; I. F. y] 35^6.) In moist woods and meadows, Mass. to 
southern Ont. and Man., Ga., Ky., Mo. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Berks; 
Schuylkill ; Lancaster ; Columbia ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. Adopogon Carolinianum (Walt.) Britton. Carolina Dw^\rf 
Dandelion. (Man. p. 892 \1.V. f. 3519.) In dry, sandy soil, Me. to 
Ont., Minn., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylva?iia : Monroe; Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Schuylkill ; Philadelphia. 

4. PICRIS L. 
1. Picris hieracioides L. Hawkweed Picris. (Man. p. 894 ; I. F./. 
3524.) In waste places, 111., Pa., N. J. and in ballast about the sea- 
ports. Adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, 
Stroudsberg ; Northampton, Seidersville. 

5. LEONTODON L. 

Pappus single : scape branched : head before anthesis erect. 

1. L. aiitnninale. 
Pappus double : scape simple : head before anthesis drooping-. 

2. L. nudicatile. 

1. Leontodon autumnale L. Fall Dandelion. (Man. p. 893 ; I. 
F. /. 3522.^ In fields and along roadsides, Newf. and Ont. to N. J., Pa. 
and Ohio. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania: Phila- 
delphia, on and about ballast. 

2. Leontodon nudicaule (L-) Porter. Rough Hawkbit. (Man. p. 
893 ; I. F. f. 3323.) In ballast and \vaste places about the eastern and 
western seaports. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, 
Seidersville. 



CICHORIACEAB 303 

6. TRAGOPOGON L. 

Bracts of the involucre shorter than the ligules or merely equalling- them : 

corollas yellow. i. T. pratenns. 

Bracts of the involucre much longer than the ligules : corollas purple. 

2. T. porrifolius. 

1. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yki^IvOW GoaT's-Beard. Meadow Sav 
SiEY. (Man. p. 895 ; I. V. f.3528. ) In fields and waste places, N. B. to 
N. J., Ohio and Man. Nat, from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Sus- 
quehanna ; DeI/Aware. 

2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster Pi.ant. Purpi^E Goat's- 
Beard. SAI.SIFY. (Man. p. 896 ; I. F. /! 3529. ) In fields and waste 
places, Ont. to N. J., N. C, Minn, and Colo. Native of Eu. — Pennsyl- 
vafiia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery. 

7. TARAXACUM Hall. 

Achenes greenish brown, the beak fully twice or thrice as long as the body : 
outer involucral bracts reflexed. i. T. Taraxacum. 

Achenes red, the beak less than twice the length of the body : outer involucral 
bracts ascending or spreading. 2. T. erythrospernium. 

1. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst . Dandelion. (Man. p. 896; 
I. F. f. 3532.) Perhaps indigenous northward, southward nat. from Eu. 
Also in Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; PhiIvADELPHIA ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

2. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seedEd Dandelion. 
(Man. p. 896 ; I. F. /. 3333.) In fields and woods, Me. to Vt., southern 
N, Y. and Pa. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks; Lancaster. 

8. SONCHUS Iv. 

Bracts of the involucre glandular-pubescent : heads about 25 mm. high. 

1. ^. arvensis. 
Bracts of the involucre glabrous : heads 12-16 mm. high. 

Achene striate and transversely wrinkled : leaf-auricles acute. 

2. ^. oleracetis. 
Achene merely ribbed, not transversely wrinkled : leaf-auricles rounded. 

3. 5. asper. 

1. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow-Thistle. (Man. p. 897 ; I. F, 
f. 3534-) In low grounds, fields and roadsides, Newf. to Minn., N. J., 
and at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Nat. from Eu. — Pefinsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Philadelphia. 

2. Sonchus oleraceus L- Annual Sow-ThisTlE. (Man. p. 897 ; I. 
F- f 3535-) IQ fields and waste places, throughout Am., except extreme 
north. Nat. {rom 'E'a.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

3. Sonchus asper (L-) All. Spiny Sow-ThistlE. (Man. p. 897; 
I. ^. /■ 3536.) Range of last. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Blair ; Allegheny. 



304 CICHORIACEAE 

9. LACTUCA L. 

Pappus bright white. 

L,eaf-blades spiny-toothed and often spiny along the midrib beneath : corollas 
yellow. 
Involucres 6-12-flowered : beak longer than the achene-body. 

1. L. Scariola. 
Involucres 12-20-flowered : beak shorter than the achene-body. 

2. L. sagittifolia. 
Leaf-blades without spines on the margins or midrib. 

Achenes thin, the body prolonged in a slender beak. 
Leaf-blades, at least some of them, pinnatifid. 

Leaves glabrous. 3. L. Canadensis. 

Leaves hirsute, at least on and about the midrib. 4. L. hirsuta. 
Leaf-blades entire or merelj- toothed. 2. L. sagittifolia. 

Achenes thick, the body beakless or with a mere thick neck. 
Leaf -blades toothed : achene-body not narrowed into a neck. 

5. L. villosa. 
Leaf-blades pinnatifid : achene-body narrowed into a neck. 

6. L. Floridana. 
Pappus brown. 7. L. spicata . 

1. Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. (Man. p. 898; I. F. '/. 
3537'^ 111 fields and waste places, Me. to S. Dak., N. J., Ga., Neb., Colo. 
and Kans. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northamptox ; Lancaster ; 
Franki^ix ; Ai.i.eghexa\ 

2. Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. Arrow-leaved Lettuce. (Man. p. 
898 ; I. F. /. 3541.) In dry open soil, N. B. and Ont. to Idaho, Ga. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

3. Lactuca Canadensis L. Wild or Tall Lettuce. (Man. p. 898 ; 
I. F. f. sys9-) 111 moist, open places, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to 
Ga., Ala., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Luzerne ; Lancaster ; York. 

3a. L. Canadensis montana Britton. (Man. p. 89S.) — Monroe; 
Bucks ; Allegheny. 

4. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Hairy Wood-Lettuce. (Man. p. S98 ; 
L F. f. 3540.) In dr}^ soil, Me. to Ont., Minn., Ala. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Elk ; York. 

5. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy- veined Blue LETTUCE. (Man. p. 
899; I. F./. 3343') In thickets, N. Y. to 111., south to Fla., Ga. and Ky. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Alle- 
gheny. 

6. Lactuca Floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida Lettuce. (Man. p. 899; 
I. F. f. 3544.) In moist, open places, southern N. Y. and Pa. to 111., 
Neb., Fla., La. and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin ; Delaware. 

7. Lactuca spicata (Lara.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. (Man. 
p. 899; I. F. y". 3545.) In moist soil, Newf. to Man., south to N. C, 
Tenn., Iowa and S. Dak. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Chester ; L--^ncaster ; Lebanon ; Franklin ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 



CICHORIACEAE 305 

10. CREPIS L. 

Upper stem-leaves with linear re volute merely sessile blades, i. C. tectorum. 
Upper stem-leaves with lanceolate or oblong flat clasping blades. 

Achene lo-striate : involucre mostly less than 8 mm. high. 2. C. virens. 

Achene 13-striate : involucre mostly over 8 mm. high. 3. C, biennis. 

1. Crepis tectorum L. Narrow-i^Kavkd Hawksbeard. (Man. 
p. 902 ; I. F. /• 3356.) In waste places and in ballast, N. J. to Conn., 
Ont., Mich, and Neb. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Sellersville. 

2. Crepis virens L. Smooth Hawksbeard. (Man. p. 902; I. F. 
f. 3557.) la fields and waste places, Conn., N. Y., N. J. and Pa. and in 
ballast about the seaports. Also on the Pacific Coast. Adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton. 

3. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawksbeard. (Man. p. 902 ; I. F. 
f. 355S.) In waste places, Vt., Pa., and in ballast about the sea- 
ports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Easton ; 
Chester. 

11. HIERACIUM I,. 

Inflorescence consisting of a single head : flowering stems leafless. 

I. H. Pilo sella. 
Inflorescence of several corymbose or paniculate heads : flowering stem leafy, 
the leaves sometimes reduced to scales. 
Stem more or less scape-like, terminating in a broad corymb or a narrow 
panicle : leaves mainly or wholly on the lower part of the stem ; blades 
of an obovate or spatulate type. 
Corollas and ligules red or red orange. 2. H. aurantiacum. 

Corollas and ligules yellow. 
Achenes columnar. 
I,onger involucral bracts glabrous or nearly so. 
Flowering stems nearly naked, glabrous : peduncles glabrous or 

sparingly glandular-pubescent. 3. H. venosum. 

Flowering stems leafy, pubescent at least below : peduncles densely 
glandular-pubescent. 4. H. Marianum. 

IvOnger involucral bracts copiously pubescent. 
Stem nearly leafless, glabrous to the inflorescence. 

5. H. Greenii. 
Stem leafy below, hirsute. 8. H. scabrum. 

Achenes fusiform, or constricted below the summit. 

9. H. Gronovii. 
Stem leafy to the inflorescence, not scape-like : leaf-blades of an oblong, 
lanceolate or elliptic type. 
Heads corymbose : principal bracts of the involucre in 2-4 series. 

6. H. Canadense. 
Heads paniculate : principal bracts of the involucre in i series. 

7. H. paniculatuni. 

1. Hieracium Pilosella L. Mouse-Ear Hawkweed. (Man. p. 903; 
I. F. f. 3561.) Dooryards and fields, Ont., N. Y,, Pa, and Mich. Adv. 
from Eu. — Pennsylvania: Susquehanna; Northampton, Easton. 

2. Hieracium aurantiacum L- Orange Hawkweed. (Man. p, 904; 
I, F. f. 3564.') In fields, woods and along roadsides, N. B. and Ont. to 

20 



306 CICHORIACEAE 

N. Y., N. J. and Pa. Nat. from Eu — Pennsylvania: Wayne ; Susque- 
hanna ; Wyoming; Lackawanna; Potter; Centre; Erie. 

3. Hieracium venosum L. RaTTI.ESNake-\veed. (Man. p. 904; 
I. F. f. 3S(>7-) Dry woods and thickets, Me. to Man., sonth to Ga., Ky. 
and Neb. — Pennsylvaiiia : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; DeIvA- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Montour ; Coi^umbia ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

4. Hieracium Marianum Willd. ]\L\ryland Hawkweed. (Man. 
p. 904; I. F. y". 3368.) In dry woods and thickets, R. I. to southern 
N. Y., Pa., Ky., Ala. and Fla. — Pen7isylvania : Northampton; Mon- 
roe ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

5. Hieracium Greenii Porter cS: Britton. Green's Hawkweed. (Man. 
p. 905 ; I. F. f. 336g.) In dry soil, mountains of Pa. to Va. and W. Va. — 
Pennsylvania: Franklin, Two Top Mt.; Huntingdon, Tuscarora Mts. 

6. Hieracium Canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. (Man, 
p. 905 ; I. F. f. 3371. ) In dry woods and thickets, N. S. to the N. W. 
Terr., south to N. J. and Mich. — Pennsylva^iia : Monroe; Bucks; 
Huntingdon. 

7. Hieracium paniculatum L. Pa nicled Hawkweed. (Man. p. 905; 
I. F. f. 3372.) In dry woods, Me., Quebec to Ga., Ala, and K}-. — Penn- 
sylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

8. Hieracium scabnim Michx. Rough Hawkweed. (Man. p. 905 ; 
I. F. f. 3373-) In dry woods and clearings, N. S. to Minn., Ga., Neb. 
and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Montgomery ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Crawford ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

9. Hieracium Gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed. (Man. p. 905; 
I. F. /. 3374.) In dry soil, Mass. to Ont., 111., Fla. and 'l^^.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Franklin. 

12. NABALUS Cass. 

Bracts of the involucres glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered hairs. 
Involucres slender, about 2 mm. thick, 5-7-fiowered, light green : pappus 

light straw-colored. i. N. altissimus. 

Involucres stout, 3-6 mm. thick, 9-16-flowered, deep green, glaucous, purple. 
Pappus deep cinnamon-brown. 2. N . albus. 

Pappus straw-color or light brown. 

Larger bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate : pappus surpassing the 
inner involucral bracts. 3. N. se^-pentaritis. 

Larger bracts of the outer involucre ovate or triangular-ovate : pappus 
and inner involucral bracts about equal in length. 

4. ^V. trifoliatus. 
Bracts of the involucres copiously pubescent. 
Involucres 8-16-fl.owered : inflorescence thyrsoid. 5. i\^. raceniosus. 

Involucres 20-25-flowered : inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, 

6. -V. crepidi7ieus. 
1. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Tall White Lettuce. (Man. 
p. 906 ; I. F.y. 3376.) In woods and thickets, Newf. to Man., south to 



AMBROSIACEAB 307 

Ga. and "Tenu.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; NorThampt n ; Bucks; 
DkIvAware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie ; Ai^i^kgheny. 

2. Nabalus albus (L. ) Hook. Ratti.esnake-rooT. White Let- 
tuce. (Man. p. 907 ; I. F.y, 3577.) In woods, Me. and Ont. to Man., 
south to Ga. and K}^ — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; DEI.A- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Montgomery ; Ai^i^egheny. 

3. Nabalus serpentarius(Pursh) Hook. Lion's-foot. Gall-oe-The- 
EarTh. (Man. p. 907; I. F. f. 3578.) In fields and thickets, Ont. to 
southern N. Y., Fla., Ala. and Ky. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
PHILADE1.PHIA ; Lancaster ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. Tai^i, RaTTI.ESNAKE-ROOT. (Man. p. 
907 ; l.V.f. 3579.) In woods and thickets, Me. to Vt., Pa., T«nn. and 
Mo. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Montgomery ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon. 

5. Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. Glaucous White- LETTuce. 
(Man. p. 908 ; I. F. f. 3584..) In moist open places, N. B. and Anticosti 
to the N. W. Terr., south to southern N. Y., N. J., Mo. and ^o\o.~Pe7in- 
sylvania : Stations reported, but no specimens preserved. 

6. Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC. Corymbed RaTTlesnake- 
ROOT. (Man. p. 908 ; I. F. f. 3583.) In fields and thickets, western Pa. 
and N. Y. to Ky., Minn, and Kans. — Pennsylvania : Mercer. 

Family 4. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb. Ragweed Family. 

Involucral bracts of the stamitiate heads united : pistillate involucre but little 
chang-ed at maturity. i. Ambrosia. 

Involucral bracts of the staminate heads distinct : pistillate involucre becom- 
ing: a bur. 2. Xanthium. 

1. AMBROSIA L. 

Leaf-blades palmately 3-5-lobed or merely toothed : receptacle naked. 

I. A. trifida. 
Leaf -blades i-2-pinnatifid : receptacle chaffy. 2. A. artemisiaefolia. 

1. Ambrosia trifida L. BitTER-weed. Great Ragweed. (Man. 
p. 910; I. F, / 3592.) In moist soil, Quebec to F'la., the N. W. Terr., 
Neb., Colo, and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Mon- 
roe ; Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Allegheny. 

la. A. trifida integrifolia (Muhl. ) T. & G. (Man. p. 910.) Range of 
type. — Northampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed. Roman Wormwood. 
Hog-weed. (Man. p. 910; I. F. y. jjpj.) In dry soil and cultivated 
fields, N. S. to Fla., B. C. and Mex. Also in W. Indies and S. Am.; 
introd. into Eu. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; 
Philadelphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

2. XANTHIUM L. 

A. Plants spine-armed : leaf-blades of a lanceolate type, not cordate. 

I. X. spinosum. 



308 COMPOSITAE 

B. Plants not spine-armed : leaf-blades of a reniforni, orbicular or ovate type, 
cordate or truncate. 
Mature pistillate involucre 12-20 ram. long, glabrous or nearly so, with 

straight or nearly straight beaks. 2. X. glabrahim. 

Mature pistillate involucre 15-30 mm. long. 
Body of the bur-like involucre oblong, twice as long as thick or more. 

3. X. Pennsylvanicum. 
Body of the bur-like involucre ovoid or oval, less than twice as long as 
thick. 4. X. echinatum. 

1. Xanthium spinosum L- Spiny or Thorny Ci,otbur. (Man. 
p. 912 ; I. F. f. 3598.) In waste grounds, Ont. to Fla., west to W. Va., 
Mo. and Tex. Nat. from Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Phii,adei.phia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York; Franklin. 

2. Xanthium glabratum (DC.) Britton. Smoothish CocklEBUR or 
BuRWEED. (Man. p. 912 ; I. ^.f. 3599.) In waste places, N. Eag. to Fla., 
Neb. and Mex. — Peymsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Allegheny. 

3. Xanthium Pennsylvanicum Wallr. Penns\xvania Clotbur. 
(Man. p. 912.) In open places, Ont. to D. C. and ^Wnn.— Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Erie. 

4. Xanthium echinatum Murr. Beach Clotbur. (Man. p. 913.) 
On river shores, lake and sea beaches, Vt. to Minn, and N. C. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton. 

Family 5. COMPOSITAE Adans. Thistle Family. 

Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle. 

Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. Tribe I. VERNONIEAB. 

Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. 

Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE. 
Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or to the appendages, 
a. Anthers without elongated appendages at the top. 
Anther-sacs tailed at the base. Tribe IV. INULEAE. 

Anther-sacs not tailed at the base. 
Receptacle naked. 
Bracts of the involucre well imbricated. 
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with terminal appendages. 

Tribe III. ASTEREAE. 
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with truncate or hairy or papillose tips. 
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. 

Tribe VI. HELENIEAE. 
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. 

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. 
Bracts of the involucre little if at all imbricated, except when the 
broad outer ones overlap the inner. 

Tribe VIII. SENECIONEAE. 
Receptacle chaffj-. 
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, sometimes foliaceous. 

Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE. 
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious. 

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. 



COMPOSITAB 309 

b. Anthers with elongated, cartilag-inous mostly connate appendages at the 
tip. Tribe TX. CYNAREAK. 

Tribe I. VBRNONIEAE. 
Pappus double : heads not glomerate, i. Vernonia. 

Pappus single : heads glomerate. 2. Elephantopus. 

Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE. 
Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. 
Upright herbs : involucral bracts more than 4. 3. Eupatorium. 

Twining vines : involucral bracts 4 or fewer or rarely more. 

4. WiLLUGBAEYA . 

Achenes 8-io-striate or 8-io-ribbed, not angled. 

Heads in panicles or corymbs : involucral bracts strongly striate-nerved. 

5. KUHNIA. 

Heads in spikes or racemes : involucral bracts faintly striate or smooth. 

6. lyACINIARIA. 

Tribe III. ASTEREAE. 
Plants with perfect flowers, at least not dioecious. 
Ray-flowers with yellow corollas (white in one species of Solidago). 
Pappus, at least that of the disk-flowers, double, i. e., an outer series of 
scales or short bristles and an inner one of capillary bristles. 

7. Chrysopsis. 
Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. 

Ray-flowers fewer than those of the disk : receptacle alveolate. 

8. Solidago. 
Ray-flowers more numerous than those of the disk : receptacle fimbrillate. 

9. EUTHAMIA. 

Ray-flowers with white or colored corollas, but not yellow. 
Pappus a mere crown, or of few awns or bristles, or wanting. 
Receptacle conic. 10. Bellis. 

Receptacle flat or merely convex. 11, Boltonia. 

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 
Pappus mainly of a single series of bristles, sometimes accompanied by 
a few shorter outer ones. 
Involucre of 2 or several series of bracts. 

Involucre narrow : bracts firm : ray-flowers few, inconspicuous. 

12. Sericocarpus. 
Involucre turbinate to hemispheric : bracts thin: ray-flowers usually 
numerous and conspicuous. 13. Aster. 

Involucre of i or 2 series of bracts. 
Ivigules of the ray-flowers longer than the diameter of the disk : 

heads conspicuous. 14. Erigeron. 

Ligules of the ray-flowers not longer than the diameter of the disk : 

heads inconspicuous. 15. Leptilon. 

Pappus manifestly double, the bristles of the inner series longer than 

those of the outer. 

Ray-flowers with white ligules : leaves with relatively broad blades. 

16. DOELLINGERIA. 

Ray-flowers with purple ligules : leaves with linear blades. 

17. lONACTIS. 

Plants with dioecious flowers. 18. BaccharIvS. 



310 COMPOSITAE 

Tribe IV. INULKAE. 
Ray-flowers wanting: disk-flowers, at least, with white or whitish corollas: 
heads relatively small. 
Receptacle chaffy. ig. Gifola. 

Receptacle naked. 

Involucre of herbaceous bracts : plants more or less pubescent, not woolly. 

20. Pluchea. 
Involucre of scarious bracts : plants woolly. 

Plants with dioecious or polygarao-dioecious flowers. 

Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers thickened above : stems 

mainly creeping. 21. Antennaria. 

Pappus-bristles not thickened : stems erect. 22. Anaphalis. 
Plants not dioecious : flowers all fruit-producing. 23. Gnaphalium. 
Ray-flowers present and yellow : heads relatively large. 24. Inula. 

Tribe V. HKIvIANTHEAE. 
Disk-flowers perfect, but not fruit-producing. 
Achenes thick or turgid : pappus wanting. 25. Polymnia. 

Achenes flattened : pappus present, sometimes obsolete. 
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series : achenes falling away free. 

26. SiLPHIUM. 

Ray-flowers in i series : achenes adnate to 2 or 3 bractlets and falling away 
with them, 27. Chrysogonum. 

Disk-flowers fruit-producing. 
Corollas of the ray-flowers persistent on the achenes. 28. Heliopsis. 
Corollas of the ray-flowers deciduous or wanting. 

Pappus a cup or a crown, or of few teeth, awns or bristles. 

Achenes, at least those of the disk-flowers, not flattened (except in Ver- 
besina): bractlets of the receptacle mostly concave or clasping. 
Bractlets of the receptacle subulate or bristle-like : ray-flowers with 

white ligules. 29. Eclipta. 

Bractlets of the receptacle broad. , 
Receptacle conic. 30. Rudbeckia. 

Receptacle flat or merely convex. 
Achenes scarcely flattened, neither winged nor margined. 

31. Helianthus. 
Achenes of the disk-flowers flattened, margined or winged. 

32. Verbesina. 
Achenes very flat : bractlets of the receptacle flat or at least not clasping. 

Pappus of 2 short awns or teeth, or obsolete. 33. Coreopsis. 
Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed. 

34. BiDENS. 
Pappus of numerous scales. 

Heads with ray-flowers : leaves opposite ; blades toothed. 

35. Galinsoga. 
Heads without ray-flowers : leaves alternate ; blades entire. 

36. Marshallia. 
Tribe VI. HELENIEAE. 

A single genus in our range. 37. Helenium. 

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. 
a. Receptacle chaffy. 

Involucre obovoid to campanulate : heads small : achenes flattened. 

38. Achillea. 



COMPOSITAE 311 

Involucre hemispheric : heads larg-e : achenes terete. 39, Anthemis. 
b. Receptacle naked or sometimes merely pubescent. 
Ray-flowers normally present. 

Involucre with several series of bracts : receptacle flat or hemispheric. 

40. Chrysanthemum. 
Involucre with few series of bracts : receptacle conic or ovoid. 

41. Matricaria. 
Ray-flowers wanting. 

Pappus a small crown : heads corymbose. 42. Tanacetum. 

Pappus wanting : heads spicate, racemose or panicled. 

43. Artemisia. 

Tribe VIII. SBNECIONEAE. 
I^eaves of the flowering- stems reduced to scales. 

Head solitary : corollas yellow. 44. Tussilago. 

Heads corymbose : corollas white or purple. 45. Petasites. 

Leaves of the flowering stems not reduced to scales. 
Leaves opposite. 46. Arnica. 

Leaves alternate. 
Flowers with white or pink corollas : ray-flowers wanting. 

Flowers various, the marginal pistillate, those of the disk perfect. 

47. Frechtites. 
Flowers all perfect. 
Involucre of about 5 main bracts. 48. Mesadenia. 

Involucre of about 12 main bracts. 49. Synosma. 

Flowers with yellow corollas : ray-flowers mostly present. 

50. Senecio. 
Tribe IX. CYNARHAE. 

Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. 
Receptacle bristly. 
Filaments distinct. 

Bracts of the involucre with hooked tips : leaves with unarmed blades. 

51. Arctium, 
Bracts of the involucre not hooked : leaves spine-armed. 

52. Carduus. 
Filaments united below. 53. Mariana. 

Receptacle not bristly. 54. Onopordon. 
Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. 

Heads not subtended by bristly leaves. 55. Centaur ea. 

Heads subtended by bristly leaves. 56. Cnicus ♦ 

1. VERNONIA Schreb. 

Bracts of the involucre, at least some of them, with filiform or subulate tips. 

Pappus straw-colored. i, V. glauca. 

Pappus purple or purplish. 2. V. Noveboracensis. 

Bracts of the involucre merely acute or obtuse. 3. V. maxima. 

1. Vernonia glauca (L.) Britton. Broad-leavkd Iron-wkEd. 
(Man. p. 919 ; I. F, /. 3604.) lu woods, Pa. and Md. to Ohio, Fla. and 
h2i.— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon. 

2. Vernonia Noveboracensis (L.) Willd. New York Iron-weed. 
(Man. p. 918; I. ¥. f. 3601.) In moist soil, Mass. to Minn., Ga. and 
Kans. — Pennsylvania : Ai.i<EGHeny. 



312 COMPOSITAE 

3. Vernonia maxima Small. Taix Iron-weed. (Man. p. 919; I. 
F. /". ^605. ) In moist soil, Pa. to Ala., Mo., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
Alvi^EGHENY ; Erie. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS L. 

1. Elophantopus Carolinianus Willd. Caroi^ina EIvEphant's FOOT. 
(Man. p. 920 ; I. F./. s^og.) In dry woods, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Kans. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware; Lancaster, Peach Bottom, 

3. EUPATORIUM L. 

Receptacle flat : disk white, pink or purple. 
Leaves whorled in 3's or 6's ; blades relatively broad. 
Leaf-blades rugose, manifestly pubescent: inflorescence depressed. 

I. E. niaculaUim. 
Leaf-blades not rugose, nearly glabrous : inflorescence pyramidal. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 2. E. purpureum. 

Leaf-blades crenate, the teeth somewhat apiculate. 

3. E. trifoliatuni. 
Leaves opposite or whorled in individual cases in some narrow-leaved forms. 
Leaves connate-perfoliate. 4. E. perfoliatum. 

Leaves not connate-perfoliate. 

Leaf-blades sessile or essentially so. 
Base of the leaf-blade not broader than the rest of the blade, often 
narrowed. 
Bracts of the involucre obtuse. 

Leaf-blades of a linear type, entire or shallowly and irregularly 

toothed. 5. E. hyssopifoliuni. 

Leaf-blades of a lanceolate, oblong, ovate or oval type, markedly 
toothed. 
Blades of the upper leaves toothed from near the base to the apex. 

6. E. Torreyanum. 
Blades of the upper leaves toothed above the middle. 

7. E. altissirmim. 
Bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate. 8. E. album. 

Base of the leaf-blade broadly rounded, cordate, truncate, or broadly 
cuneate. 
Leaf-blades crenate, crenate-serrate or crenate-dentate. 
Branches of the inflorescence alternate : leaf-blades coarsely few- 
toothed. 9. E. verbenaefolium. 
• Branches of the inflorescence opposite : leaf-blades more finely 
and evenly toothed. 
Leaf -blades about as broad as long, truncate or subcordate at the 
base. 10. E. rotundifolitim. 
Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, rounded or broadly 
cuneate at the base. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. 
Leaf -blades acuminate. 
Leaf-blades obtuse or abruptly acute. 
Receptacle conic or hemispheric : disk blue to violet, 
cases. 

1. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-i 
921 ; I. V. f. 3614.) In moist soil, N. Y. to Minn. 



II. 


E. 


, pubescens. 


12. 


E. 


sessilifolium. 


13- 


E. 


ageratoides. 


14. 


E. 


aromaticum. 


or 


white in individual 


15. 


E. 


coelestinum. 


i^YE Weed. (Man. p. 


i-j 


B. 


C, N. C, Kans. 



COMPOSITAE 313 

and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania . Northampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ; 
Montgomery ; Dei^aware; ; Ai.i.egheny. 

la. E. maculatum amoenum (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 921.) In 
dryer places. — Northampton ; Bucks. 

2. Eupatorlum purpureum Iv. Joe-pye or Trumpet-weed. (Man. 
p. 921; I. F. /. 36i§.) In moist soil, N. B. to Man., Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franki^in ; Cambria ; Erie. 

2a. E. purpureum falcatum (Michx. ) Britton. (Man. p. 921.) With 
the type. 

3. Eupatorium trifoliatum L. CrenaTE-i^Eaved Joe-pye Weed. 
(Man. p. 921.) In moist soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Tenn. and Wis. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton, Easton. 

4. Eupatorium perfoliatum L- Common Thoroughwort. BonE- 
SET. (Man. p. 923 ; I. F. /! J<5^7- ) In wet places, N. B. to Man., Fla., 
Neb. and Te:s..-- Pennsylvajiia : Monroe ; Northampton; Bucks; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 

AlvLEGHENY. 

5. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-eeaved Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 922; I. F. y. 3619.) In dry fields, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

6. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Torrey's Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 922; I. F. f. 3620.) In dry soil, Pa. to N. C, Ky., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Aeeegheny. 

7. Eupatorium altissimum L. Taee Thoroughwort. (Man. p. 
922; I. F. /. 3622.) In dry open places, Pa. to N. C, Ala., S. Dak., 
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : LEhigh ; Franki^in. 

8. Eupatorium album L. White Thoroughwort, (Man. p. 922 ; 
I. F. /. 3618.) In sandy soil, L- I. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: 
Chester, on the Brandywine. 

9. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Vervain Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 923 ; l.V. f. 3624.) In moist soil, Mass. to Pa., south to Fla. 
and ha.— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon. 

9a, E. verbenaefolium Saundersii Porter. (Man. p. 923.) — Mont- 
gomery, Willow Grove ; DeeawarE, Tinicum. 

10. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Round-eeaved Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 923 ; I. F. f. 3625.) In dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., Ky. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Montgomery; Delaware, Tinicum; Lan- 
caster. 

11. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (Man. 
p. 923 ; I. F. /. 3626.) In dry soil, N. H. and Mass. to Pa., W. Va. and 
Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

12. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upeand or Bastard BoneseT. 
(Man. p. 922 ; I. F". f. 3623.) In dry woods, Mass. to Pa., 111. and Ala. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Phieadeephia ; Frankein ; AeeEGHENy. 



312 COMPOSITAE 

3. Vernonia maxima Small. Taix Iron-weed. (Man. p. 919; I. 
V. f. 360^.) In moist soil, Pa. to Ala., Mo., Ky. and La. — Pennsylvania : 
A1.1.EGHENY ; Erie. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS L. 

1. Elophantopus Carolinianus Willd. Carolina Elephant's FOOT. 
(Man. p. 920 ; I. F./. j(>og.) In dry woods, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Kans. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Delaware; Lancaster, Peach Bottom. 

3. EUPATORIUM L. 

Receptacle flat : disk white, pink or purple. 
Leaves whorled in 3's or 6's ; blades relatively broad. 
Leaf-blades rugose, manifestly pubescent: inflorescence depressed. 

I. E. niaatlatum. 
Leaf-blades not rugose, nearly glabrous : inflorescence pyramidal. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 2. E. purpiireum. 

Leaf-blades crenate, the teeth somewhat apiculate. 

3. E. trifoliatuni. 
Leaves opposite or whorled in individual cases in some narrow-leaved forms. 
Leaves connate-perfoliate. 4. E. perfoliatum. 

Leaves not connate-perfoliate. 
Leaf -blades sessile or essentially so. 
Base of the leaf-blade not broader than the rest of the blade, often 
narrowed. 
Bracts of the involucre obtuse. 

Leaf-blades of a linear type, entire or shallowly and irregularly 

toothed. 5. E. hyssopifolium. 

Leaf-blades of a lanceolate, oblong, ovate or oval type, markedly 
toothed. 
Blades of the upper leaves toothed from near the base to the apex. 

6. E. Torreyanum. 
Blades of the upper leaves toothed above the middle. 

7. E. altissimtim. 
Bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate. 8. E. album. 

Base of the leaf-blade broadly rounded, cordate, truncate, or broadly 
cuneate. 
Leaf-blades crenate, crenate-serrate or crenate-dentate. 
Branches of the inflorescence alternate : leaf-blades coarsely few- 
toothed. 9. E. verbenaefolium. 
Branches of the inflorescence opposite : leaf-blades more finely 
and evenly toothed. 
Leaf -blades about as broad as long, truncate or subcordate at the 
base. 10. E. rotundifolium . 
Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, rounded or broadly 
cuneate at the base. 11. E. piibescens. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 12. E. sessilifolium. 
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled. 
Leaf -blades acuminate. 13. E. ageratoides. 
Leaf-blades obtuse or abruptly acute. 14. E. aromaticum. 
Receptacle conic or hemispheric : disk blue to violet, or white in individual 
cases. 15. E. coelestinum. 
1. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-pye WEED. (Man. p. 
921 ; I. V.f. 3614.) In moist soil, N. Y. to Minn., B. C, N. C, Kans. 



COMPOSITAE 313 

and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania . Northampton ; Bucks ; Crawford ; 
Montgomery ; Dei^awark ; Ali^kgheny, 

la. E. maculatum amoenum (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 921,) In 
dryer places. — Northampton ; Bucks. 

2. Eupatorium purpureum Iv. Joe-pye or Trumpet-weed. (Man. 
p. 921; I. F. / 3613.) In moist soil, N. B. to Man,, Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Frankwn ; Cambria ; Erie. 

2a. E. purpureum falcatum (Michx.) Britton. (Man. p. 921.) With 
the type. 

3. Eupatorium trifoliatum L. CrenaTE-i^Eaved Joe-pye Weed. 
(Man. p. 921.) In moist soil, N, Y. and N. J. to Tenn. and Wis. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton, Easton. 

4. Eupatorium perfoliatum L- Common Thoroughwort. Bone- 
SET. (Man. p. 923 ; I. F. / J^^/- ) In wet places, N. B. to Man., Fla., 
Neb. and Te:K.-' Pemisylvania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; 
At^legheny. 

5. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssop-i^eaved Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 922; I. F. /. 3619.) In dry fields, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. — 
Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

6. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. Torrey's Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 922; I. F. f. 3620.) In dry soil, Pa. to N. C, Ky., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; Ai,i.egheny. 

7. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tai^i. Thoroughwort. (Man. p. 
922; I. F. /. 3622.) In dry open places, Pa. to N. C, Ala., S. Dak., 
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: LEhigh ; Franki,in. 

8. Eupatorium album L. White Thoroughwort. (Man. p. 922 ; 
I. F. /. 3618.) In sandy soil, L- I. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania: 
Chester, on the Brandywine. 

9. Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Vervain Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 923 ; I. F. / 3624.) In moist soil, Mass. to Pa., south to Fla. 
and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon. 

9a. E. verbenaefolium Saundersii Porter. (Man. p. 923.) — Mont- 
gomery, Willow Grove ; DEi^awarE, Tinicum. 

10. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Round-eeaved Thoroughwort. 
(Man. p. 923 ; I. F. f.362^.) In dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., Ky. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Montgomery ; DEIvAWARE, Tinicum ; Lan- 
caster. 

11. Eupatorium pubescens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (Man. 
p. 923 ; I. F. /. 3626.) In dry soil, N. H. and Mass. to Pa., W. Va. and 
Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

12. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upi^and or Bastard BoneseT. 
(Man. p. 922 ; I. F. / 362J.) In dry woods, Mass. to Pa., 111. and Ala. 
—Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
PhieadeIvPHIA ; Franki,in ; AeeEGheny. 



314 COMPOSITAE 

13. Eupatormm ageratoides L. f. White Snake-ROOT. (Man. p. 923; 
I. F. f\3(>29-) I" rich woods, N. B. to Ga., Ont.. S. Dak., the I. Terr, 
and La. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; DeIvA- 
WARE ; Chester; Lancaster; York; Dauphin; Luzerne; Frank- 
1.IN ; Centre ; Erie ; Aixeghenv^. 

14. Eupatorium aromaticum L. vSmaixer White Snake-ROOT. 
(Man. p. 924 ; \. F. /. 3630.) In dry soil, Mass. to Y\dL.— Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Montgomeky ; Huntingdon ; 
Cambria. 

15. Eupatorium coelestiiium L. Mist-ft,ower. (Man. p. 924; I. F. 
/. jdj/.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., 111., Kans., Ark. and Tex. Also 
in Cub:i. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Dei^aware ; Chester; Lancaster; 
York ; Ai^legheny. 

4. "WILLUGBAEYA Neck. 
1. Willugbaeya scandens (L.) Kuntze. Climbing Hempweed or 
BONESET. (Man. p. 924; I. F. f. 3632.) In swamps and moist soil, 
N. H. and Mass. to western Ont. and Ind., Fla. and Tex. — Pennsyl- 
vania: Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Delaware; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Clearfield ; Franklin. 

5. KUHNIA L. 
1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False Boneset. (Man. p. 925; I. F. 
f. 3634.) In dry soil, N. J. to Ga., Ohio, W. Va. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Montgomery ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lehigh ; Schuylkili. ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

6. LACINIARIA Hill. 

Bracts of the involucre with rig-id narrow spreading- tips. i. L. squarrosa. 
Bracts of the involucre with rounded appressed tips. 

Involucre hemispheric: heads peduncled. 2. L. scariosa. 

Involucre campanulate : heads sessile. 3. L. spicata. 

1. Laciniaria squarrosa (L. ) Hill. Scaly Blazing Star. (Man. 
p. 925; I. F. /. 3636.) In dry soil, western Ont. to Ky., Fla., S. Dak., 
Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster. 

2. Laciniaiia scariosa (L.) Hill. Large BuTTon-snakeROOT. (Man. 
p. 926; I. Y. f.3642.) In dry soil. Me. to Fla., Ont., Man., Neb. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Berks ; Franklin ; Fulton ; 
Huntingdon ; Centre. 

3. Laciniaria spicata (L-) Kuntze. Dense BuTTon-snakeroot. 
(Man. p. 926; I. F. /. 3643.) In moist soil, Mass. to Fla., Ont., 
S. Dak., La. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Berks ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; York. 

7. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. 

1. Chrysopsis Mariana (L. ) Nutt. Golden Aster. (Man. p. 930; I. 
F. /. 3653.) In dry soil, N. Y. to Fla. and La. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; 
Montgomery ; Delaware ; Philadei^phia ; Chester ; Lancaster. 



COM POSIT AE 315 

8. SOLIDAGO L. 

Heads in short or raceme-like axillary clusters subtended by leaf -like bracts. 
Stem and branches terete : leaf-blades relatively narrow, shallowly toothed. 

1. 5. caesia. 
Stem and branches angled : leaf- blades relatively broad, deeply toothed. 

2. S.flexicaulis. 
Heads in a terminal inconspicuously bracted panicle or thyrsus, or a corymb. 

A. Heads in a terminal panicle or thyrsus : involucral bracts not ribbed. 
Tips of the involucral bracts spreading- or recurved. 3. S. squarrosa. 
Tip of the involucral bracts erect or appressed. 
Panicle or thyrsus nearly equilateral, the branches erect or ascending : 
heads not secund. 
Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse. 
Achenes glabrous. 

Stems copiously pubescent. 

Ray-flowers with white ligules. 4. 5. bicolor. 

Ray-flowers with yellow ligules. 5. S. hispida. 

Stems glabrous or merely puberulent. ' 

Bracts of the involucre i mm. broad at the rounded apex, or more. 
Involucres 4.5-5.5 mm. high, 3-3.5 mm. thick, the inner bracts 

barely i mm. wide. 6. 5. erecta. 

Involucres 5.5-6.5 mm. high, 4-4.5 mm. thick, the inner bracts 
fully I mm. wide. 7. 5. speciosa. 

Bracts of the involucre less than i mm. broad near the somewhat 
narrowed apex. 8. ^. idiginosa. 

Achenes pubescent. 9. 5". Purshii. 

Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish. 10. 5. pnberula. 

Panicle or thyrsus i-sided, the branches spreading or recurved : heads 
secund. 
Leaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed. 
Plants maritime : leaves fleshy-leathery. 11. 6*. sempervirens. 

Plants not maritime : leaves not fleshy-leathery. 
Internodes of the stem prominently angled below the leaves. 

12. 5". patula. 
Internodes of the stem terete or essentially so. 
Stems manifestly pubescent, rarely only in lines. 

Leaves glabrous ; blades entire. 13. S. odora. 

Leaves pubescent ; blades toothed. 14. 5". rugosa. 

Stems glabrous, at least below the inflorescence. 
Branches of the inflorescence pubescent. 
Involucre cylindric, few-flowered. 15. S. ulmifoUa. 

Involucre campanulate, many-flowered. 

16. ^S". arguta. 
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous. 

Involucre less than 5 mm., high. 17. S.juncea. 

Involucre over 5 mm. high. 18. S. neglecta. 

Leaf-blades markedly 3-ribbed. 
Stem glabrous. 19. S. serotina. 

Stem pubescent, 
a. Cauline leaves with relatively long blades, acuminate. 
Blades of the cauline leaves of a linear type. 

20. 5". rtt pes Iris. 



316 COMPOSITAE 

Blades of the cauline leaves of a lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 
type. 21. S. Ca7iadensis. 

b. Cauline leaves with relatively short blades, obtuse or merely 
acute. 22. 5. nevioralis. 

B. Heads in a terminal corymb : involucral bracts ribbed. 

23. S. rigida. 

1. Solidago caesia L. Wreath or Woodi^and Goi^denrod. 
(Man. p. 935 ; I. F. f. 3673.) In woods and thickets, Me. and Out. to 
Minn., Fla., Ark. and Tex. — Pe?insylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Phii^adeIvPhia ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Susquehanna; Luzerne Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Franklin ; Ai.- 

LEGHENY. 

2. Solidago flexicaulis L. Broad-leaved Goldenrod. (Man. p. 
936; I. F, /. 36J4.) In rich woods, N. B. to Ga., west to vS. Dak. and 
Kans. — Peftnsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

3. Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Stout Ragged Goldenrod. (Man. 
P- 935 ; I- F- / 3671-) In rocky soil, N. B. and Ont, south to Va. and 
Ohio. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Philadelphia ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester; Lancaster ; Susquehanna; Luzerne ; Lycoming ; 
Franklin ; Centre ; Allegheny. 

4. Solidago bicolor L. White Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I. 
F. /. 3676.) In dry soil, N. B. to Ga., west to Ont., Minn, and Mo.— 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Berks ; Montgomery ; 
Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susquehanna ; York ; Alle- 
gheny. 

5. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I. 
F. f. 3677.) In dry soil, N. S. to western Ont. and Minn., and south to 
Pa. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Franklin ; Cambria ; 
Lancaster. 

6. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; I. 
^- /• 3^78-) In dry soil, N. J. and Pa. to Ga., and N. C. Reported from 
Minn, and S. Dak. — Pennsylvania : Centre, Bear Meadows. 

7. Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 937 ; I. 
F. /. 368^.) In rich soil, N. S. to N. C, west to Minn., Kans. and Ark. 
— Penfisylvania : Northampton ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Chester ; 
Philadelphia ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

8. Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog Goldenrod. (Man. p. 937; I. 
F. f. 3684.) In swamps and bogs, Newf. to northern N. J. and Pa., west 
to western Ont., Minn, and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Pocono and 
Tannersville. 

9. Solidago Purshii Porter. River-bank Goldenrod. (Man. p. 
937; I. F. f. 3687.) On rocky river-banks, Newf, to northern N. Y., 
Vt. and Va. — Pennsylvania : York, McCall's Ferry. 

10. Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 936; 
I. F. /. 3681.) In sandy soil, N. B. to Fla. and Miss., northern N. 
Y .—Pennsylvania : Monroe; Schuylkill; Luzerne ; Carbon ; Leb- 
anon, Penryn ; York ; Lancaster ; Chester ; Lackawanna. 



COMPOSITAE 317 

11. Solidago sempervirens L. Seaside) GoIvDEnrod. (Man. p. 

938 ; I. F. y. j6g)0.) On salt marshes, along tidal rivers and in sandy 
soil near the sea, N. B. to Fla. and Mex. Also in Bermuda. — Penn- 
sylvania : Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

12. Solidago patula Muhl. Rough-i.eaved Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 

939 ; I. F. /. j6gs.) In swamps, Me. and Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., 
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Sus- 
quehanna ; DEi^AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franki^in ; 
Huntingdon ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

13. Solidago odora Ait. SwEET Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 938; I. 
F. /. 3691.) In dry soil, N. S. (?), Mass. to Fla., west to N. Y., Ky. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Carbon ; Schuylkh.!, ; Luzerne ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin, Cold 
Springs ; BERKS. 

14. Solidago rugosa Mill. Tai.1. Hairy Goi^denrod. (Man. p, 

938 ; I. F.y^ 3693.) In dry soil, usually, Newf. to western Out., south to 
Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Sus- 
quehanna ; DEI.AWARE; Chester; Lancaster; York; Franki^in; 
Erie; Ai.i.egheny. 

15. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Ei^m-leaved Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 

939 ; I. F. / 3696. ) In woods and copses, Me. to Ga., west to Minn. Kans. 
and Tq^.— Pennsylvania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Mont- 
gomery ; DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; 
Huntingdon ; Bi^air ; Ai.i.egheny. 

16. Solidago arguta Ait. CuT-i.eaved Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 939 ; 
I. F. f. 3yo2. ) In rich woods, Me. and Ont. to Ohio, south to Va. — Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Susque- 
hanna ; Huntingdon ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

17. Solidago juncea Ait. Eari,y GoldEnrod. (Man. p. 939 ; I. 
F. f. 3yoi.) In dry or rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay and Man., 
N. C. and Mo. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Pike ; Monroe ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Franki^in ; Fui^ton ; A1.1.E- 
gheny. 

18. Solidago neglecta T. & G. Swamp Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 939 ; 
I. F. f. 3699.) In swamps, N. B. to Wis., Md. and 111. — Pe^msylvania : 
Monroe; Bucks; Dei^aware- 

19. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod. (Man. p. 940 ; I. F. 
f. 3704.) In moist soil, Newf. to B. C, south to Ga., Tex., Nev. and 
Or^:— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; Frank- 
WN ; Bucks ; Ai^legheny. 

19a. S. serotina gigantea ( Ait. ) A. Gray. (Man. p. 940.) With the 
type. — Northampton; Bucks; Lancaster; Susquehanna ; Erie. 

20. Solidago rupestris Raf. Rock Goi^denrod. (Man. p. 940 ; I. F. 
f. 3703.) Rocky stream banks, Pa. to D. C, W. Va., Tenn. and Ind. — 

Pennsylvania : Washington. 



318 COMPOSITAE 

21. Solidago Canadensis L. Canada Goi.denrod. (Man. p. 940; 
I. F. /. S708 ) Usually in dry soil, N. B. to the N. W. Terr, and B. C, 
south to Fla. and kx'\T..— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester; Lancaster; Franki^in ; vSusquehanna ; Erie; 
Allegheny. 

21a. S. Canadensis glabrata Porter. (Man. p. 940) Lancaster, 
Tucquan ; LEBANON, Penryn ; LuzERNE, Lily Lake. 

21b. S. Canadensis scabriuscula Porter. (Man. p. 940) North- 
ampton ; Lancaster. 

22. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Gray or Field Goldenrod. (Man. 
p. 940 ; I. F. /. 3709.) In dry soil, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Susquehanna ; Mon- 
tour ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

23. Solidago rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod. (Man. p. 941 ; I. F. /. 
3713.) In dry soil, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., south to Ga., Tex. and Colo. 
— Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Chester; Huntingdon; 
Centre ; Erie. 

9. EUTHAMIA Nutt. 
Leaf-blades manifestly 3-5-ribbed : ray-flowers 12-30. i. E. p^r'aminifolia. 

Leaf-blades i-ribbed : ray-flowers 5-8. 2. E. Caroliniatta. 

1. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Bushy Goldenrod. (Man. p. 
942 ; I. F. / 3718.) In moist soil and fields, N. B. to the N. W. Terr., 
Fla., Neb. and Kans. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Sus- 
quehanna ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

2. Euthamia Caroliniana (^L.) Greene. Slender Fragrant Gold- 
enrod. (Man. p. 942 ; L F. /. 3720.) In dry sandy soil, eastern Mass. 
to 111., Fla., La. and Tex., mainly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, 
Bristol ; MONTGOMERY ; DELAWARE. 

10. BELLIS L. 
1. Bellis perennis L. European or Garden Daisy. (Man. p. 943 ; 
I. F. f. 3724.) In waste places, southern N. Y. and eastern Pa. to N. S. 
and Ont. Fugitive from Eu. Native also of Asia. Nat. in Calif, and B. 

(Z.— Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

11. BOLTONIA L'Her. 
1. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. Aster-LIKE Boltonia. (Man. 
p. 945 ; 1. F. f. 372g.) In moist soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. 
and La. — Pemisylvania : Dauphin ; Lancaster ; York, on the Susque- 
hanna. 

12. SERICOCARPUS Nees. 

Leaf-blades toothed, those of the upper cauline leaves oblong, elliptic to ovate. 

1. 5. asteroides. 
Leaf-blades entire, those of the upper cauline leaves linear or nearly so. 

2. 5. linifoUus. 



COMPOSITAE 319 

1. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P. Toothed WhiTK-topped 
Aster. (Man. p. 946 ; I. F. f. 3734.) In dry woods, Me. to Fla., Ohio, 
Ky. and Ala. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dfx aware ; 
Chester; Montgomery; Lancaster; Frankwn; Aelegheny. 

2. Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Narrow-leaved White- 
TOPPED Aster. (Man. p. 946; I. V. f. 3732.) In dry, usually sandy 
soil, Can., Vt. to Ohio, Ga. and La. — Pennsylvania: DEi^awarE ; 
Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster. 

13. ASTER L. 

A. Basal and lower cauline leaves with relatively broad blades, mainly of an 
ovate or cordate type, and with long petioles, the upper cauline somewhat 
similar but short-petioled or sessile. 
a. Blades of the upper cauline leaves not cordate-clasping : petioles of the 
lower cauline leaves not dilated-clasping. 
Ray-flowers with white, pink or violet ligules. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers white or occasionally pinkish, usually 2-toothed: 
plants not glandular. 
Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate ; bracts obtuse or rounded 
at the apex : basal leaves few and small, or wanting except in A. 
glomeratus. 
Leaf-blades thin-membranous, smooth or nearly so. 
Leaf-blades mainly of an ovate-lanceolate tj^pe : leaves of the 

branches relatively short. i. A. divaricatus. 

Leaf-blades mainly of an oblong-lanceolate type : leaves of the 
branches relatively long. 2. A. tenebrosus. 

Leaf-blades thick, firm, rough, at least when dry. 

Leaf-blades acute or short-acuminate, pilose beneath : inflorescence 

glomerate. 3. A. glomeratus. 

Leaf-blades long-acuminate, not pilCvSe beneath : inflorescence 
open paniculate. 4. A. Claytonii. 

Involucre cylindric ; bracts tapering to an obtuse tip : basal leaves 
large, tufted. 
Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous 

tips. 5. A. curvescens. 

Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 

6. A. Schreberi. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers violet, usually 3-toothed : plants glandular. 
Most of the glands large, capitate : leaf-blades coarse and thick. 

Glands mainly in the inflorescence : leaf-blades with a broad sinus : 

growing plant harsh. 7. A. macrophyllus. 

Glands abundant in the foliage : leaf-blades with a narrow sinus : 
growing plant clammy. 8. A. roscidus. 

Most of the glands minute, scarcely capitate : leaf-blades mostly thin. 

9 A. multiformis. 
Ray-flowers with blue or purple ligules. 
* Leaf -blades thick or firm, entire or essentially so. 

Leaves of a firm or thick texture ; blades glabrous or nearly so above. 

10. A. Shortii. 
Leaves of a spongy texture ; blades rough-puberulent. 

11. A. azureus. 



320 COM POSIT A E 

"■'•"^'Leaf-blades thin, prominently toothed. 

Bracts of the involucre linear and obtuse or obtusish. 
I^eaf-blades thin, rough : petioles mainly not winged. 

12. A. cordifolius. 
Leaf-blades firm, smooth : petioles mainly winged. 

13. A. Lozvrieanns. 
Bracts of the involucre linear and acute, or subulate. 

14. A. sagitlaefolius. 
b. Blades, or petiole-like bases of some of the cauline leaves cordate-clasping. 

15. A. undulaius. 

B. Basal and lower cauline leaves with relatively narrow blades, with'more or 
less contracted petiole-like bases but not cordate ; upper cauline leaves 
with sessile or clasping blades. 
Cauline leaves clasping by the more or less auriculate-cordate bases. 
Stem rough-pubescent or hirsute. 
L,eaf-blades entire. 
Leaves with sessile strongly cordate-clasping: blades. 
Stem rough-pubescent : involucre campanulate. 
Inflorescence broad : leaves rough : stem relatively low. 

16. A. patens. 
Inflorescence narrow : leaves soft : stem tall. 

17. A. phlogifolius. 
Stem hirsute : involucre hemispheric. 18. A. Novae-Angliae. 

Leaves with slightly clasping bases. 
Involucre hemispheric ; bracts glandular. 19. A. oblongifolius. 
Involucre turbinate ; bracts hispid. 20. A. amethystinus. 

Leaf-blades, at least those of the lower leaves, toothed. 

21. A. puniceus. 
Stem glabrous or inconspicuously pubescent above. 
Leaf-blades sharply serrate. 
Leaves tapering to the base. 
Leaf-blades mainly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, without petiole- 
like bases. 21. A. puniceus. 
Leaf-blades mainly oval or ovate, some of the lower ones with peti- 
ole-like bases. 22. A. patulus. 
Leaves abruptly contracted into broad petiole-like bases and often 
dilated near the stem. 23, A. prenanthoides. 
Leaf-blades entire or nearly so, an occasional coarse tooth sometimes 
present. 
Involucre campanulate. 
Blades of the cauline leaves oblong to oval-lanceolate : inflorescence 

tending to a raceme-like panicle. 24. A.laevis. 

Blades of the cauline leaves linear or elongated-lanceolate : inflores- 
cence tending to a corymb-like panicle. 25. A. concinnus. 
Involucre hemispheric. 
Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate : leaf-blades narrowly linear. 

26. A.junceus. 
Bracts of the involucre linear : leaf -blades broader. 

27. A. Novi-Belgii. 
Cauline leaves with merely sessile or essentially sessile blades. 

Leaves neither succulent nor fleshy. 
Ray-flowers with violet ligules. 28. A. Radula. 

Ray-flowers with white ligules, or sometimes pink or purplish. 



COMPOSITAE 321 

Heads in a terminal corymb. 29. A. acuminatiis. 

Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets and disposed in ra- 
cemes or panicles. 
Heads scattered, the peduncles prolonged, copiously scaly. 

30. A. dumosiis. 
Heads decidedly racemose or paniculate, the peduncles not con- 
spicuously scaly. 
Plant glabrous or pubescent, but not harsh : bracts of the involucre 
acute or obtusish. 
Heads paniculate, not in i-sided racemes. 

Blades of the cauline leaves of a lanceolate or narrowly oblong 
type. 
Heads mostly over 16 mm. broad. 

I,igulesof the ray-flowers usually bluish violet : leaf-blades 

firm. 31. A. salicif alius. 

lyigules of the ray-flowers usually white : leaf -blades thin- 
nish. 32. A. paniculatus. 

Headsmostly less than 16 mm. broad, 33. A. Tradescanti. 
Blades of the cauline leaves of a linear-lanceolate or subulate 
type. 
Upper leaves with linear blades. 34, A. Faxonii. 

Upper leaves with subulate blades. 
Stem paniculately branched and bushy. 

35. A. ericoides. 
Stem nearly simple or with few ascending branches. 

36. A. Pringlei. 
Heads racemose and disposed on one side of the branches. 

Blades of the cauline leaves of a broader type than linear or 
linear-lanceolate, markedly toothed. 

Stem finely pubescent or glabrate. 37. A. lateriflorus. 

Stem villous. 38. A. hirsuticaulis. 

Blades of the cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 

39. A. viinineus. 
Plant very rough : bracts of the involucre obtuse. 

40. A. tnultifloj'us. 
I,eaves fleshy or succulent. 

Perennialplant: headsmostly over 12 mm. wide. 41. A. tenuifolius. 
Annual plant : heads mostly less than 10 mm. wide. 

42. A. subiilattis. 

1. Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. (Man. p. 949; I. F. 
f. 3737.) In open woodlands and. thickets, in rather dry soil, Can. to 
Man., Ga. and Tenn. — Pennsylva^iia : Northampton; IvANCaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Ai^i^egheny ; Westmorei,and. 

la. A. divaricatus cymulosus Burgess. (Man. p. 949.) N. E)ng. 
and N. Y. to Va. — Northampton. 

2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Long-i.Eaved Wood AsTER. (Man. 
p. 950; I. F. f. 3736.) In moist dark woodlands, N. Y. to Va. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lancaster. 

3. Aster glomeratus (Nees.) Bernh. Bernhardi's AstER. (Man. 
p. 950; I. F. y. 3739.) In moist thickets, swamps or ravines, N. Y. and 
Pa. — Pennsylvania : Ali^egheny. 

21 



322 COMPOSITAE 

4. Aster Claytonii Burgess. CIvAYTon's AstER. (Man. p. 950 ; I. F,/. 
SY-jo- ) In sunny or sliglitly shaded rocky places, N. Y. to the mountains 
of Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks. 

5. Aster curvescens Burgess. Dome-Topped AsTer. (Man. p. 

951 ; I. F. / 37 p.) In loose moist shaded soil, N. Eng. and N. Y. to 
Vdi.—Fennsylvafiia : Northampton. 

6. Aster Schreberi Nees. SchrebER's Aster. (Man. p. 951 ; I. 
F. f. 3742.) In borders of woods and shaded fence-rows, N. Y. to Mich, 
and Va. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Monroe; Columbia ; 

ALTvEGHENY. 

7. Aster macrophyllus Iv. Large-LEAVED AvSTER. (Man. p. 951 ; 
I. F. /. 3743.) In moderately dry soil, in shaded places. Can. to Minn, 
and N. C. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Montgomery ; Susquehanna ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; 
Allegheny. 

8. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-lEae AsTER. (Man. p. 952 ; 
I. F. f. 3744.) In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Me. to Pa. 
and Mich. — Pennsylvania : NortAampTon. 

9. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved AsTER. (Man. p. 

952 ; I. F. /. 3747.) In moist shaded places, Me. to western N. Y. , Pa. 
and Md. — Pennsylvania : Erie. 

10. Aster Shortii Hook. Short's Aster. (Man. p. 953 ; I .F./. 3730. ) 
On banks and wood-margins, western Pa. to Va., Ga., 111. and Tenn. 
— Pennsylvania : Westmoreland ; Allegheny ; Mercer. 

11. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. (Man. p. 953 ; I. F. / 
3751.') On prairies and wood-margins, western N. Y. to Ga., Minn, 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : AllEGHen\\ 

12. Aster cordifolius L. Common Blue Wood Aster. (Man. p. 953 ; 
I. F. /. 3732.) Woods and thickets, N. B. to Minn., Ga. and Mo. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery^ ; Chester ; 
Delaware ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

12a. A. cordifolius polycephalus Porter. (Man. p. 953.) — North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Luzerne. 

13. Aster Lov/rieanus Porter. Lowrie's AsTER. (Man. p. 953 ; 
I. F. /. 3753.) In woods, Conn, to Pa., Iowa, N. C. and Ky. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; Lebanon; 
Luzerne ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

13a. A, Lo-wrieanus lancifolius Porter. (Man.p. 954. ) — Monroe; 
Northampton: Bucks; Montgomery; Lebanon; Luzerne; 
Schuylkill ; Susquehanna. 

13b. A. Lowrieanus Bicknellii Porter. (Man. p. 954.) — Monroe; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Lackawanna ; Susquehanna ; Mercer. 

14. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-leaved AsTER. (Man. p. 954; 
I. V-. f. 3736.) In dry soil, N. B. to N. Dak., N. J., Ky. and Kans.— 
Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Chester; Lehigh; 
Centre ; Mercer ; Allegheny. 



COMPOSITAK 323 

15. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-i,eaf Aster. (Mth. p. 955; I. F. 
/• 3757-) Iti dry soil, N. B. and Ont., south to Fla., Ala. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; 
PhUvAdeIvPhia ; DELAWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Aeeegheny ; 
Mercer ; Huntingdon. 

15a. A. undulatus loriformis Burgess. (Man. p. 955.) — Dauphin; 
Lancaster. 

16. Aster patens Ait. (Man. p. 955 ; I. F. /. 375S.) In dry, open 
places, Mass. to northern N. Y., Minn., Kans., Fla. , La. and Tex. Re- 
ported from Can. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Montgomery; 
Phii,adei,phia; Delaware; Chester; Lancaster; Lebanon; Frank- 
IvIn ; Luzerne ; Allegheny. 

17. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. (Man. p. 955 ; I. F. /. 3759-) In woods 
and thickets, N. Y. to Ohio, N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Lancaster ; Huntingdon. 

18. Aster Novae-Angliae L. New England Aster. (Man. p. 955 ; 
I. F. f. 3760.) In fields and along swamps, Quebec to the N. W. Terr., 
south to S. C, Mo., Kans. and Colo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Hunting- 
don ; Ai,i.EGHENY. 

19. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic ASTER. (Man. p. 955 ; 
I. F. f. 3761.) On prairies and bluffs, central Pa. to Minn., Neb., Va., 
Tenn. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Huntingdon, Petersburg ; Washing- 
ton ; A1.1.EGHENY. 

20. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst Aster. (Man. p. 956 ; 
I. F. f. 3762.) In moist soil, Mass. to southern N. Y., eastern Pa., 111. 
and Iowa..— Pennsylvania : Northampton, on Delaware. 

21. Aster puniceus L. Red-stai,k Aster. (Man. p. 956; I. F. 
f. 3764.) In swamps, N. S. to western Ont. and Minn., south to N. C, 
Ohio and Mich. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Susquehanna; Northamp- 
ton; Bucks; Crawford; Dei^aware; Chester; Lancaster; Frank- 
iviN ; Blair ; Erie ; Ai^legheny. 

21a. A. puniceus firmus (Nees.) T. & G. (Man. p. 956.) With the 
type. — Bucks. 

21b. A. puniceus Crawfordii Porter. (Man. p. 956.) — Bucks, TuUy- 
town. 

21c. A. puniceus compactus Fernald. (Man. p. 956.) — Delaware, 
Tinicum. 

22. Aster patulus Lam. Spreading Aster. (Man. p. 957 ; I. V.J. 
3^66. ) N. B. to N. H. and Pa. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, Bethlehem. 

23. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster. (Man. p. 
957 ; I. F. /. 376J.) In moist soil, Mass. to Wis., south to W. Va., Ky. 
and Iowa. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Blair ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

23a. A. prenanthoides porrectifolius Porter. (Man. p. 957. ) — North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Susquehanna ; Cameron. 



324 COMPOSJ.TAE 

24. Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster. (Man. p. 957 ; I. F. / 3768.) 
Usually in dry soil, Me. to Ont., the N. W. Terr., Pa., I^a. and Kans. — 
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Dei^aware ; Chester ; IvANCa.ster ; Lebanon ; Huntingdon ; Cen- 
tre ; Al^IvEGHENY. 

24a. A. laevis amplifolius Porter. (Man. p. 957.) — Susquehanna; 
Luzerne ; Lancaster ; Northampton. 

25. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow-leaved Smooth Aster. 
(Man. p. 957; I. F. /. 3769.) Conn, to Pa., Va., N. C. (?) and Ark.— 
Pennsylvania : Luzerne. 

26. Aster junceus Ait. Rush AsTER. (Man. p. 957 ; I. F. /. 377J.) 
In swamps and bogs, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to N. J., Ohio, Wis. 
and in the Rocky Mts. — Pennsylvania : Monroe. 

27. Aster Novi-Belgii L. New York Aster. (Man. p. 958 ; I. F./. 
3773.) In swamps, Newf. to Me. and Ga., mainly near the coast. — Penn- 
sylvania : Montgomery ; Dei^aware. 

27a. A. Novi-Belgii elodes (T. & G. ) A. Gray. (Man. p. 958.) — 
Montgomery. 

27b. A. Novi-Belgii litoreus A. Gray. (Man. p. 958.)— Dei. a ware, 
Tinicum. 

28. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. (Man. p. 960 ; I. F. /. 
3783.) In swamps, Del. and southern Pa. to Newf. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; West- 
morei^and. 

29. Aster acuminatus Michx. WhorIvED or Mountain Aster. 
(Man. p. 961; I. F. /. 3789.) Moist woods, Lab. to Ont., western 
N. Y., and in the mountains to Ga. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Monroe ; Schuyi,kii,i, ; Centre ; Bi^air ; Cameron ; Susquehanna. 

30. Aster dumosus L. Bushy Aster. (Man. p. 961 ; I. F./. 3791.) 
Sandy soil, Me. to western N. Y., Ont., Fla., La. and Mo. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Ai,i,e- 
gheny. 

30a. A. dumosus foliosus (Ait.) A. Gray. — Dauphin. 
30b. A. dumosus strictior T. & G. (Man. p. 961.)— Montgomery ; 
Lancaster; Lebanon. 

31. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster. (Man. p. 962; I. F. 
f. 3792.) In moist soil, Me. and Ont. to Mass. and Fla., west to Mont, 
Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
Huntingdon ; Bucks ; Allegheny. 

31a. A. salicifolius subasper (Lindl.) A. Gray. (Man. p. 962.) — 
Northampton ; Huntingdon. 

32. Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled ASTER. (Man. p. 962 ; I. 
V. f. 3793-) In moist soil, N. B. to western Ont. and Mont., south to N. 

J., Ky., Fla. and Kans. — Pennsylvafiia : Northampton; Monroe; 
Susouehanna ; Lancaster ; Dauphin. 



CO\IPOSITAE 325 

32a. A. paniculatu3 bellidiflorus (Willd.) Burgess. (Man. p. 962.) 
In moist or wet soil, N. B. to western Ont., N. C, Mo. and Kans. — Pefin- 
sylvania: Dei. a ware. 

32b. A. paniculatus acutidens Burgess. (Man. p. 962.) North- 
ampton. 

33. Aster Tradescanti L. TradescanT's Aster. (Man. p. 962 ; I. 
^'f- 3795-) I'^ fields and swamps, Ont. to the N. W. Terr., Fla., 111. 
and Minn. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Perry; Lu- 
zerne ; Huntingdon ; Ai^i^egheny. 

34. Aster Faxonii Porter. Faxon's Aster. (Man. p. 963 ; I. F. / 
3796.) On moist cliffs, Vt. and Mass. to Pa., west to Wis. (?), south to 
N. C. — Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

35. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster. (Man. p. 963; I. 
F. /. 3797.) In dry soil, Me. and Ont. to Fla., west to Wis. and Ky. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai^i.egheny. 

35a. A. ericoides pilosus (Willd.) Porter. (Man. p. 963.) W. 
Ont. to Pa. and Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. — Lancaster. 

35b. A. ericoides depauperatus Porter. (Man. p. 963.) S. Pa. and 
W. Va.— Lancaster, New Texas ; Chester. 

36. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray) Britton. Pringi^E'S AsTER. (Man. 
p. 963; I. F. y. 3798.) On banks, especially in rocky places, Me. to 
Mass., Vt. and Wis. — Pennsylvania : Dauphin, Harrisburg ; Lancaster, 
along Susquehanna. 

37. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Starved or Cai^ico AsTER. 
(Man, p. 963 ; I. F.y. 3799-) In dry or moist soil, N. S. to western Ont., 
south to N. C, La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
DEI.AWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Susquehanna ; Ly- 
coming ; Huntingdon ; Beair ; Erie ; Ai^eegheny. 

37a. A. lateriflorus glomerellus (T. & G.) Burgess. (Man. p. 964.) 
— Northampton ; Lancaster; Dauphin ; Bedeord. 

37b, A. lateriflorus thyrsoideus (A. Gray) Sheldon. (Man. p. 964.) 
—Northampton ; Bucks. 

37c. A. lateriflorus grandis Porter. (Man. p. 964.) — Nop^Thampton ; 
Frankein. 

37d. A. lateriflorus pendulus (Ait.) Burgess. (Man. p. 964.) — Lan- 
caster. 

37e. A. lateriflorus horizontalis (Desf. ) Burgess. (Man. p. 964.) 
— Northampton. 

38. Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. Hairy-stemmed Aster. (Man. p. 
964 ; I. F. y. 3800.) In woods and thickets. Me. to N. Y., Pa. and Ky. — 
Pennsylvania : AeeEGheny. 

39. Aster vimineus Lam. Smaee White Aster. (Man. p. 964; I. 
F./. ^80/.) In moist soil, Ont. to Mass., Fla., Minn., Kans. and Ark. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; AeeEgheny. 



32(3 COMPOSITAE 

39a. A. vimineus Columbianus Briiton. (Man. p. 964.) — North- 
ampton ; rilllvADlvT.PHIA. 

40. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dense-fi.owerkd Astjcr. (Man. p. 
964; I. F. f.j8o2.) In dry open places, Me. and Out. to the N. W. 
Terr, and B. C, south to Ga., Tex. and Ariz. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Lancaster, on the vSusquehanna ; Huntingdon ; 

Al<I.EGHENY. 

41. Aster tenuifolius L- PEREnniaIv Sai.T-marsh A.STER. (Man. 
p. 965; I. F. /. 3S04.) In salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Fla. — Penn- 
sylvania : PhiIvADEIvPHIa. 

42. Aster subulatus Michx. Annuat^ Sai.T-marsh Aster. (Man. 
p. 965; I. F. f. 3S06.) In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla. — Penn- 
sylvania: PHII^ADEIvPHIA. 

14. ERIGERON I.. 

Plants perennial. 

Ray-flowers less than 100. i. E. pulchellus. 

Ray-flowers over 100, 2. E. Phtladelphtcus. 

Plants annual or biennial. 
Upper stem-leaves with sharply toothed blades : ray-flowers with pink 

ligules. 3. E. annuus. 

Upper stem-leaves with entire blades : ray-flow^ers with white ligules. 

4. E. ramosus. 

1. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's Pi^antain. (Man. p. 968; 
I. F. /. 3819.) On hills and banks, N. S. to Ont., S. Dak., Fla. and La. 
— Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Schuyi^kili, ; Somerset ; Ai.i.egheny. 

2. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. Philadei.phia Fi^eabane. (Man. p. 
968 ; I. F. /. 3820.) In fields and woods, throughout N. Am., except the 
extreme north. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks: 
Crawford ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

3. Erigeron annuus (L. ) Pers. SwEET ^fCABious. Daisy Flea- 
bane. (Man. p. 969 ; L F./. 3823.) In fields, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Va., Ky., Kans. and Mo. Nat. in '^\x.—Pe7insylvania : Mon- 
roe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Erie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. Daisy Fi^eabane. (Man. 
p. 969 ; I. F. /. 3824.) In fields, N. S. to the N. W. Terr., south to Fla. , 
La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

15. LEPTILON Raf. 

1. Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weEd. (Man. p. 970; 
I. F. f. 382 J.) In fields and waste places, throughout N. Am. except the 
extreme north. In the Old World and in S. Am. — Pennsylvania : North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Erie ; Allegheny. 



COMPOSITAE 327 

16. DOELLINGERIA Nees. 

Achenes terete, ribless, less than i mm. wide. 

Involucral bracts acute or acutish, the inner linear, ciliate at the tip. 

I. D. zimbellaia. 

Involucral bracts obtuse, the inner oblong, ciliate. 2. D. humilis. 

Achenes much flattened, ribbed, over i mm. wide. 3. D. infirma. 

1. Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees, Tai.1, Fi.aT-Xop White 
Aster. (Man. p. 970 ; I. F. f. 382^. ) In moist soil, Newf. to Ga., west 
to the N. W. Terr., Mich, and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Monroe ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Perry ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; 
Susquehanna ; Armstrong ; Ali^egheny. 

2. Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britton. Broad-i.eaved FlaT-Top 
White Aster. (Man. p. 970; I. V. f. j8jo.) in moist soil, southern 
N.J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : DEi^aware ; Lancaster. 

3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene. CorneIv i^Eaved Aster. 
(Man. p. 970; I. V. f. 2831.) In dry, usually rocky soil, Mass. to N. Y., 
Pa. and Tenn. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Frankwn ; Huntingdon ; At^i^egheny ; Perry. 

17. lONACTIS Greene. 

1. lonactislinariifolius (L.) Greene. Savory-i.Eaved AsTER. (Man. 

p. 971 ; I. F. f. 3832.) In dry or rocky soil, Newf. to Quebec and Fla.,. 

west to Minn., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 

Dei/Aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Berks ; Monroe ; Ai,i,egheny. 

18. BACCHARIS L. 
1. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsei.-tree. (Man. p. 971 ; I. F. 
f. 3834.) Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending beyond saline 
influence, Mass. to Fla. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Dei^aware ; Lan- 
caster. 

19. GIFOLA Cass. 

1. Gifola Germanica (L. ) Dumort. Cudweed. Cotton Rose. 
(Man. p. 972 ; I. F. /." 3838.) In dry fields, southern N. Y. to Pa. and N. 
C. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; PhiIvADEi^phia ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Ai.i,egheny. 

20. PLUCHEA Cass. 
1. Pluchea camphorata (L. ) DC. Spicy or Sai,t-marsh Fi^eaban.^. 
(Man. p. 973 ; I. V . f. 3840.) In salt marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla., 
Tex. and Mex. Also in the W. Indies. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

21. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. 
Basal leaves relatively small, mainly less than 5 cm. long, i-ribbed. 
Blades of the basal leaves spatulate, abruptly pointed. 

1. A. neodioica. 
Blades of the basal leaves oblanceolate or cuneate, acute or obtusish. 

2. A. neglecla. 
Basal leaves relatively large, mainly over 5 cm. long, 3-5-ribbed. 



328 COMPOSITAE 

Plants nol glandular : blades of the basal leaves dull and woolly. 

3. A. plantaginifolia. 
Plants glandular : blades of the basal leaves bright and glabrous. 

4. A. Parlinii. 

1. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smat^IvKR Cat's-kooT. (Man. p. 
975; I. F. f. 3845.) In dry shaded places, Quebec to Vt., Va. and S. 
Dak. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Pike ; Franklin ; Ai^legheny \ 
Erie ; Dauphin. 

2. Antennaria neglecta Greene. FlEivD CaT's-FooT. (Man. p. 975 ; 
I. Y. 3846.) In fields and pastures, Me. to N. Y., Va. and ^\s.— Penn- 
sylvania : Northampton; Btcks ; Monroe; Dei^aware ; Lancas- 
ter; Dauphin. 

3. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L. ) Richards. Plantain- leaf or 
Mouse-ear Everlasting. (Man. p. 975; I. F. / 3848.) In dry soil 

-and open woods, I^ab., Ont. to Fla., 111., Kans. and Tex. — Penn- 
sylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Dauphin ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Monroe. 

4. Antennaria Parlinii Fernald. Parlin's Cat's-foot. (Man. p. 
976.) In dry soil, Me. and Vt. to D. C. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tully- 
town. 

22. ANAPHALIS DC. 
1. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Pearly Ever- 
lasting. (Man. p. 977 ; I. F. /. 3850.) Dry soil, Newf. to Alaska, N. C, 
Kans. and Calif. Also in northern Asia. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; 
Lackawanna ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Montour ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

23. GNAPHALIUM L. 

Pappus-bristles distinct, falling away separately. 
Erect, tall plants : inflorescence corymbose or paniculate. 

Leaves merely sessile : foliage not glandular-viscid. i. G. obtusifoliicvi. 
Leaves decurrent on the stem : foliage glandular-viscid. 

2. G. decurrens. 
Diffuse low plants : inflorescence capitate. 3. G. uliginosum. 

Pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away together. 4. G. purpureum. 

1. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Fragrant Life Everlasting. 
(Man. p. 977 ; I. F. f. 3851.) In dry, mostly open places, N. S. to Fla., 
Man., Kans. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Dela- 
ware; Chester; Lancaster; Franklin; Montour; Allegheny. 

2. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlasting. (Man. 
p. 978 ; I. F. f. 38^3.) In open, moist or dry places, N. S. to Pa., west 
to western Oat., Mich, and B. C, south in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. — 
Pennsylvania : Lackawanna; Monroe; Luzerne; Franklin ; Blair; 
Erie; Allegheny. 

3. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Low or Marsh Cudweed. (Man. 
p. 978; I. F. f. 38JJ.) In damp soil, Newf. to Va., western Out., 
Minn, and Ind. Also in Eii. — Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Northamp- 



COMPOSITAE 329 

TON ; Bucks ; Dei^awark ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; York ; 
ScHUYivKiLi. ; Huntingdon ; Franki^in ; Bi.air ; Ai.i.egheny. 

4. Gnaphalium purpureum L. Purpi^ish Cudweed. (Mao. p. 978; 
I. F. f. 3859.) In dry sandy soil, eastern Me. to Fla., west to Pa., W. 
Va., Ky., Kans., Tex. and Mex. Also on the Pacific coast and in S. 
Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Franki^in ; B1.AIR ; Aleegheny. 

24. INULA L. 
1. Inula Helenium L. Elecampane. (Man. p. 979 ; I. F. / 3861.) 
On roadsides and in fields, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., south to N. C. 
and Mo. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvaiiia : Monroe ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Somerset ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

25. POLYMNIA L. 

Ligules of the ray-flowers linear or oblong-linear : aclienes striate. 

1. P. Uvedalia. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers flabellate, often very small : achenes 3-ribbed. 

2. P. Ca?iadensis. 

1. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Large-elowered Leae-cup. (Man. p. 
979; I. F. /. 3862.) In rich woods, N. Y. to Ind. and Mich., Fla., Mo. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Berks ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Polymnia Canadensis L. Small-FLOWered Leae-cup. (Man. 
p. 980 ; I. F. /. 3863. ) In damp, rich shaded places, western Ont. to 
Minn., Ga., Mo. and Ark. — Pennsylvania: Chester; Lancaster; 
York ; Allegheny. 

26. SILPHIUM L. 
Leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 

Disk about 1.5 cm. wide during anthesis : leaves connate -perfoliate, merely 
opposite. I. 5". per/oliatuni. 

Disk about i cm. wide during- anthesis : leaves not connate, usually in whorls 
of 3 or 4. 2. S. trifoliatum. 

Leaf-blades pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 3. 5". laciniatiun. 

1. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-planT. (Man. p. 981 ; I. F". /. 
3865.) In moist soil, southern Ont. to S. Dak., south to Ga., Neb. and 
La. Nat. eastward. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia ; Cumberland. 

2. Silphium trifoliatum L- WhorlEd Rosin- weed. (Man. p. 981 ; 
I. F. y. 386/.) In woods. Pa. to Ohio, Va. and Ala. — Pemisylvania : 
Lancaster, Tucquan ; Huntingdon ; Clarion ; Elk ; Allegheny ; 
Fayette. 

3. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-planT. PiloT-weEd. (Man. 
p. 981 ; I. F. /. 3869.) On prairies. Pa. to S. Dak., Ala., La., Kans. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Allegheny. 

27. CHRYSOGONUM L- 
1. Chrysogonum Virginianum L. Chrysogonum. (Man. p. 982 ; 
I. F. y. 38yi.) In dry soil, southern Pa. to Fla. — Pennsylvania : Lan- 
caster ; Franklin. 



330 COMPOSITAE 

28. HELIOPSIS Pers. 
lyeaf-blades smooth : pappus none or of 2-4 short teeth, i, //. hclianihoides 
lyCaf-blades rough : pappus crown-like or of 1-3 sliarp teeth. 

2. H. scabra. 

1. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B.S.P. Fai^se SunfIvOwer. (Man. 
p. 984 ; I. F./. 3SJ8. ) lu open places, Ont. to Fla., west to 111. and Ky. 
— Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Lycoming ; Franki^in ; Fui^ton ; F"ayette ; Washington ; 
AiyLEGHENY ; Armstrong ; Erie. 

2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. (Man. p. 984 ; I. F. y. 
3879.) Usually in dry soil, Me. to N. Y., N. J., 111., B. C, Kans. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster. 

29. ECLIPTA L. 
1. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. ECI.IPTA. (Man. p. 984; I. V.f.sSSo.) 
Along streams and in waste places, southern N. Y. to 111. and Neb., south 
to Fla., Tex. and Mex. Nat. from tropical America. — Pennsylvania: 
Bucks ; Phii,adei<phia ; Berks ; Dei^aware ; Lancaster ; York. 

30. RUDBECKIA L- 

Disk ovoid or globular, purple or dark brown. 
Lower leaves with 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided blades : bractlets of the recep- 
tacle slender-tipped. i. R. triloba. 
Lower leaves with entire or merely toothed blades : bractlets of the disk not 
slender-tipped. 
Stig-ma-tips subulate. 
Involucre of narrow bracts much shorter than the ligules of the ray- 
flowers. 2. R. hirta. 
Involucre of foliaceous bracts as long as the ligules of the ray-flowers or 
longer. 3. R. Brittonii. 
Stigma-tips obtuse. 
Upper stem-leaves with entire or inconspicuously toothed blades. 

4. R.fulgida. 
Upper stem-leaves with laciniately or coarsely toothed blades. 

5. R. speciosa. 
Disk cylindric or conic, yellowish or gray. 6. R. laciniata 

1. Rudbeckia triloba L- Thin-i,ea.ved Cone-ei,ower. (Man. p 
986; I. F. /. 3883.) In moist soil, N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kans 
and La. — Pennsylvania : Franki^in, near Chambersburg ; DEI/AWARE 

2. Rudbeckia hirta L. Bi.ack-eyed Susan. Y'ei^i.ow Daisy 
(Man. p. 986; I. F./. 3838.) In fields, Quebec to western Ont. and the 
N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Colo, and Tq^.— Pennsylvania : North 
AMPTON ; Bucks ; Crawford ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster 
Columbia ; Tioga ; Erie ; Aelegheny. 

3. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Britton's Cone-eeower. (Man. 
p. 9S7 ; I. F. /. 3S86.) In woods, mountains of Pa. to Va. and Tenn. — 
Pennsylvania : Huntingdon ; Lancaster. 

4. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Orange Cone-feower. (Man. p. 987; 



COMPOSITAB 331 

I. F. f. 388J. ) In dry or stony soil, N. J. and eastern Pa. to N. C. — Penn- 
sylvania : DEI.AWARK ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon. 

5. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Shoavy Cone-fi.ower. (Man. 
p. 987 ; I. F. /. 388g.) In moist soil, N. J. to Mich., south to Ala. and 
Ark. — Pennsylvania : Phii,adei.phia, on the Wissahickon ; Chester. 

6. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tali^ Cone-ei^ower. (Man. p. 988 ; I. 
F. y. sSgo.) In moist thickets, Quebec to Man. and Mont., south to 
Fla., Kans. and N. Mex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Frankwn ; Krie ; Ai.i.egheny. 

31. HELIANTHUS L. 

Disk purple, purplish or brown. 
Perennial plants : disk convex. i. H. angustif alius. 

Annual plants : disk flat or nearly so. 

Bracts of the involucre ovate, hispid and ciliate : leaf-blades toothed. 

2. H. annuzis. 
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, canescent : leaf-blades entire or nearly 
so. 3. H. petiolaris. 

Disk yellow or yellowish. 
Leaf -blades prevailingly of a lanceolate type, sometimes elongated. 

Involucre less than 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades thin, 4. H. niicrocephalus. 
Involucre over 10 mm. thick : leaf-blades relatively thick. 
Stem scabrous to hispid. 

Leaf -blades scabrous above, hirsute beneath, 5. H. giganteus. 
Leaf-blades scabrous on both sides. 6. H. Maximilianii. 

Stem smooth and glabrous. 

Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, narrowed into petiole-like bases. 

7. H. grosse-serralus. 
Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, sessile or nearly so by the truncate or 
subcordate base. 8. H. divaricatus. 

Leaf-blades prevailingly of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate type. 
Leaf-blades sessile or nearly so. 
Stem glabrous : leaves spreading. 8. H. divaricatus. 

Stem densely pubescent : leaves ascending. 9. H. mollis. 

Leaf-blades petioled or narrowed into petiole-like bases. 
Stem glabrous or merely puberulent. 

Leaf-blades membranous, markedly toothed, slender-petioled. 

TO. H. decapetalus. 
Leaf-blades firmer : shallowly toothed or entire, short-petioled. 
Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. 

11. H.tracheliifolius. 
Bracts of the involucre about as long as the disk. 

12. H. strumosus. 
Stem hirsute, hispid or scabrous-pubescent. 

Leaf-blades rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. 

13. H. hirsutus. 
Leaf-blades, at least those of the upper leaves, narrowed at the base, 

relatively long-petioled. 14. H. tuberosus. 

1. Helianthus angustifolius L- Narrow-i,eaved Sunfi^owER. 
(Man. p. 991 ; I. V.f. jSgE.) In swamps, southeastern N. Y. to Fla., Ky. 
and Tex., but mainly near the coast. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Tullytown. 



832 CO M POSIT A E 

2. Helianthua annuus L. Common vSunfi^ower. (Man. p. 991; I. 
F.y. 3900.) Oa prairies and in waste places, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., 
Mo. and Tex. Escaped in the east. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 

AlvLEGHENY. 

3. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie vSunfi^ower. (Man. p. 
992 ; I. F. /. 3()oi.) On dry prairies, Minn, and the N. W. Terr, and 
Ore., south to Mo. and Ariz, and sparingly eastward. — Pennsylvania: 
Erie, Presque Isle ; Northampton, Bethlehem. 

4. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Smai.Iv Wood Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 993 ; I. F. f. jgoO. ) In moist woods and along streams, Pa. 
to Ga., west to Ohio, Mo. and La. — Pennsylvania : Greene ; FayeTTE ; 
AivivEGHENY ; Armstrong. 

5. Helianthus giganteus L. Tali. Sunfi^ower. (Man. p. 993; I. 
^•f- 390?') lo swamps and wet meadows. Me. and Ont. to the N. W. 
Terr., south to Fla., Neb. and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; 
Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Lebanon ; Perry ; Fay- 
ette ; Armstrong. 

6. Helianthus Maximilianii Schrad. Maximii,ian's Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 993 ; I. F. /. 3908.) On dry prairies, Minn, and Man. to the 
N. W. Terr., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Ali^EGheny. 

7. Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens. Saw tooth Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 994; I. V. f. 3909.) In open places, eastern L. I. to Pa., S. 
Dak., Mo. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Erie, Union City; Ai,i,EGHENY. 

8. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or Woodi^and Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 994 ; I. V.f. 3910.) In dry woodlands, Me. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Fla., Neb, and La. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; 
DEivAWARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Huntingdon ; Ai.le- 

GHENY. 

9. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower. (Man. p. 994; I. 
F. y. 39TI.) In dry soil, Ohio to Ga., Iowa, Kans. and Tex., and nat- 
uralized eastward. — Petinsylvania : Dei^aware, Tinicum ; AIvI^EGheny. 

10. Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-i.Eaved Sunfi^ower. (Man. 
p. 994; I. ^- /■ 39^3') In moist w^oods and along streams, Quebec to 
Mich., Ga. and ^y.—Pennsylvaiiia: Northampton; Bucks; Dei.a- 
WARE ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franki^in ; Coi^umbia ; AIvI^egheny ; 
Washington. 

11. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. ThroatworT Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 995 ; I. 'B.f. 3914.) In dry soil, Pa. to Ohio to Wis. — Pennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Westmorei^and ; Dei^aware. 

12. Helianthus strumosus L. Pai,e-LEaved Wood Sunfi^ower. 
(Man. p. 995; I. F. y. jp/j. ) In dry woods and on banks. Me. and 
Ont. to Minn., Ga. and Ark. — Pennsylvajiia : Northampton; Bucks ; 
Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Erie ; Ali^egheny. 

12a. H. strumosus macrophyllus (Willd.) Britton. (Man. p. 995.) 
Mass. to Pa,, Iowa and Miss. — Northampton ; Lancaster. 



COMPOSITAE 333 

13. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-hairkd Sunfi^owkr. (Man. 
p. 995 ; I. V. f. sgib.) In dry soil, Pa. and Ohio to Wis., south to W. 
Va., Ga., Kans. and Tenn. — Pennsylvafiia : Northampton; Monroe; 

AlvIvEGHENY. 

14. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusai^em Artichoke. (Man. p. 
996; I. V.f.jgig.) In moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 
south to Ga., Kans. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; 
Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Luzerne ; Aei^Egheny. 

32. VERBESINA L. 

Disk convex : bracts of the involucre closely imbricated, not deflexed. 

Leaves alternate : ray-flowers with white corollas. i. V. Virginica. 

Leaves opposite : ray-flowers with yellow corollas. 2. V. occidentalis. 

Disk globular: bracts of the involucre lax, soon deflexed. 3. V. alternifolia. 

1. Verbesina Virginica L. Virginia Crown beard. (Man. p. 996 ; 
I. F. f. 3920.) In dry soil, Pa. to Va., 111. and Kans., south to Fla. and 
Tex. — Pennsylvania : Frankein. 

2. Verbesina occidentalis (L. ) Walt. Smaee Yeeeow Crown- 
beard. (Man. p. 996; I. F. / 3921.') In dry thickets and on hillsides, 
Md. and southern Pa. to 111., Fla. and Ga. — Pennsylvania : Bedford. 

3. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton. AcTinomeris. (Man. p. 997 ; 
1. F.y. 3924.) In rich soil, N. J. to western N. Y., Iowa, Fla., Kans. and 
La. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Armstrong ; Aeeegheny. 

33. COREOPSIS L. 

Ligules of the ray-flowers pink: leaf-blades entire. i, C. rosea. 

Ligules of the ray-flowers yellow, sometimes brown at the base : leaf- blades, 
at least some of them, with lateral divisions. 
Ray-flowers with the ligules brown at the base. 2. C. tinctoria. 

Ray-flowers with the ligules yellow throughout. 
Leaf -blades mostly with several very small divisions near the base of the 
large terminal division. 3. C. auricitlata. 

Leaf-blades divided into relatively equal divisions. 
Leaf-blades sessile, the primary divisions again divided into very nar- 
rowly linear segments. 4. C. verticillata. 
Leaf-blades petioled, the primary divisions entire. 5. C. tripteris. 

1. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Smaee Rose Tickseed. (Man. p. 998 ; 
I. F.y. 392^.) In open swamps, eastern Mass. to Ga., near the coast. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol. 

2. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Garden Tickseed. (Man. p. 998 ; I. 
F. /. 392/.) In moist soil, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Neb., 
La. and Ariz. Naturalized eastward. — Pennsylvania : Northampton. 

3. Coreopsis auriculata L. Running Tickseed. (Man. p. 999; I, 
F.y. 393S- ) In woods, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. and La, — Pennsylvania : 
Phieadelphia, Bartram's Garden. 



334 COMPOSITAE 

4. Coreopsis verticillata h. Whori^kd Tickseed. (Man. p. 999; 
I. F. y. S9jy.) In dry soil, western Out. to northern Mich., Md., N. C, 
Ky., Neb. and Ark. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, escaped. 

5. Coreopsis tripteris Iv. Talt^ TickseEd. (Man. p. 999; I. V . f. 
3937-) I" moist woods and thickets, Pa. to Wis., Kans., Va., Fla. and 
Iva. — Pennsylvania : Lancaster ; York ; Perry ; Elk ; WEvSTmore- 
i,AND ; Armstrong ; Lycoming ; Ci^arion ; Ai,i,egheny. 

34. BIDENS L. 

Terrestrial plants : leaf-blades simple, toothed or divided. 
Leaf-blades serrate or rarely lobed. 
Ray-flowers with conspicuous ligules twice as long as the disk or more. 

I. B. laevis. 
Ray-flowers with very short ligules, or wanting. 

Heads nodding, at least after anthesis. 2. B. cernua. 

Heads persistently erect. 

Pappus-awns downwardly barbed. 
Bracts of the involucre not foliaceous : corollas orange : stems 

purple. 3. B. connata. 

Bracts of the involucre foliaceous : corollas greenish yellow : stem 
straw-colored. 4. B. comosa. 

Pappus-awns upwardly barbed. 5. B. bidentoides. 

Leaf-blades, at least some of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or 1-3-divided. 
Ligules of the ray-flowers inconspicuous, rudimentary or wanting. 
Achenes flat. 

Outer bracts of the involucre 4-8 : achenes nearly black. 
Achenes 4-4.5 mm. long, the awns very short : outer bracts 4. 

6. B. discoidea. 
Achenes about 6 mm. long, the awns K as long as the body : outer 
bracts 6-8. 7. B. frondosa. 

Outer bracts of the involucre 10-16 : achenes brown. 

8. B. vnlgata. 
Achenes acerose. 9. B. hipinnata. 

Ligules of the ray-flowers large and conspicuous. 
Achenes obovate, very flat. 10. B. i^ivohicrata. 

Achenes cuneate or linear-cuneate. 11. B. trichosperma. 

Aquatic plant : leaf -blades, at least those of submersed leaves, filiformly dis- 
sected. 12. B. Beckii. 

1. Bidens laevis (L. ) B.S.P. Larger Bur-Marigoi.d. (Man. p. 
1000; I. F. f. 3938.) In swamps and wet meadows, Mass. to N. C and 
western N, Y. — Pennsylvania: Bucks; Delaware. 

2. Bidens cernua L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. (Man. p. looi ; 
I. F. f. 39jg.) In wet soil, N. S. to Hudson Bay and B. C, south to N. 
C, Mo. and Calif. Also in Eu. and Asia. — Pennsylvania : Pike ; North- 
ampton ; Delaware ; Lancaster ; Armstrong. 

3. Bidens connata Muhl. PurplK stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. 
(Man. p. looi ; I. F. /. 3940.) In swamps or moist soil, N, S. to the N. 
W. Terr., south to DeL, Ga., Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylvania ; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin. 



COMPOSITAE 335 

4. Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegatid. LEafy-bracTED TicksEKd. 
(Man. p. looi ; I. F. f. 3941.) In wet soil, southern N. Y. and Mass. to 
111. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery ; Lancas- 
ter. 

5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt. ) Britton. Swamp Beggar-Ticks. 
(Man. p. looi ; I. V.f. 39^2.') Muddy shores, Pa., N. J., Del. and Md. — 
Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Dei^aware, Tinicum. 

6. Bidens discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Smai.1. Beggar-Ticks. 
(Man. p. 1002 ; I. F. f. 3943.) In swamps and wet places. Conn, to Va., 
Ohio, Mich., La. and Tex. — Pennsylvania: Northampton, on Dela- 
ware above Easton ; LuzERNE, Lily Lake. 

7. Bidens frondosa L. Bi.ack BEGGAr-Ticks. (Man. p. 1002.) In 
moist soil, N. B. to Fla., Neb. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; 
Perry ; Bucks ; Bi,air ; Dei^aware. 

8. Bidens vulgata Greene. Tall BEGGAr-Ticks. (Man. p. 1002 ; 
I. V.f.3944.) In moist soil, Ont. to B. C, N. C. and Calif. — Penjisyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks. 

9. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. (Man. p. 1002 ; I. F. /. 
3943.) In various situations, R. I. to Fla., west to Ohio, Neb. and Ariz. 
Also in Mex. and tropical Am., and introd. in southern Eu. and Asia. — 
Penjtsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

10. Bidens involucrata (Nutt. ) Britton. Long-bracted Tickseed- 
SUNFLOWER. (Man, p. 1003; I. F. f. 3949.) In swamps, 111. to Kans., 
Ark. and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Delaware, Tinicum. 

11. Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton. Tall Tickseed-Sun- 
ELOWER. (Man. p. 1002 ; I. F./! 394?.) In swamps and wet meadows, 
Mass. to Ga., 111. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Bucks, Bristol ; Delaware, 
Tinicum ; MERCER. 

12. Bidens Beckii Torr. WATER Marigold. (Man. p. 1003; I. F. 
f. 3950.^ In ponds and streams, Quebec to N. J., west to Man. and Mo. 
— Pennsylvania : Erie, Presque Isle. 

35. GALINSOGA R. & P. 

1. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galingosa. (Man. p. 1004; I. F. /. 
3934.) In waste places, eastern Mass. to Ore., N. C, Kans. and Mex. 
Nat. from tropical Am. — Pennsylvania : Northampton, Bethlehem ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Dauphin ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Columbia ; York ; Huntingdon ; Luzerne ; Lebanon ; Allegheny. 

la. G. parviflora hispida DC. (Man. p. 1004.) — Northampton; 
Bucks ; Philadelphia. 

36. MARSHALLIA Schreb. 

1. Marshallia grandiflora Beadle and Boynton. Great Marshalwa. 
In dry soil, Pa. to N. C. — Pennsylvania : FayeTTE. 



o30 COMPOSITAE 

37. HELENIUM L. 

Disk yellow : ray-flowers fruit-producing-. i. //. auhimnale. 

Disk purple-brown : ray-flowers neutral. 2. H. midijloruni. 

1. Helenium autumnale Iv. Sneiczeweed. Ox-eye. (Man.p. ioio; 
I. v. f. jgy2.) In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Conn., Fla„ S. 
Dak., Kans. and Ala. — Peimsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Dei,a- 
WARE ; Chester ; IvAncaster ; Perry ; Dauphin ; Franki^in ; Erie ; 
A1.1.EGHENY. 

2. Helenium nudiflorum Xutt. Purple Head Sneezeweed. (Man. 
p. ioio; I. F. /. 3973.) In moist soil, Kans. to 111., Tex., east to Pa. 
and Fla. — Pennsylvania : PhiladeIvPHIa ; Delaware. 

38. ACHILLEA L- 

1. Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. (Man. p. 1013 ; 
I. F". / 39S3.) In various situations. Native of Eu. and Asia. — Fennsyl- 
vania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Montgomery; Delaware ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Franklin; Huntingdon ; Monroe ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

39. ANTHEMIS L. 

Ray-flowers neutral : plant glabrous or nearly so. i. A, CotiUa. 

Ray- flowers pistillate : plants copiously pubescent. 2. A. arvensis. 

1. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. (Man. p. 1014 ; I. F. /. 3984.) 
In fields and waste places, all over N. Am., except the extreme north. 
Nat. from Eu. — Pe?insylvania : Monroe; Schuylkill; Northamp- 
ton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Allegheny. 

2. Anthemis arvensis L. Corn or Field Camomile. (Man. p. 
1014 ; I. F. f. 398J.) In fields and waste places, N. S. to Va., west to 
Mich., Mo., and on the Pacific Coast. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania: 
Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Erie. 

40. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. 
Heads few or solitary : ligules of the ray-flow^ers linear, i. C Leucanthemuni. 
Heads numerous, corymbose : ligules of the raj^-flowers oval or obovate. 

2. C. Parthenitcm. 

1. Chrysanthemum Leuoanthemum L. White or Ox-eye Daisy. 
(Man. p. 1015 ; I. F. f. 3988.) In meadows and waste places. Nat. 
ivom'Evi.— Pennsylvania : Northampton; Bucks; Delaware; Ches- 
ter ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Tioga ; Allegheny. 

2. Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L. ) Pers. Common Feverfew. 
(Man. p. 1015 ; I. F. f. 3990.) In waste places, N. B. and Ont. to N. J., 
and locally in the interior, mostly escaped. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — 
Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Lancaster ; Monroe ; Allegheny. 

41. MATRICARIA L. 

Heads 16-25 mm. wide : ray-flowers present. i. M. Chamomilla. 

Heads 6-8 mm. wide : ray-flowers wanting-. 2. M. matricarioides. 

1. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or German Camomile. 
(Man. p. 1016 ; I. F.y". 3994.) In waste places and on ballast, southern 
N. Y. to Pa. Adv. or fugitive from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia. 



COMPOSITAE 337 

2. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Rayi^KSS Camomii^e. 
(Man. p. 1016 ; I. F.yi S99S-) In waste places and on ballast, Mont, to 
Mo., Me. and Mass. Adv. from the Pacific coast. — Pennsylvania: Phii,- 
ADKivPHiA, Pt. Breeze. 

42. TANACETUM h. 

1. Tanacetum vulgare Iv. Tansy. (Man. p. 1016 ; I. F. /. j'p9<5. ) 
Along roadsides, mostly escaped, N. S. and Ont. to S. Dak., south to N. 
C., Mo. and Kans. Nat. from Ku. — Pennsylvania: Monror ; North- 
ampton ; Bucks ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Dauphin ; 
Perry ; Franki^in ; Lycoming ; Tioga ; Ai.i.egheny. 

43. ARTEMISIA L. 

Heads with the central flowers perfect but not fruit-producing-. 
Leaves glabrous or nearly so : involucres about 2 mm. broad. 

\. A. caudata. 
Leaves silky-pubescent : involucres about 4 mm. broad. 2. A. Canadensis. 
Heads with the central flowers perfect and fruit-producing. 

Receptacle markedly villous. 3. A. Absitithium. 

Receptacle glabrous or essentially so. 
Leaves glabrous, or if pubescent, green, not tomentose. 
Involucres about 4 mm. broad : perennial plant. 4. A. AbVotanum. 

Involucres about 2 mm. broad : annual plants. 

Heads scattered : involucre about i mm. high. 5. A. annua. 
Heads crowded: involucre about 2 mm., high. 6. A. biennis. 
Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath. 
Involucres fully 3 mm. high : leaves green above ; 

blades pinnatifid or pinnately parted. 7. A. viilgaris. 

Involucres less than 2 mm. high : leaves pale on both 
sides; blades finely dissected. 8. A. Pontica. 

1. Artemisia caudata Michx. Tai^i^ or W11.D Wormwood. (Man. 
p. 1018 ; I. F. f. 3998.) In dry sandy soil, on sea beaches, Quebec to 
Fla., Man., Neb. and Tex, — Pennsylvania : EriE, Presque Isle. 

2. Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood. (Man. p. 
1018 ; I. F. f. 4000. ) In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Me. and 
Vt., west to Minn., Man., the Canadian Pacific coast, south to Ariz, and 
Neb. — Pennsylvania : Krie, Presque Isle. 

3. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common Wormwood. (Man. p. 
1019 ; I. V.f. 400^.) In waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay to Mass., 
western Ont., Mont, and N. C. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : 

Al.I,EGHENY. 

4. Artemisia Abrotanum L. Southernwood. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. F. 
f. 4006.) In waste places, Mass. to N. C, Out. and Neb. Adv. from Eu. 
— Pennsylvania : Ai^IvEGheny. 

5. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. F. 
f. 400J.) In waste places, Ont. to D. C, Tenn., Ark. and Kans. Adv. 

or nat. from Asia. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; DeI/AWARE. 

6. Artemisia biennis Willd. Bienniai, Wormwood. (Man. p. 
1019 ; I. F.y. 4008.) Nat. in the N. W. Terr, and the northwestern U. 

22 



338 COMPOvSITAE 

S., now distributed as a weed from Man. to N. S,, south toKans., Ky. 
and Pa. — Pen7isylvania : Erie, Presque Isle ; Bi,air, HoUidaysburg ; 

PHIIvADEIvPHIA. 

7. Artemisia vulgaris Iv. Common Mugwort. (Man. p. 1019 ; I. P\ 
/, 4010.) In waste places, N. S. to Ont., Mich., N. C. and Pa. Nat. 
from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Wayne ; Monroe, 
Tannersville ; Northampton, Bethlehem ; PhiIvADEIvPHIa ; Ai^ivE- 

GHENY. 

8. Artemisia Pontica Iv. Roman Wormwood. (Man. p. 1020 ; I. F. 
f. 4011.) On hillsides, Pa. and N.J. Fugitive or adv. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Luzerne, Lily Lake. 

44. TUSSILAGO L. 

1. Tussilago Farfara L. Coi^TSFOOT. Coughwort. (Man. p. 1021 ; 
I. F.y. 401 g.) In moist soil, along roadsides, etc., N. S. and N. B. to 
Mass., N. Y. and Minn. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Monroe, Tan- 
nersville ; Northampton, Bethlehem ; Susquehanna ; Phii.adei.phia ; 
Erie. 

45. PETASITES Gaertn. 

1. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst. Butter-bur. Butterfly Dock, 
(Man. p. 1022 ; I. F. f. 402J.) In cultivated and waste grounds, eastern 
Pa. Nat. from Eu. Native of northern Asia. — Pennsylvania: North- 
ampton, Bangor ; Bucks, near Quakertown ; PhieadeIvPHIA ; Dela- 
ware. 

46. ARNICA L. 

1. Arnica aoaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. LEOPard's-bane. (Man. p. 1022 ; 
I. F.y". 4024.) In low woods, Del. and southeastern Pa. to Fla.— Pe?zn- 
sylvania : Chester ; Lancaster, New Texas. 

47. ERECHTITES Raf. 

1. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. (Man. p. 1023 ; I. 
F. f. 4028. ) In woodlands, thickets and waste places, very abundant 
after fires, Newf. toFla., west to the N. W. Terr., Neb. and La. Also 
in Mex. and S. America. — Pennsylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; 
Northampton ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Frank- 
lin ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; Allegheny. 

48. MESADENIA Raf. 

Leaf- blades repand-dentate : stem grooved, green. i. M. reniformis. 

Leaf -blades angulate-lobed : stem terete, glaucous. 2. M. atriplicifolia. 

1. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. GREAT Indian Plaintain. 
(Man. p. 1024 ; I. F./. 402g.) In woods, N. J. and Pa. to Minn., south 
to N. C. and Tenn. — Pennsylvajtia : Northampton; York; Lancas- 
ter; Perry; Allegheny. 

2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L-) Raf. PalE Indian Plaintain. 
(Man. p. 1040 ; 1. F. /. 4030.) In woods, western Ont. to Minn., south 



COMPOSITAE 339 

to Fla., Mo., and Kans. Rare or absent near the codi&t.— Pennsylvania : 
Bucks ; Chester ; Northampton ; Huntingdon ; Erie ; AIvI^egheny. 

49. SYNOSMA Raf. 
1. Synosma suaveolens (Iv. ) Raf. Sweet-scented Indian Pi^an- 
TAIN. (Man. p. 1024; I. F. f. 4.032.') In woods, Conn., and N. J. to 
111. and Minn., south to Fla., W. Va. and Ky. — Pennsylvania : Lancas- 
ter ; York ; Fayette ; Ali^EGheny. 

50. SENECIO L. 

Heads conspicuously radiate (with individual exceptions in 6". obovatus and 
5. aureus). 
Basal and lower cauline leaves with blades narrowed at the base. 

Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves predominantly spatulate or 

obovate, i. 5. obovatus. 

Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves predominantly oblong or 
elliptic. 
Blades of some of the basal and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid. 

2. 5". Balsaniitae. 
Blades of all the basal and lower cauline leaves merely toothed. 

3. 5. Crawfordii. 
Basal and lower cauline leaves with cordate or subcordate blades. 

4. .S". aureus. 
Heads discoid or essentially so, the ray-flowers wanting or obsolete. 

Plant glabrous or merely puberulent ; achenes canescent. 
Involucre fully 4 mm. thick, with several scales at the base. 

5. 5*. vulgaris. 
Involucre less than 4 mm. thick, almost without scales at the base. 

6. 5'. sylvaticus. 
Plant viscid-pubescent : achenes glabrous. 7. 5". viscosus. 

1. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-i,eae Squaw-weed. (Man. p. 
1027 ; I. F. /. 4041. ) In moist soil and on banks, N. S. to Fla! , west to Ont. , 
Mich., Ky. and Mo. — Pennsylva?iia : Northampton ; Bucks ; Franki^in. 

la. S. obovatus elongatus (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 1027.) — North- 
ampton, Easton. 

2. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. Bai^sam Groundsel,. (Man. p. 1027; 
I. F, /". 4043.) In dry or rocky soil, N. S. to N. C, west to Wash., B. C, 
Tex. and Neb. — Pennsylvania: Monroe; Northampton; Bucks; 
Montgomery ; Dei^aware ; Chester ; Ai,i,egheny. 

3. Senecio Cra-wfordii Britton. Craweord's Squaw- weed. (Man. 
p. 1027.) Eastern Pa. — Pemisylvania : Bucks, TuUytown. 

4. Senecio aureus L. Goi^den Ragwort. (Man. p. 1028 ; I. F. /] 
4047.) In swamps and wet meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Ont., Mo. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Throughout the State. 

4a. S. aureus gracilis (Pursh) Britton. (Man. p. 1028.) In wet soil, R. 
I. to Mich,, S. Dak., Va. and Mo. — Bucks ; Lancaster ; Northampton. 

5. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Groundsei.. (Man. p. 1029; I. F. 
/• 4053-) In cultivated ground and waste places, Newf. and Hudson Bay 



340 COMPOSITAE 

to Va., west to Minn, and Mich. Also on Pacific coast. Nat. from Eu. 
— Permsylvania : Phii^adelphia ; Monroe, Tobyhanna ; Franki^in. 

6. Senecio sylvatious L. Wood GroundseIv. (Man. p. 1029 ; I. F, 
f. 40^2.) In waste places, N. S. and Prince Edward Island. Also on the 
coast of Calif, and B. C. Nat. or adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phila- 
dEI^phia, ballast. 

7. Senecio viscosus Iv. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel. (Man. p. 
1029 ; I. F. yi 4054. ) In waste places and on ballast near the coast, N. B. 
to N. C. — Pennsylvania : PHir^ADEi^PHiA, ballast. 

51. ARCTIUM Iv. 

Bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so. 1. A. minus. 

Bracts of the involucre copiously woolly. 2. A. tomentosuni. 

1. Arctium minus Schk. Common. Burdock. (Man. p. 1030; I: 
F. y. 4057.) In waste places, throughout eastern North America. Nat. 
from Eu. — Pe7tnsylvania : Common throughout the State. 

2. Arctium tomentosum (lyam.) Schk. W001.LY or Cottony Bur- 
dock. (Man. p. 1030 ; I. F. /. 40S5.) In waste places, N. B. to Mass. 
and southern N. Y. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Dei,aware. 

52. CARDUUS L. 

Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose. 

Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer ones, strongly prickle-armed. 
lyCaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath. 
Outer and inner bracts of the involucre prickle-armed : naturalized plant. 

I. C. lanceolatus. 
Outer bracts of the involucre prickle-armed, the inner merely acumi- 
nate : native plants. 
Leaf-blades toothed or pinnately lobed. 2. C. altissimus. 

Leaf-blades deeply pinnatifid. 3. C. discolor. 

Leaves green on both sides, or somevt'hat pubescent beneath. 

4. C. odoratus. 
Bracts of the involucre not prickle-tipped or scarcely so. 

Heads relatively large : involucre about 2 cm. thick or more : flowers per- 
fect and fruit producing. 
Heads sessile in an involucre of very spiny bracts. 5. C. spinosissimus. 
Heads peduncled, not involucrate. 6. C. niuticus. 

Heads relatively small : involucre about i cm. thick : flowers dioecious. 

7. C. arvensis. 
Pappus-bristles smooth or minutely serrulate. 

Head solitary, nodding : bracts of the involucre lanceolate. 

8. C. nutans. 
Head clustered, erect or ascending : bracts of the involucre linear. 

9. C. crispus. 

1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common Bur or Spear Thistle. (Man. 
p. 1031 ; I. F. /! 40^8.) In fields and waste places, Newf. to Ga., west to 
Minn., Neb. and Mo. Nat. from Europe. Nat. also from Asia. — Penn- 
sylvania : Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Northampton ; Bucks ; Dela- 
ware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Franklin ; Huntingdon ; Alle- 
gheny. 



COMPOSITAE 341 

2, Carduus altissimus L- Tall or Roadside Thistle. (Man. p. 
103 1 ; I V'.f. 40sg.) In fields and thickets, Mass. to Minn,, Fla., Neb. 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
York ; Bedford ; Allegheny. 

3. Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. Field Thistle, (Man. p. 1031 ; 
I. F. f. 4060.) In fields and along roadsides, Quebec and Ont. to Ga., 
Minn., Neb. and Mo. — Pennsylvania: Northampton; Bucks; Phila- 
delphia ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; York ; Franklin ; 
Huntingdon ; Bedford ; Allegheny. 

4. Carduus odoratus (Muhl.) Porter. Pasture Thistle. Fragrant 
Thistle. ( Man. p. 1032 ; I. F. /. 4067. ) In fields, Me. to Pa. and Del. — 
Pennsylvania : Monroe ; Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; 
Huntingdon ; Somerset ; Allegheny. 

5. Carduus spinosissimua Walt. YELLOW ThistlE. (Man. p. 1033 ; 
I. F. f. 4o6g.) In moist or dry sandy soil, Me, to Pa., Fla. and Tex. 
Abundant along edges of salt meadows in N. Y. and N. J. — Pennsylva- 
nia : Lancaster; Chester; Delaware. 

6. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. Swamp Thistle. (Man. p. 
1033 ; I. F. y; 4070). In swamps and moist soil, Newf. to Fl., N. W. Terr, 
and Tex. — Pennsylvania : Northampton ; Bucks ; Chester ; Lan- 
caster ; Dauphin ; Berks ; Huntingdon ; Washington ; Erie ; 
Allegheny. 

7. Carduus arvensis (L. ) Robs. Canada Thistle. Creeping 
Thistle. (Man. p. 1033 ; I, F, y! 4071). In fields and waste places, 
Newf. to Va,, Minn, and Neb. Nat, from Bu. — Pennsylvania: Tioga; 
Lackawanna ; Monroe ; Lycoming ; Columbia ; Northampton ; 
Bucks ; Delaware ; Chester ; Lancaster ; Allegheny, 

8. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle. (Man. 
p. 1033 ; I, F. f. 4072.) In waste places. Pa. and N. J. to N. B. and in 
ballast about seaports. Nat. or adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — 
Pennsylvania : Dauphin, Harrisburg. 

9. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. (Man. p. 1033; I. F. /. 
407 J.) In waste places, N. B. and N. S., and in ballast grounds about 
seaports. Adv. from Eu. Native also of Asia. — Pennsylvania : Phila- 
delphia, ballast. 

53. MARIANA Hill. 

1. Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Milk Thistle. (Man. p. 1034; 
I. F, f. 4074.) Escaped from gardens, Kingston, Ont. In ballast about 
eastern seaports, and on Pacific coast from B. C. to southern Calif., where 
it is naturalized. — Pennsylvania : Philadelphia, ballast. 

54. ONOPORDON L. 

1. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle. 
(Man. p. 1034; I. F.'y. 407s.) In waste places, N. S. and Ont. to N. J. 
and Mich. Nat. from Eu. Native also of Ks\k.— Pennsylvania : Phila- 
delphia, waste places ; Allegheny. 



342 COMPOSITAE 

55. CENTAUREA L. 

Bracts of the involucre fimbriate or lacerate, not spiny. 
Annual plants : pappus about the length of the achene. i. C. Cj'ajius. 
Perennial plants : pappus obsolete or short. 
All flowers perfect, the marginal with scarcely enlarged corollas. 

2. C. nigra. 
Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. 3. C.Jacea. 
Bracts of the involucre tipped with spines. 4. C. Calcilrapa. 

1. Centaurea Cyanus L- Corn Blue- Bottle. Corn-flower. 
(Man. p. 1035; I. V.f. 40'/6.) In waste places, escaped from gardens, 
and in ballast, Quebec to western N. Y. and Va. — Pennsylvania : 
Northampton ; Philadelphia ; Delaware, Tinicum ; Chester ; 
Lancaster ; Allegheny. 

2. Centaurea nigra Iv. Black Knap-weed. Horse knops. Hard- 
heads. Centaury. (Man. p. 1035 ; I. F./ 4077.) In waste places and 
fields, Newf. to Ont. and N. J. Nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Phila- 
delphia, Fairmount Park. 

3. Centaurea Jacea L. Brown or Rayed Knapweed. (Man. p. 
1035; I. F.y. 4078.) In waste places, northern N. Y. and Vt., and in 
ballast about eastern seaports. Also in B. C. Fug. from Eu. — Penn- 
sylvania : Philadelphia, waste places. 

4. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. (Man. p. 1035 ; 1. F./ 
4080.) In waste places and ballast, southern N. Y. and N.J. to Va. Also 
in B. C. Adv. or nat. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Bucks ; Philadelphia 

56. CNICUS L. 

1. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady's Thistle- 

Man. p. 1036; I. F. /. 40S1.) In waste places, N. S. to Md., Pa. and 

Ala. and on Pacific coast. Adv. from Eu. — Pennsylvania : Lycoming. 



Summary. 



Orders 43 

Families 156 

Genera. 655 

Species 2,201 



INDEX OF BNGI.ISH NAMES. 



Acanthus Family, 287 
Aconite, Winter, 135 
Actinomeris, 333 
Adam-and-Bve, 97 
Adam's Needle, 84 
Adder's-mouth, Green, 96 

White, 96 
Adder's Tongue, White, 

83 
Yellow, 83 
Agrimony, Britton's, 172 

Many-flowered, 172 

Small-fruited, 171 

Soft, 172 

Tall, Hairy, 171 

Woodland, 171 
Ague Tree, 143 
Ague-weed, 248 
Ailanthus, 196 
Ailanthus Family, 196 
Alder, Black, 203 

Dwarf, 207 

European, 105 

Hoary, 105 

Smooth, 105 

Spreckled, 105 
Alexanders, Heart- 
leaved, 230 
Alfalfa, 182 
Alfilaria, 193 
Alsike, 184 
Althaea, Shrubby, 210 
Alum-root, 161 
Alyssum, Hoary, 153 
t"_ Small, 153 

Sweet, 153 

Yellow, 153 
Amaranth, Coast, 123 

Prostrate, 122 

Purplish, 122 

Spiny, 122 
Amaranth Family, 122 
Amaryllis Family, 89 
Amsonia, Broad-leaved. 

249 
Andromeda, Privet, 240 
Anemone, Canada, 138 

lyOng-fruited, 138 

Mountain, 138 

River-bank, 138 
Angelica, Curtis', 232 

Great, 232 

Pubescent, 233 

Purple-stemmed, 232 
Angelica Tree, 225 ' j 
Angelico, 232 
Appalachian Tea, 294 
Apple, 174 
Apple Family, 173 



Apple of Peru, 274 
Arbutus, Trailing, 240 
Arethusa, 96 

Aristida, Few-flowered, 
24 
Purplish, 24 
Slender, 24 
Arrow-arum, Green, 72 
Arrow-grass Family, 9 
Arrow-grass, Seaside, 9 
Arrow-head, Broad- 
leaved, 10 
Bngelmann's, 10 
L,ong-beaked, 10 
Sessile-fruiting, 
10 
Arrow-wood, 294 

Downy -leaved, 

294 
Maple-leaved, 294 
Soft-leaved, 294 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 333 
Arum Family, 72 
Arum, Water, 72 
Ash, Biltmore, 246 
Black, 246 
Darlington's, 246 
Green, 246 
Hoop, 246 
Red, 246 
White, 246 
Asparagus, 84 
Aspen, American, 99 
Large-toothed, 99 
Aster, Amethyst, 323 
Annual Salt-marsh, 

326 
Aromatic, 322 
Arrow-leaved, 322 
Bernhardi's, 321 
Broad-leaved, F 1 a t- 

topped White, 327 
Calico, 325 
Clayton's, 322 
Common Blue Wood, 

322 
Cornel-leaved, 327 
Crooked-stem, 323 
Dense-flowered, 326 
Dewy-leaved, 322 
Dome-topped, 322 
Faxon's, 325 
Hairy-stemmed, 325 
Large-leaved, 322 
Long-leaved Wood, 

321 
Low, Rough Aster, 324 
Lowrie's, 322 
Mountain, 324 

343 



Aster, Narrow-leaved , 
White-topped, 319 

Narrow-leaved 
Smooth, 324 

New Fngland, 323 

New York, 323 

Panicled, 324 

Perennial Salt-marsh, 
326 

Pringle's, 325 

Red-stalk, 323 

Rush, 324 

Savory-leaved, 327 

Schreber's, 322 

Short's, 322 

Sky-blue, 322 

Small White, 325 

Smooth, 324 

Spreading, 323 

Starved, 325 

Tall, Flat-topped, 
White, 327 

Toothed, White-top- 
ped, 319 

Tradescant's, 325 

Various-leaved, 322 

Wavy-leaved, 323 

White Heath, 325 

White Wood, 321 

Whorled, 324 

Willow, 324 
Avens, Cream-colored, 
171 

Purple, 170 

Rough, 171 

Spring, 171 

Water, 170 

White, 171 

Yellow, 171 
Azalea, Flame, 238 

Mountain, 238 

Smooth, 238 

Tree, 238 

White, 238 

Balloon Vine, 206 
Balm, Basil, 269 

Garden, 270 

Lemon, 270 
Balm of Gilead, 98 
Balsam Apple, Wild, 299 
Balsam Fir. 3 
Baneberry, Red, 136 

White, 136 
Barberry, Kuropean, 143 
Barberry Family, 143 
Barley, Meadow, 41 

Wall, 41 



344 



INDEX 



Bartonia, Yellow, 249 
Basil, Field, 270 

Wild, 270 
Bass-wood, 208 

White, 208 
Bayberry, 92 
Bayberry Family, 102 
Beaked-rush, Capillary, 
50 
Clustered, 51 
Grass- like, 51 
White, 50 
Bean, Indian, 287 
Pink, Wild, 190 
Trailing-, Wild, 190 
Vine, 190 
Wild, 190 
Beard-grass, 27 
Broom. 15 
Bushy, 16 
Forked, 15 
Virginia, 16 
Beard-tongue, Foxglove, 
280 
Hairy, 280 
Smooth, 280 
Bearberry, Red, 240 
Bedstraw, Clayton's, 292 
Hair}', 291 
Lady's, 291 
Northern, 291 
Purple, 292 
Rough, 292 
Shining, 292 
Small, 292 
Stiff Marsh, 292 
Sweet-scented, 292 
Yellow, 291 
Bee-balm, 270 

American, 269 
Beech, American, 106 

Water, 104 
Beech Family, 106 
Beech-drops, 287 

False, 237 
Beggar-ticks, Black, 335 
Purple-stemmed 

Swamp, 334 
Small, 335 
Swamp, 335 
Bellflower, European, 300 
Marsh, 300 
Tall, 300 
Bellflower Family, 299 
Bellwort, Large-flowered, 
86 
Perfoliate, 86 
Sessile-leaved, 86 
Benjamin-bush, 143 
Bent-grass, Brown, 28 
Scribner's, 28 
Silky, 29 
Tall, 28 
Bergamot, Canescent 
Wild, 29 
Purple, 269 
Wild, 269 
Bermuda-grass, 31 



Betony Wood, 285 
Bindweed, Black, 117 

Fringed, Black, 117 

Great, 254 

Hedge, 254 

Small, 254 

Upriglit, 254 
Birch, Black, 105 

Canoe, 105 

Cherry, 105 

Gray, 105 

Paper, 105 

Red, 105 

River, 105 

Sweet, 105 

White, 105 

Yellow, 105 
Birch Family, 104 
Bird's-nest, Giant, 237 
Birthwort Family, 112 
Bishop's Cap, Naked, 161 

Two-leaved, 161 
Bishop-weed, Mock, 231 
Bitter-bloom, 247 
Bitter-cress, Hairy, 153 
Pennsylvania, 

153 
Sand, 154 
Small-flowered, 

154 
Wood, 154 
Bitter-herb, 247 
Bitter-nut, 103 
Bittersweet, 276 

Climbing, 204 

Shrubby, 204 
Bitter- weed, 307 
Blackberry, Bristly, 168 

Cut-leaved, 167 

High bush, 167 

Hispid Swamp, 168 

Leafy-bracted, 167 

Low-running, 167 

Millspaugh's, 167 

Mountain, 167 

Rand's, 167 

Running Swamp, 168 

Sand, 167 

Tall, 167 
Black-cap, 167 
Black-eyed Susan, 330 
Blackthorn, 178 
Bladder-nut, American, 

205 
Bladder nut Family, 205 
Bladderwort, Flat-leaved, 
286 

Greater, 286 

Hidden-fruited, 286 

Horned, 285 

Humped, 286 

Purple, 286 

Reversed, 286 

Swollen, 286 
Bladderwort Family, 285 
Blazing-star, 80 

Scaly, 314 
Bleeding-heart, Wild, 146 



Blephilia, Downy, 270 

Hairy, 270 
Blite, Strawberry, 120 
Bloodroot, 145 
Blue-bottle Corn, 342 
Blueberry, Dwarf, 242 

High-bush, 241 

Low, 242 

Low Black, 242 

Low-bush, 242 

Tall, 241 
Blue Curls, 264 

Narrow-leaved, 264 
Bluets, 290 

Thyme-leaved, 290 
Blue-eyed Grass, Eastern, 
90 
Michaux's, 90 
Pointed, 90 
Stout, 90 
Blue-eyed Mary, 279 
Blue-flag, Larger, 90 

Slender, 90 
Blue-grass, English, ^^6 

Kentucky, 36 
Blue-hearts, 284 
Blue Tangle, 241 
Blueweed, 261 
Boltonia, Aster-like, 318 
Boneset, 313 

Bastard, 313 

Climbing, 314 

False, 314 

ITpland, 313 
Borage, 261 
Borage Family, 257 
Bouncing Bet, 127 
Bouteloua, Racemed, 31 
Bowman's-root, 165 
Box Family, 201 
Brome Quake-grass, 40 
Brome-grass, Barren, 39 
Downy, 49 
Smooth, 40 
Brooklime, American, 

282 
Brook weed, 243 
Broom, 182 

Green, 152 
Broom-rape, Clover, 286 
Lesser, 286 
One-flowered, 286 
Broom-rape Family, 286 
Buckbean, 249 
Buckbean Family, 249 
Buckberry, 242 
Buckeye Family, 206 

Fetid, 206 

Ohio, 206 

Sweet, 206 

Yellow, 206 
Buckthorn, 178, 207 

Alder-leaved, 207 

Lance-leaved, 207 
Buckthorn Family, 206 
Buckwheat, 114 

Climbing False, 117 

Crested False, 117 



INDEX 



345 



Buckwheat Family, 114 
Buffalo-berry, 220 
Buffalo-nut, ii2 
Bugbane, False, 139 
Bugle-weed, Common, 
272 
Purple, 272 
Bugloss, Small, 261 
Bug-seed, 121 
Bulrush, Bog, 47 
Dark-green, 47 
Great, 47 
Leafy, 47 
Reddish, 47 
River, 47 
Small-fruited, 47 
Torrey's, 47 
Wood, 47 
Bunch-berry, 234 
Bunch-flower, 81 

Crisped, 81 
Bunch-flower Family, 80 
Bur-cucumber,- One- 
seeded, 299 
Burdock, Common, 340 
Cottony, 340 
Woolly, 340 
Bur-grass, 23 
Bur-marigold, Larger, 334 

Smaller, 334 
Burnet, American Great, 
172 
Salad, 172 
Burning Bush, 204 
Bur-reed, American, 5 
Branching, 5 
Broad-fruited, 5 
Simple-stem- 
med, 5 
Small, 5 
Bur-reed Family, 4 
Bur-seed, 259 
Burweed, Smoothish, 308 
Bush-clover, 189 

Creeping, 188 
Hairy, 189 
Narrow-leaved, 

189 
Nuttall's, 189 
Round-headed, 

189 
Slender, 189 
Stuve's, 189 
Trailing, 189 
Wand-like, 189 
Butter-and-Eggs, 279 
Butter-bur, 338 
Buttercup, Bristly, 141 
Bulbous, 141 
Creeping, 141 
Early, 142 
Hispid, 142 
Marsh, 141 
Meadow, 141 
Pursh's, 140 
Swamp, 141 
Tall, 141 
Tufted, 142 



Butterfly-dock, 338 
Butterfly-pea, 190 

Spurred, 190 
Butterfly-weed, 251 

Decumbent, 251 
Butternut, 102 
Button-bush, 290 
Button-snakeroot, 

Dense, 314 

Large, 314 
Button-weed, Rough, 299 
Button-wood, 163 

Cabbage, Skunk, 73 
Cactus Family, 219 
Calamus-root, 73 
Calico-bush, 238 
Calopogon, 95 
Camomile, Corn, 2,^6 

Field, 336 

German, 336 

Rayless, 337 

Wild, 336 
Campion, Bladder, 126 

Corn, 125 

Red, 126 

Starry, 126 

Western White, 126 
Canary-grass, 24 
Canary Reed, 23 
Caper Family, 156 
Caraway, 231 
Cardinal-flower, 300 

Blue, 300 
Carpet-weed, 124 
Carpet weed Family, 124 
Carrion-flower, 88 
Carrot, Wild, 233 
Carrot Family, 227 
Castor-oil Plant, 198 
Catalpa, 287 
Catbrier, 88 
Catchfly, English. 127 

Night-flowering, 127 

Sleepy, 127 

Sweet William, 127 
Catchweed, 259 
Cat-gut, 185 
Cat's-foot, Field, 328 
Smaller, 328 
Catmint, 266 
Catnip, 266 
Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 4 

Narrow-leaved, 4 
Cat-tail Family, 4 
Cedar, Red, 3 

Southern White, 3 

White, 3 
Celandine, 145 

Lesser, 139 
Celery, 230 
Centaury, 342 

Branching, 247 

Lesser, 247 
Charlock, 152 
Cheeses, 209 
Cherrv. Appalachian, 178 

Choke, 178 



Cherry, Dwarf, 178 

Perfumed, 178 

Sand, 178 

Sour, 178 

Sweet, 178 

Wild, 178 

Black, 179 
Pin, 178 
Red, 178 
Chervil, Garden, 229 

Slender, 229 
Chess, Cheat, 39 

Kalm's, 39 

Soft, 39 

Upright, 40 

Wood, 39 
Chestnut, American, 106 
Chicory, 302 
Chicory Family, 301 
Chickweed, Common, 128 

Field, 129 

Forked, 123 

Great, 128 

Jagged, 130 

Larger Mouse-ear, 129 

Marsh, 128 

Mouse-ear, 129 

Nodding, 129 

Slender Forked, 123 

Small Mouse-ear, 129 

Water Mouse-ear, 128 

Wintergreen, 244 
Chinquapin, 106 
Choke-berry, Black, 174 

Red, 174 
Chrysogonum. 329 
Cinquefoil, Bushy, 170 

Glandular, 168 

Hoary, 170 

Marsh, 169 

Purple, 169 

Rough, 170 

Rough-fruited, 170 

Shrubby, 168 

Silvery. 170 

Tall, 168 

Three-toothed, 168 
Clammy-weed, 156 
Clary, 269 
Clear-eye, 269 
Clearweed, 109 
Cleavers, 291 

Small, 292 
Clematis, Erect Silky, 139 
Clintonia, White, 84 

Yellow, 84 
Clotbur, Beach, 308 

Pennsylvania, 308 

Spiny, 308 

Thorny, 308 
Clover. Alsatian, 184 

Buffalo, 184 

Carolina, 184 

Crimson, 184 

Dutch, 184 

Meadow, 174 

Rabbit-foot, 184 

Red, 184 



346 



INDEX 



Clover, Running Buffalo, 
184 
Stone, 184 
White, 184 
Yellow, 183 
Club-rush, Few-flowered, 
46 
vSmith's, 47 
Water, 46 
Weak-stalked, 47 
Wood, 46 
Cockle, Corn, 125 
Cocklebur, Smoothish, 

308 
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 

180 
Cohosh, Black, 135 

Blue, 143 
Colic-root, 8q 
Coltsfoot, 338 
Columbine, European, 
136 
Larg-e Red, 136 
Wild, 136 
Columbo, American, 248 
Comfrey, 261 
Wild, 2S9 
Compass-plant, 329 
Cone-flower, Britton 's, 330 
Orang-e, 330 
Showy, 331 
Tall, 33 T 
Thin-leaved, 330 
Conobea, 281 
Cool wort, 160 
Coral-berry, 29,s 
Coral-root, Early, 97 
Large, 97 
Small-flowered, 

97 
Wister's, 97 
Cornel, Alternate-leaved, 

235 
Bailey's, 234 
Dwarf, 234 
Low, 234 
Panicled, 235 
Red-osier, 234 
Round-leaved, 234 
Corn-flower, 342 
Corn Salad. Beaked. 298 
European, 298 
Ooose-foot, 298 
Woods', 29S 
Corydalis, Pale, 146 

Pink, 146 
Coronilla, 185 
Cotton-grass, Few- 
nerved. 45 
Sheathed, 45 
Slender, 45 
Tall, 45 
Virginia, 45 
Cottonwood, 99 
Coughwort, 338 
Cowbane, 233 
Cow-cress, 148 
Cow-herb, 127 



Cow-parsnip, 233 
Cowslip, Virginia, 259 
Cow-wheat, Narrow- 
leaved, 285 
Crab-apple, American, 

174 
Narrow-leaved, 
174 
Crab-grass, 31 

Large, 17 
Cranberry, American, 242 
European, 242 
Large, 242 
Small, 242 
Cranberry-tree, 294 

Few-flowered, 294 
Crane's-bill, Carolina, 193 
Dove's-foot, 193 
Long-stalked, 193 
Round-leaved, 

193 
Small-flowered, 

193 , 
Spotted, 193 
Wild, 193 
Cress, Bulbous, 154 

Field, 148 

Hoary, 148 

Mouse-ear, 151 

Purple, 154 

Swine's, 148 

Thale, 151 

Wart, 148 

Yellow, 151 
Croton, Glandular, 197 
Crotonopsis, 198 
Crowfoot, Celery-leaved, 
141 

Hooked, 141 

Kidney-leaved, 141 

Mountain, 141 

Rock, 141 

Seaside, 139 
Crowfoot Family, 133 
Crown beard. Small Yel- 
low, 333 

Virginia, Z2>3 
Cuckoo Flower, 126 
Cucumber, Creeping, 299 
Cucumber-root, Indian, 

98 
Cucumber Tree, 133 
Cudweed, 327 

Low, 328 

Marsh, 328 

Purplish, 329 
Culver's-root, 283 
Cuphea, Clammy, 221 
Cup-plant, 329 
Currant, Fetid, 163 

Red, 163 

Wild Black, 163 
Custard-apple Family, 

133 
Cut-grass, Rice, 23 
Couch-grass, 40 
Cycloloma, 121 
Cyperus, Awned, 43 



Cyperus, Baldwin's, 45 

Flat, 43 

Globose, 44 

Lancaster, 44 

Low, 43 

Nuttall's, 43 

Red-rooted, 44 

Reflexed, 44 

Rough, 44 

Schweinitz's, 44 

Shining, 43 

Slender, 44 

Straw-colored, 44 

Toothed, 44 

Yellow, 43 
Cypress Vine, 253 

Daffodil, 89 

Daisy, European, 318 

Garden, 318 

Ox-eye, 336 

White, 336 

Yellow, 330 
Dalibarda, 168 
Dame's Rocket, 150 
Dandelion, 303 

Carolina Dwarf, 302 

Fall, 302 

Red-seeded, 303 
Darnel, 40 
Date-plum, 245 
Day-flower, Asiatic, 75 
Bearded, 76 
Creeping, 75 
Slender, 76 
Virginia, 76 
Deerberry, 242 
Deer-Grass, 220 
Dewberry, 167 

Bailey's, 168 
Disporum, Hairy, 85 
Ditch-moss, 10 
Dittony, American, 272 
Dock, Bitter, 114 

Bloody, 114 

Broad-leaved, 114 

Curled, 114 

Great Water, 114 

Patience, 114 

Peach-leaved, 114 

Red-veined, 114 

Sour, 113 

Swamp, 114 

Tall, 114 
Dodder, Button-bus , 255 

Clover, 225 

Compact, 255 

Field, 255 

Flax, 255 

Gronovius', 255 

Smart-weed, 255 
Dodder Family, 254 
Dogbane, Spreading, 250 
Dogbane Family, 249 
Dogw^ood, Alternate- 
leaved 235 

Bailey's, 234 

Flowering, 234 



INDEX 



347 



Dogwood, Panicled, 235 

Red-osier, 234 

Round-leaved, 234 
Dogwood Family, 233 
Door-weed, 115 
Dotted Weed, 117 
Dropseed, Northern, 27 

Sand, 27 
Drop-seed Grass, 26 
Dragonhead, False, 267 
Duckweed Family, 73 

Greater, 74 

Ivy-leaved, 73 

Lesser, 74 

Minute, 74 
Dulichium, 42 
Dutchman's Breeches, 

145 
Dutchman's Pipe, 113 

Katonia, Blunt-scaled, 33 

Hairy, 33 

Pennsylvania, 34 

Slender, 34 

Smooth. 34 
Ebony Family, 245 
Eclipta, 330 
Eel-grass, 11 
Elecampane, 329 
Elephant's-f oot, Carolina, 

312 
Elder, American, 293 

Box, 205 

Poison, 202 

Red-berried, 293 

Sweet, 293 

Wild, 226 
Elm, American, iii 

Red, III 

Slippery, iii 

Water, in 

White, III 
Elm Family, in 
Enchanter's Nightshade, 

Smaller, 224 
Eragrostis, Capillary, 33 

Creeping, 33 

Frank's, 32 

Low, 33 

Purple, 33 

Pursh's, 33 

Strong-scented, 33 

Tufted. 2>?>^ 
Eryngo, Virginian, 229 
Evening-Primrose, Com- 
mon, 223 
Oakes', 223 
Sinuate-leaved, 
223 
Evening-Primrose Fam- 
ily. 221 
Everlasting, Clammy, 328 

Fragrant Life, 328 

Mouse-ear, 328 

Pearly, 328 

Plantain-leaf, 328 



False-flax, 149 



False-flax, Small-fruited, 
149 
j False Mermaid, 202 
I False Mermaid Family, 
I 202 

j Fame-flower, 124 
Fennel, 232 
Fescue-grass, 38 

Filiform, 38 
Meadow, 38 
Nodding, 38 
Sheep's, 38 
Short's, 38 
Slender, 38 
Tall, 38 
Fever-wort, 295 
Figwort. 266 
Hare, 279 
Maryland, 279 
Figwort Family, 277 
Fimbristylis, Slender, 50 
Vahl's, 50 
Weak, 50 
Finger-grass, 17 

Slender, 17 
Fire-weed, 222, 338 
Five-finger, 169 

Dwarf, 170 
Flax, 194 

Grooved Yellow, 194 
Mountain, 197 
Ridged Yellow, 194 
Slender Yellow, 194 
Stiff Yellow, 194 
Wild Yellow, 194 
Flax Family, 193 
Fleabane, Daisy, 326 
Philadelphia, 326 
Salt Marsh, 327 
Spicy, 327 
Flixweed, 156 
Floating Heart, 249 
Flower-of-an-hour, 210 
Fluellin, Sharp-pointed, 

279 
Fly-poison, 80 
P'og Fruit, 262 
Forget-me-not, 259 

Smaller, 259 
Four O'clock Family, 123 
Foxglove, Downy False, 
283 
Entire -leaved False, 

284 
Fern-leaved False, 

283 
Smooth False, 284 
Foxtail, Marsh, 26 
Slender, 26 
Yellow, 22 
Foxtail-grass, 22 
Green, 23 
Fringe Tree, 246 
Frostweed, Hoary, 214 
Frost- wort, 214 
Fumitory, 146 

Climbing, 146 
Fumitory Family, 145 



Galinsoga, 335 
Gall-of-the-Earth, 307 
Garget, 123 
Garlic, Field, 82 

Keeled, 82 

Meadow, 82 

Wild, 82 
Gaura, Biennial, 224 
Gentian, Closed, 248 

Fringed, 248 

Narrow-leaved, 248 

Soapwort, 248 

Stiff, 248 

Striped, 248 

Yellowish, 248 
Gentian Family, 247 
Geranium Family, 192 
Gerardia, Auricled, 284 

Large Purple, 284 

Skinner's, 284 

Slender, 284 

Small-flowered, 284 
Germander, American, 
264 

Hairy, 264 
Giant-hyssop, Catnip, 266 

Figwort, 266 
Gill-over-the-Ground, 266 
Ginger, Wild, 112 
Ginseng, 226 

Dwarf, 226 
Ginseng Family, 225 
Globe-flower, American, 

135 
Goat's-beard, 165 
Purple, 165 
Virginia, 302 
Yellow, 303 
Goat's-Rue, 185 
Golden Club, 73 
Goldenrod, Bog, 316 

Broad-leaved, 316 

Bushy, 318 

Canada, 318 

Cut-leaved, 317 

Downy, 316 

Early, 317 

Elm-leaved, 317 

Field, 318 

Gray, 318 

Hairy, 316 

Late, 317 

River-bank, 316 

Rock, 317 

Seaside, 317 

Showy, 316 

Slender, 316 

Slender Fragrant, 
318 

Stiff, 318 

Stout Ragged, 316 

Swamp, 317 

Sweet, 317 

Tall Hairy, 317 

White, 316 

Woodland, 316 

Wreath, 316 
Golden Seal, 134 



848 



INDEX 



Gold-thread, 135 
Gold-of-pleasure, 149 
Good Kingr Henry, 120 
Gooseberry, Eastern 
Wild, 163 

Garden, 163 

Missouri, 163 

Northern, 163 

Swamp, 163 

Wild, 163 
Gooseberry Family, 162 
Goosefoot, Bosc's, 120 

City. 119 

Cut-leaved, 120 

Many-seeded, T19 

Maple-leaved, 119 

Narrow-leaved, 120 

Nettle-leaved, 119 

Oak-leaved, 120 

Upright, 119 
Goosefoot Family, 118 
Goosegrass, 291 
Gorse, 182 
Gourd Familj', 299 
Goutweed, 231 
Goufwort, 231 
Grape, Blue, 208 

Chicken, 208 

Frost, 208 

Northern Fox, 207 

Riverside, 208 

Sand, 208 

Sug-ar, 208 

Summer, 207 

Sweet-scented, 208 

Winter, 208 
Grape Familv, 207 
Grape-Hvacinth, 83 

Starch, 83 
Grass, Barnvard, 17 

Blue-joint, 29 

Bottle-brush. 41 

Egyptian, 32 

Gama, 15 

Herd, 26 

Indian, 16 

Orchard, 34 

Poverty, 24 

Prickle, 16 

Rattlesnake, 37 

Rush Cat's-tail. 26 

Saltmarsh Cockspur, 

17 

Salt-meadow, 31 

Squirrel-tail, 41 

White, 23 

Witch, 19 
Grass Family, 11 
Grass-of-Parnassus, Caro- 
lina, 160 
Grass-of-Parnassus Fam- 
ilv, 160 
Grass-pink, 95 
Greenbrier, 88 

Bristly, 88 

Glaucous-leaved, 88 

Hispid, 88 

Long-stalked, 88 



Green Dragon, 72 
Gromwell, 260 

American, 260 
Corn, 260 
Shaggy False, 261 
Virginia False, 261 
Ground-cherry, Barba- 
does, 275 
Clammy, 275 
Mexican, 275 
Philadelphia, 275 
Tall Hairy, 275 
Virginia, 275 
Groundsel, Balsam, 339 
Common, 339 
Fetid, 340 
Viscous, 340 
Wood, 340 
Groundsel-tree, 327 
Ground-nut. 190, 226 

Hackberry, 11 1 
Hair-grass, Early, 30 

Long Awned, 26 
Rough, 28 
Silvery, 30 
Tufted, 30 
Wavy, 30 
Harbinger of Spring, 

230 
Hardback, 165 
Hard-heads, 342 
Hardgrass, Slender, 40 
Harebell, 299 
Hare's Ear, 151, 230 
Haw, Black, 294 
Pear, 177 
Vail's, 177 
Hawthorn, 176 
Hazel-nut, 104 

Beaked, 104 
Hawkbit, Rough, 302 
Hawksbeard, Nai row- 
leaved, 305 
Rough, 305 
Smooth, 305 
Hawkweed, Canada, 306 
Green's, 306 
Hairy, 306 
Maryland. 306 
Mouse-ear, 305 
Orange, 305 
Panicled, 306 
Rough, 306 
Heal-all, 267 
Heart's-ease, 219 
Heart-seed, 206 
Heath Family, 237 
Hedgehog-grass, 23 
Hedge-hyssop, Clammy, 
281 
Golden, 281 
Hedge-nettle, 268 
Coast, 268 
Dense-fiowered, 

268 
Hyssop, 268 
Rough, 268 



' Hedge-nettle. Smooth, 268 
I Hedge-parsley, Erect, 
229 
Knotted, 229 
Heliotrope, European, 
258 
Indian, 258 
Sea-side, 258 
Hellebore, American 
White, 81 
Green, 135 
I Winter, 135 

Hemicarpha, 42 
Hemp, no 

Indian, 250 
Hemp Family, no 
Hemp-nettle, 267 
Red, 267 
Hempweed, Climbing, 

314 
Hemlock, 3, 233 

Ground, 4 

Poison. 230 

Water, 230 
Hemlock-parsely, 232 
Henbane, Black, 276 
Henbit. 267 
Herb Robert, 193 
Herb-Sophia, 156 
Hercules' Club, 225 
Herd-grass, 28 
I Heuchera, Downy, i6r 

Pink, 161 
Hickory, Pig-nut, 103 

She 11 -bark, 103 

Small-fruited, 103 

Swamp, 103 

White-heart, 103 
Hoarhound, White, 266 
Hobble-bush, 293 
Holly Family, 203 
Holly, American, 203 

Large-leaved, 203 

Mountain, 204 

Wild, 204 
Hollyhock, 209 
Honesty, 156 
Honewort, 231 
Honeysuckle, American 
Fly, 297 

Blue, 296 

Bush. 297 

Douglas', 296 

Glaucous. 286 

Hairy, 296 

Italian, 296 

Japanese, 296 

Mountain Fly, 296 

Perfoliate, 296 

Smooth-leaved, 296 

Swamp Fly, 297 

Tartarian Bush, 297 

Trumpet, 296 

Wild, 238 
Honeysuckle Family, 292 
Hop, no 
Hop Family, no 
Hop-clover, 183 



INDEX 



349 



Hop-clover, Least, 184 
Low, 184 
Smaller, 184 
Hop-hornbeam, 104 
Hop-tree, Three-leaved, 

195 
Hornbeam, 104 
Hornwort, 132 
Hornwort Family, 132 
Horse-balm, 274 
Horse-chestnut, 206 
Horse-gentian, 295 

Narrow-leaved, 

295 
Scarlet-fruited, 

295 
Yellow, 295 
Horse-knops, 342 
Horse-mint, 270 
Horse-nettle, 275 
Horseradish, 150 
Horse-weed, 326 
Hound's-tongue, 258 
Houstonia, Fringed, 290 

Long-leaved, 290 
Huckleberry, Black, 241, 
242 

Blue, 242 

Box-, 241 

Bush, 241 

Canada, 242 

Dwarf, 141 

High-bush, 241 
Huckleberry Family, 240 
Hyacinth, Wild, 83 
Hydrangea Family, 161 
Hydrangea, Wild, 161 
Hyssop, 270 

Indian Physic, 165 

Indian Pipe, 237 

Indian Pipe Family, 237 

Indian Plantain, Great, 
338 
Pale, 338 
Sweet-scented, 

339 
Indian Turnip, 72 

Stewardson Brown's, 
72 
Inkberry, 203 
Indigo, Bastard, 185 

Blue False, 181 

Wild, 181 

False, 185 

Wild, 182 

"Vellow, 182 
Innocence, 290 
Ipecac, American, 165 

Wild, 200 
Iris, Dwarf, 90 
Iris Family, 89 
Iron-weed, Broad-leaved, 

311 

New York, 31 1 

Tall, 312 
Iron-wood, 104 
Itea Family, 162 



Ivray, 40 

Ivy, Coliseum, 278 
Ground, 266 
Kenilworth, 278 

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 72 
Jacob's Ladder, Ameri- 
can, 257 
Jamestown-weed, 276 
Jerusalem Oak, 120 
Jewel-weed Family, 206 
Joe-pye Weed, 313 

Crenate-leaved, 

313 

Spotted, 312 
Johnson-grass, 16 
Judas-tree, ^American, 179 
June-berry, 175 

Low, 175 

Oblong-fruited, 

175 
Juniper, 3 

Kinnikinic, 240 
Kinnikinnik, 234 
Knawel, 121- 
Knawel Family, 121 
Knap-weed, Black, 342 
Brown, 342 
Rayed, 342 
Knotwort Family, 123 
Knotweed, 115 

Bellard's, 116 

Erect, 116 

Japanese, 117 

Shore, 116 

Slender, 116 

Virginia, 116 
Kochia, 120 
Koeleria, 34 
Kosteletzkya, Virginia, 
210 

Labrador Tea, 238 
Ladies' Slipper, Large 
Yellow, 92 
Showy. 92 
Small White, 92 
Small Yellow, 92 
Stemless, 92 
Grass-leaved, 94 
Ladies' Tresses, Hooded, 

95 
Little, 94 
Nodding, 95 
Slender, 94 
Wide-leaved, 95 
Lady's Comb, 229 
Lady's Thumb, 116 
Lambkin, 239 
Lamb's Quarters, 119 

Carolina, 137 
Larkspur, Dwarf, 137 
Field, 137 
Garden, 136 
Tall, 137 
Laurel Family, 143 
Laurel, Great, 239 



Laurel, Ground, 240 
Mountain, 239 
Pale, 239 
Sheep, 239 
Swamp, 239 
Leaf-cup, Large- 
flowered, 329 
Small-flowered, 

329 
Leather-flower, 138 
Leather-leaf, 240 
Leather-wood, 219 
Leek, Wild, 82 
Leopard's-bane, 338 
Lettuce, Arrow-leaved, 

304 

Florida, 304 

Glaucous White, 307 

Hairy-veined, Blue, 
304 

Hairy Wood, 304 

Prickly, 304 

Tall, 304 

Tall Blue, 304 

Tall White, 306 

White, 307 

Wild, 304 
Leucothoe, Swamp, 239 
Lilac, 245 
Lily, Blackberry, 89 

Canada, 82 

Day, 84 

Red, 82 

Turk's-cap, 82 

Wild Yellow, 82 

Wood, 82 
Lily Family, 81 
Lily-of-the-Valley, 86 

False, 85 
Lily-of-the-Valley Fam- 
ily, 84 
Linden, American, 208 
Linden Family, 208 
Lion's-foot, 307 
Liquorice, Torrey's Wild, 
291 

Wild, 291 
Live-forever, 159 
Liver-leaf, Round-lobed, 

137 
Sharp-lobed, 137 
Lizard's tail, 98 
Lizard's tail Family, 98 
Lobelia, Brook, 301 

Downy, 301 

Great, 300 

Kalm's, 301 

Nuttall's, 301 

Pale Spiked, 301 

Water, 300 
Locust, Clammy, 185 

Honey, 180 

Sweet, 180 
Locust-tree, 185 
Logania Family, 246 
Loosestrife Family, 220 
Loosestrife, Bulb-bear- 
ing, 244 



350 



INDEX 



Loosestrife, Creeping, 
244 

Fringed, 244 

Golden, 243 

Hyssop, 221 

Lance-leaved, 244 

Purple, 221 

Spotted, 243 

Swamp, 220 

Tufted, 244 

Whorled, 244 

Yellow, 243 
Lopseed Family, 262 
Lotus, American, 131 
Lousewort, 285 

Swamp, 285 
Lovage, 233 
Love-vine, 255 
Lucerne, 182 
Ludwigia, Globe-fruited 

222 
Lupine, Wild, 182 
Lychnis, Evening, 125 

Madder, Blue Field, 
292 
Wild, 291, 292 
Madder Family, 299 
Madwort, German, 259 
Magnolia Family, 132 

Laurel, 133 
Mallow, European, 209 
High, 209 
Indian, 210 
Low, 209 
Marsh, 209 
Musk, 209 
Virginia, 210 
Whorled, 209 
Mallow Family, 208 
Mallow Rose, 210 
Mandrake, Wild, 143 
Manna-grass, Blunt, 37 
Floating, 37 
Ivong, 37 
Nerved, 37 
Northern, 37 
Pale, ■^'] 

Sharp-scaled, 37 
Maple, Ash-leaved, 205 
Black Sugar, 205 
Mountain, 205 
Red, 205 
Rock, 205 
Scarlet, 205 
Silver, 205 
Soft, 205 
Striped, 205 
Sugar, 205 
Maple Family, 204 
Marigold, Water, 335 
Marjoram, Wild, 270 
Marshallia, Great, 336 
Marsh-grass, Tall, 31 
Marsh-marigold, 135 

Mountain, 135 
Marsh Pea, Myrtle- 
leaved, 192 



Marsh-pennywort, Amer- 
ican, 228 
Canby's, 228 
Floating, 228 
Umbellate, 228 
Marsh Trefoil, 249 
Masterwort, 233 
Matrimony Vine, 276 
Mat-rush, 47 
Mat-weed, Sea, 29 
May Apple, 143 
Mayflower, 240 
Mayweed, 336 
Meadow-beauty, 220 

Maryland, 220 
Meadow Beauty Family, 

220 
Meadow-grass, Annual , 35 
Fowl, 35 
Grove, 35 
Reed, 37 
Roughish, 35 
Spreading, 37 
Meadow-parsnip, Farly, 
230 
Hairy-jointed, 

232 
Golden, 230 
Purple, 232 
Meadow-rue, Early, 142 
Purplish, 142 
Tall, 142 

Thick-leaved, 142 
Meadow-sweet, Ameri- 
can, 165 
Willow-leaved, 
165 
Medic, Black, 182 
Hop, 182 
Spotted, 183 
Toothed, 182 
Melic-grass, Narrow, 34 

Tall, 34 
Melilot, White, 183 

Yellow, 183 
Menziesia, Alleghany, 239 
Mermaid-weed, 224 

Cut-leaved, 224 
Mexican Tea, 120 
Mezereon Family, 219 
Micranthemum, Nut- 
tail's, 281 
Mignonette Family, 156 
Mignonette, White, Cut- 
leaved, 157 
Yellow, Cut-leaved, 

157 
Milfoil, 336 
Milkweed, Common, 251 

Four-leaved, 251 

Green, 252 

Hairy, 251 

Poke, 251 

Purple, 251 

Red, 251 

Tall, 251 

Swamp, 251 

White, 251 



Milkweed, Whorled, 252 
Milkweed Family, 250 
Milkwort Family, 196 
Milkwort, Field, 197 
Loose-spiked, 196 
Marsh, 196 
Nuttall's, 197 
i Orange, 196 

Pink, 197 
Purple, 197 
j Racemed, 197 

, Whorled, 196 

Millet, 20 

Italian, 23 
Millet-grass, Tall, 25 
Mint, American, Wild, 
273 
Corn, 273 
I Creeping, 273 

I Crisp-leaved, 273 

I Curled, 273 

' Downy Whorled, 273 

Field, 273 
Horse, 273 
' Marsh, Whorled, 273 

Round-leaved, 273 
Water, 273 
Woolly, 273 
Mint Family, 262 
Mist-flower, 314 
Mistletoe, American, 112 

Small, 112 
Mitre wort. False, 160 
Naked, 161 
Two-leaved, 161 
Moccasin Flower, 92 
Moneywort, 244 
Monkey-flower, Sharp- 
winged, 280 
Square-stemmed 
280 
Monkshood, Wild, 137 
Moonseed, Canada, 142 
Moonseed Family, 142 
Moose-wood, 219 
Morning-glory, 254 
Ivy-leaved, 254 
Small-flowered, 

White, 254 
Small, Red, 253 
Morning-glory Family 

253 
Motherwort, 267 
Hoarhound, 267 
Siberian, 267 
Mountain Ash, Ameri- 
can, 173 
Western, 174 
Mountain-mint, Basil, 
271 
Hairy, 271 
Hoary, 271 
Narrow-leaved, 

271 
Short-toothed, 

271 
Torrey's, 271 
Virginia, 271 



INDEX 



351 



Mountain Rice, Black- 
fruited, 25 
Slender, 24 
White -grained, 

25 
Mouse-ear, Field, 260 
Mud-purslane, 213 
Mug-wort, Common, 338 
Mulberry Family, no 
Mulberry, Paper, in 

Red, no 

White, no 
Musk-flower, 281 
Musk-plant, 281 
Musk Rose, 209 
Mullen, Great, 278 

Moth, 278 

White, 278 
Masquash Root, 230 
Mustard, Black, 152 

Hedge, 150 

Indian, 152 

Tower, 155 

Treacle, 151 

White, 151 

Wild, 152 

Wormseed, 151 
Mustard Family, 146 
Muhlenbergia, Marsh, 25 

Meadow, 25 

Rock, 25 

Slender, 26 

Wood, 25 
Myrtle, 249 

Naias Family, 8 

Slender, 9 

Thread-like, 9 
Nanny-berry, 294 
Neckweed, 283 
Neslia, 152 
Nettle, False, 109 

Great, 109 

Red, Dead, 268 

Slender, 109 

Spotted, Dead, 268 

Stinging, 109 

Wood, 109 
Nettle Family, 109 
New Jersey Tea, 207 
Nightshade, 276 

Beaked, 276 

Black, 275 

Enchanter's, 224 

Garden, 275 
Nimble Will, 26 
Ninebark, 164 
Nipplewort, 302 
Nondo, 232 
Nonesuch, 182 
Nut-grass, 44 

Yellow, 44 
Nut-rush, Low, 51 

Papillose, 51 
Reticulated, 51 
Tall. 51 
Torrey's, 51 
Nyctelea, 256 



Oak, Barren, 108 

Bear, 107 

Black, 107 

Black-jack, 108 

Bur, 108 

Chestnut, 108 

Iron, 108 

Mossy-cup, 108 

Pin, 107 

Poison, 203 

Post, 108 

Red, 107 

Rock Chestnut, 108 

Scarlet, 107 

Scrub, 107 

Scrub Chestnut, 108 
I Shingle. 108 

I Spanish, 107 

Swamp, 107 
i Swamp White, 108 

j Water, 107 

White, 108 
I Willow, 108 

I Yellow. 108 
j Oat, Marsh False, 30 

Purple, 30 
I Oat-grass, 30 
! Black, 24 

Common Wild, 30 

Flattened Wild, 31 

Silky Wild, 31 
Oats, Water, 23 
Oleaster Family, 219 
Olive Family, 245 
Onion, Nodding Wild, 82 
Orache, Halberd-leaved, 
121 

Red, 121 

Spreading, 121 
1 Orange, Osage, no 
Orange-grass, 213 
I Orange-root, 134 
I Orchid Family, 90 
I Orchis, Crane-fly, 98 
j Crested Yellow, 93 

Fringeless Purple, 94 
! Hooker's, 93 

i Large Purple- 

fringed, 94 

Large Round-leaved, 

93 
Long-bracted, 92 
Ragged, 94 
Showy, 92 
Smaller Purple- 
fringed, 94 
Small Green Wood, 

92 
Small Pale-green, 92 
Tall Leafy Green, 93 
Tall White Bog, 93 
White Fringed, 93 
Yellow-fringed, 93 
Orpine, 159 

American, 159 
Oswego Tea, 269 
Oyster Plant, 303 
Ox-eye, 335 



Ox-eye, Rough, 330 

Painted Cup, Scarlet, 

284 
Panic-grass, Discolored, 
22 
Hairy-leaved, 22 
Panicum, Agrostis-like, 
20 

Ashe's, 22 

Atlantic, 21 

Barbed, 21 

Beaked, 20 

Bicknell's, 20 

Forked, 21 

Gattinger's, 20 

Hairy, 21 

Hairy-panicled, 21 

Hispid, 22 

Large -fruited, 22 

Linear-leaved, 20 

Long, 20 

Long-leaved, 20 

Northern, 21 

Porter's, 22 

Round-fruited, 21 

Scribner's, 21 

Sea-beach, 20 

Shining, 21 

Slender, 21 

Small-fruited, 21 

Spreading, 20 

Starved, 20 

Tall, Smooth, 20 

Tennessee, 21 

Variable, 22 

Velvety, 21 

Warty, 19 

Wiry, 20 

Wood, 19 
Pansy, 219 

Field, 219 
Papaw, 133 
Parsley, Beaked, 229 

Fool's, 231 
Parsnip, Wild, 233 
Partridge-berry, 290 
Paspalum, Field, 16 

Muhlenberg's, 16 

Pubescent, 16 

Spreading, 17 

Walter's, 16 
Passion-flower, Yellow, 

219 
Passion-flower Family, 

219 
Paulownia, 280 
Pea, Beach, 191 

Downy Milk, 189 

Milk, 189 

Sea, 191 

Veiny, 192 
Pea Family, 180 
Peach, 179 
Pea-nut, Hog, 190 
Wild, 190 
Pear, 174 
Pear-thorn, 177 



352 



INDEX 



Pearlwort, Decumbent, 
130 

Procumbent, 129 

Small-flowered, 130 
Pellitory, Pennsylvania, 

no 
Pencil-flower, 186 
Penny-cress, Field, 149 
Pennyroyal, American, 
270 

Bastard, 264 

False, 264 
Pennywort, 248 
Pepper-grass, Apetalous, 
149 
Garden, 149 
Narrow-leaved, 

149 
Roadside, 148 
Town, 149 
Wild, 149 
Peppermint, 273 
Pepperidge, 235 

Sweet, 235 
Perilla, 274 
Periwinkle, 249 
Persicaria, Carey's, 117 

Dock-leaved, 116 

Hartwright's, 116 

Pennsylvania, 116 

Slender Pink, 116 

Swamp, 116 

Water, 116 
Persimmon, 245 
Petunia, Violet, 277 

White, 277 
Phacelia, Pursh's, 256 

Small-flowered, 256 
Phlox Family, 256 
Phlox, Crawling, 257 

Downy, 257 

Garden, 257 

Mountain, 257 
Wild Blue, 257 
Phyllanthus, Carolina, 

197 
Pickerel-weed, 76 
Pickerel-weed Family, 76 
Picris, Hawkweed, 302 
Pigeon-berry, 123 
Pigweed, 119 

Rough, 122 

Slender, 122 
Pigmy-weed, 159 
Pilot-weed, 329 
Pimpernel, 231 

long-stalked False, 
281 

Red, 244 

Scarlet, 244 

Water, 243, 282 

Yellow, 231 
Pine Family, i 

Jersey, 2 

Pitch, 2 

Red, 2 

Table Mountain, 2 

White, 2 



Pine Yellow, 2 
Pine-drops, 372 
Pine-sap, 237 
Pine-weed, 213 
Pink, Bunch, 127 

Deptford, 127 

Fire, 126 

Ground, 257 

Moss, 257 

Mullein, 126 

Proliferous, 127 

Slender Marsh, 247 

Swamp, 238 

Wild, 126^ 
Pink Family, 125 
Pinkster-flower, 238 
Pin-weed, Beach, 214 
Hairy, 214 
Large, 214 
Large-podded, 

215 
Leggett s, 214 
Oblong-fruited, 

214 
Thyme-leaved, 
214 
Pipewort, 75 

Seven-angled, 75 

Ten-angled, 75 
Pipewort Family, 75 
Pipsissewa, 236 
Pitcher-plant, 157 
Pitcher-plant Family, 157 
Plane-tree, 163 
Plane-tree Family, 163 
Plantain, Common, 288 

Dwarf, 289 

Heart-leaved, 289 

Large-bracted, 289 

Many-seeded, 289 

Mud, 76 

Rugel's, 288 

Sand, 289 

Slender, 289 

White Dwarf, 289 
Plantain Family, 288 
Pleurisy-root, 251 
Plum Family, 177 

Porter's, 178 

Wild Red, 178 

Wild Yellow, 178 
Plume-grass, Contracted, 

15 
Pogonia, Nodding, 96 
Rose, 96 

Smaller Whorled, 96 
Whorled, 96 
Poke weed Family, 123 
Poke, 123 

Indian, 81 
Poison Ivy, 203 
Poison Oak, 203 
Poison Sumac, 203 
Polypremum, 246 
Pond lyily, 132 

Large Yellow, 132 
Red-disked, 132 
Small Yellow, 132 



Pondweed, Alga-like, 8 

Blunt-leaved, 8 

Clasping-leaved, 7 

Common Floating, 6 

Curled-leaved, 8 

Eel-grass, 8 

Fennel-leaved, 8 

Large-leaved, 7 

Leafy, 8 

Long-leaved, 7 

Northern, 7 

Nuttall's, 7 

Oakes', 7 

Rafinesque's, 8 

Robbin's, 8 

Shining, 7 

Small, 8 

Spiral, 8 

Spotted, 7 

Various-leaved, 7 

Ziz's, 7 
Pondweed Family, 5 
Poplar, Downy, 99 

Lombardy, 99 

Silver-leaf, 98 

Swamp, 99 

White, 98 
Poppy, Celandine, 145 

Corn, 144 

Field, 144 

Garden, 144 

Long, Rough -fruited, 
144 

Long, Smooth- 
fruited, 144 

Mexican, 145 

Opium, 144 

Prickly, 145 

Red, 144 

Sea, 145 

Yellow, 145 

Yellow Horned, 145 
Poppy Family, 144 
Portulaca, Garden, 124 
Potato Family, 274 
Potato Vine, Wild, 254 
Prickly Ash, 195 
Prickly Pear, Eastern, 

219 
Prim, 246 

Primrose Family, 243 
Prince's Feather, 117 
Prince's Pine, 236 
Privet, 246 
Puccoon, Hairy, 260 

Hoary, 260 
Purslane, 124 

Marsh, 221 
Purslane Family, 124 
Pussley, 124 
Putty-root, 97 

Quaking-grass, Lesser, 34 
Queen-of-the-Prairie, 171 
Quercitron, 107 
Quitch-grass, 40 

Radish, Garden, 152 





INDEX 


"Radish, Wild, 152 


Rose Family, 163 


Ragged Robin, 126 


Rose-Mallow, Halberd- 


Ragweed, 307 


leaved, 210 


Great, 307 


Swamp, 210 


Ragwort, Golden, 339 


Rosemary, Wild, 239 


Ransted, 279 


Rose-of-Sharon, 210 


Raspberry, Black, 167 


Rose-pink. 247 


Dwarf, 166 


Rose Bay, 239 


Purple-flowering, 166 


Roseroot, 159 


Purple Wild, 167 


Rose wort, 159 


Wild Red, 167 


Rosin-weed, Whorled, 


Rats-tail, 38 


329 


Rattle-box, 182 


Rotala, 220 


Rattlesnake Plaintain, 


Rue Family, 195 


Downy, 95 


Rue-anemone, 138 


White-blotched, 


Ruellia, Hairy, 288 


95 


Smooth, 288 


Rattlesnake-root, 307 


Rush, Awl-leaved, 79 


Corymbed, 307 


Baltic, 78 


Tall, 307 


Bayonet, 79 


Rattlesnake -weed, 306 


Bog, 78 


Ray-grass, 40 


Brownish-fruited, 79 


Red-bud, 179 


Canada, 79 


Red-root, 207 


Chair-maker's, 47 


Red-top, 28 


Dudley's, 79 


False, 35 


Forked, 79 


Tall, 32 


Grass-leaved, 79 


Reed, 32 


Jointed, 79 


Reed-grass, Bog, 29 


Knotted, 79 


Nuttall's, 29 


Pennsylvania, 78 


Porter's, 29 


Richardson's, 79 


Salt, 31 


Scirpus-like, 79 


Slender Wood, 28 


Secund, 79 


Wood, 27 


Sharp-fruited, 80 


Rhodora, 238 


Slender, 79 


Rib-grass, 289 


Small-fruited, 79 


Ribwort, 289 


Thread, 78 


Rice, Indian, 23 


Toad, 78 


Wild, 23 


Torrey's, 79 


Richweed, 109 


Yard, 79 


Rich-weed, 274 


Rush Family, 77 


River-weed, 158 


Rush-grass, India, 27 


River-weed Family, 158 


Long-leaved, 27 1 


Robin's Plantain, 326 


Rough, 27 


Rock-cress, Hairy, 155 


Sheathed, 27 


Ivyre-leaved, 155 


Rye-grass, 40 


Smooth, 155 




Spreading, 155 


Sage, Lyre-leaved, 269 


Toothed, 155 


Nettle-leaved, 269 


Rocket, American Sea, 


American Wood, 264 


152 


Sagittaria, Grass-leaved, 


Dyer's, 157 


10 


False, 150 


Subulate, 10 


Purple, 150 


St. Andrew's Wort, 211 


Wall, 156 


St.John's-wort, Canadian, 


Yellow, 151 


213 


Rock-rose Family, 213 


Clasping-leaved, 


Rose, Canker, 173 


213 


Climbing, 172 


Common, 212 


Cotton, 327 


Creeping, 212 


Dog, 173 


Dwarf, 213 


Low, 173 


Elliptic-leaved, 


Meadow, 172 


212 


Pasture, 173 


Giant, 212 


Prairie. 172 


Great, 212 


Shining, 173 


Kalm's, 212 


Smooth, 172 


Larger Canadian, 


Swamp, 173 


213 



353 



I St. John's- wort. Larger 

Marsh, 213 
; Marsh, 213 

! Northern, 212 

Pale, 212 
Shrubby, 212 
Spotted, 212 
Virgate, 212 
St. John's-wort Family, 

211 
St. Peter's- Wort, 211 
Salsify, Meadow, 303 
Saltwort, 121 
Sandalwood Family, 112 
Sand Bur, 276 
Sand-grass, 32 
Sand-reed, Sea, 29 
Sandwort, Blunt-leaved, 
130 

Mountain, 130 

Rock, 130 

Thyme-leaved, 130 
Sanicle, 228 
Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 226 

Virginian, 225 

Wild, 225 
Sassafras, 143 
Savory, 270 

Summer, 270 
Saxifrage, Farly, 160 

Golden, 161 

Lettuce, 160 

Pennsylvania, 160 

Swamp, 160 
Saxifrage Family, 160 
Scabious, Sweet, 326 
Scoke, 123 

Scorpion-grass, Blue, 260 
Field, 260 
Spring, 260 
Yellow, 260 
Scotch Broom, 182 
[ Scutch-grass, 31 
Sea-blite, Low, 121 
Sedge, Awl-fruited, 68 

Bailey's, 61 

Barratt's, 63 

Bent, 66 

Black-edged, 68 

Bladder, 60 

Blunt Broom, 71 

Bottle, 61 

Bristle-leaved, 67 

Bristle-stalked, 68 

Bristly, 62 

Broad-leaved, 67 

Broad-winged, 71 

Brome-like, 70 

Brown, 6^ 

Brownish, 70 

Bur-reed, 69 

Button, 61 

Carey's, 67 

Carolina, 64 

Cat-tail, 62 

Collins', 60 

Creeping, 68 

Crested, 71 



23 



354 



INDEX 



Sedge, Cyperus-like, 62 
Dark- green, 65 
Davis', 64 
Dewey's, 70 
Downy Green, 64 
Drooping, 63 
Drooping Wood, 65 
Dry-spiked, 71 
Eastern, 70 
Emmon's, (y'^ 
Fescue, 71 
Few-flowered, 60 
Few-fruited, 66 
Few-seeded, 61 
Fibrous-rooted, 67 
Field, 66 
Fox, 69 
Foxtail, 69 
Frank's, 62 
Fringed, 64 
Glaucescent, 65 
Golden-fruited, 67 
Goodenough's, 63 
Graceful, 64 
Gray, 65 
Gray's, 60 
Green, 65 

Greenish White, 71 
Hairy, 63 
Hairy-fruited, 62 
Hart Wright's, 61 
Hay, 71 
Hayden's, (i^t 
Hirsute, 64 
Hitchcock's, 66 
Hop, 61 
Hop-like, 61 
Inland, 70 
James', 68 
I,esser Panicled, 68 
Lesser Prickly, 69 
Little Prickly, 70 
lyong, 60 
Long-beaked, 64 
Long-stalked, 67 
Loose-flowered, 66 
Magellan, 64 
Marsh Straw, 71 
Meadow, 65 
Mead's, (^6 
Mud, 63 

Muhlenberg's, 70 
Narrow-leaved, 65 
Necklace, 61 
Nodding, 64 
Northern, 68 
Oval-headed, 69 
Pale, 66 

Pennsylvania, 67 
Plantain-leaved, 67 
Pointed Broom, 71 
Porcupine, 62 
Pubescent, 68 
Redowsky's, 68 
Reflexed, 69 
Retro rse, 61 
Ribbed, 64 
River-bank, 62 



Sedge, Rough, 62 

Sallow, 61 

Sartwell's, 69 

Schweinitz's, 62 

Short's, 62 

Shriver's, 65 

Silver5', 70 

Slender, 63 

Slender-stalked, 65 

Slender Wood, 66 

Soft Fox, 68 

Soft-leaved, 69 

Spreading, 67 

vSquarrose, 62 

Stellate, 69 

vStraw, 71 

Striate-fruited, 66 

Summer, 64 

Thicket, 67 

Thin-leaved, 69 

Three-fruited, 70 

Tuckerman's, 61 

Tussock, 63 

Twisted, 6^^ 

Umbel-like, 68 

Variable, 66 

Velvet, 62 

Water, 63 

White Bear, 67 

Whitish, 68 

Willdenow's, 68 

Wood's, 66 

Woolly, 63 

Yellow, 65 

Yellow-fruited, 69 

Yellowish, 60 
Sedge Family, 42 
Seed-box, 222 
Self-heal, 267 
Senna, American, 180 

Family, 179 

Low, 180 

Wild, 180 
Sensitive Plant, Wild, 179 
Sensitive Pea, Large- 
flowered, 179 
Service-berry, 175 
Sesban, Long-podded, 

185 . 
Shag-bark, Big, 103 
Shad-bush, 175 
Sheep-berry, 294 
Shepherd's Purse, 148 
Shin-leaf, 236 
Shooting Star, 245 
Sickle-pod, 155 
Sida, Prickly, 210 
Side saddle Flower, 157 
Silkweed, 251 
Silver-leaf, 206 
Silver- weed, 169 
Sisymbrium, Tall, 150 
Skullcap, Downy, 265 

Hairy, 265 

Heart-leaved, 265 

Hyssop, 265 

Larger, 265 

Mad-dog, 265 



Skullcap, Marsh, 266 

Rock, 265 

Showy, 265 

vSmall, 266 

Veined, 266 
Sloe, 178, 294 
Smart-weed, 117 

Water, 117 
Smilax Family, 87 

Halberd-leaved, 88 
vSmoke-tree, American, 
203 
Wild. 203 
Snake-head, 280 
Snakeroot, Black, 135 

Seneca,;;i97 

Virginia, 113 

Black, 228 

Clustered, 228 

Long-fruited, 229 

Short-styled, 228 

Smaller White, 314 

White, 314 
Sneeze weed, 335 

Purple Head, 336 
Snowberry, 295 

Creeping, 242 

Low, 295 
Soapberry Family, 206 
Soapwort, 127 
Soft-grass, Meadow, 29 
Solomon's Seal, Hairy,86 
Smooth, 86 
Star-flowered, 85 
Three-leaved, 85 
Two-leaved, 85 
Sorrel, 113 

Field, 113 

Sheep, 113 
Sorrel-tree, 240 
Sour Gum, 235 
Sour-wood, 240 
Southernwood, :}y2)l 
Sow-thistle, Annual, 303 
Corn, 303 
. Spiny, 303 
Spanish Needles, 335 
Spear-grass, Flexuous, 

Low, 35 

Short-leaved, 36 
Sylvan, 36 
Weak, 35 
Spearmint, 273 
Spearwort, Creeping, 140 
Low, 140 

Water Plantain, 141 
Speedwell, Buxbaum's, 
283 
Common, 283 
Corn, 283 
Field, 283 
Garden, 283 
Germander, 282 
Ivy-leaved, 283 
Marsh, 282 
Purslane, 283 
Skullcap, 282 



INDKX 



355 



Speedwell, Thyme- 
leaved, 282 
Wall, 283 
Water, 282 
Spermolepis, Rough- 
fruited, 233 
Spice-bush, 143 
Spider-flower, 156 
Spiderwort, 75 

Zigzag, 75 
Spiderwort Family, 75 
Spike-grass, Broad- 
leaved, 34 
Slender, 34 
Spikenard, American, 225 

Wild, 85 
Spike-rush, Beaked, 50 
Blunt, 49 
Bright-green, 48 
Creeping, 49 
Engelmann's, 49 
Flat-stemmed, 49 
I^arge-tubercled, 

49 , 
Matted, 49 
Needle, 49 
Pale, 49 

Quadrangular, 48 
Slender, 49 
Small's, 49 
Three-ribbed, 49 
Spindle-tree, 204 
Spiraea, Corymbed, 165 
Japanese, 165 
Mountain Ash, 165 
Spring Beauty, 124 

Carolina, 124 
Spruce, Black, 2 

Pale, 3 
Spurge, Alleghany 
Mountain, 201 
Blooming, 199 
Broad-leaved, 200 
Caper, 200 
Cypress, 200 
Darlington's, 200 
Flowering, 199 
Hairy, 199 
Ipecac, 200 
Knotweed, 199 
Large Spotted, 199 
Leafy, 200 
Milk, 199 
Myrtle, 200 
Petty, 200 
Seaside, 199 
. Shining, 200 
Sun, 200 
Tinted, 200 
Toothed, 200 
Upright Spotted, 199 
White-margined, 199 
Spurge Family, 197 
Spurry, Corn, 130 

Sand, 130 
Squaw-root, 287 
Squaw-weed, Crawford's, 
339 



Squirrel Corn, 146 
Staff-tree Family, 204 
Stagger-bush, 240 
Star-cucumber, 299 
Star-flower, 244 
Star-grass, 89 

Water, 76 
Star-of-Bethlehem, 83 

Drooping, 83 
Starry Campion, 126 
Star-wort, 128 

Bog, 128 

Mountain, 130 
Steeple-bush, 165 
Stenanthium, Stout, 81 
Stenophyllus, Hair-like, 

50 
Stickseed, Furopean, 259 

Virginia, 259 
Stitchwort, Lesser, 128 

Long-leaved, 128 

Northern, 128 
Stonecrop, Ditch, 159 

Mossy, 159 

Wild, 159 
Stonecrop Family, 159 
Stork's-bill, 193 
Stramonium, 276 

Purple, 276 
Strawberry, American 
Wood, 169 

Barren, 170 

Dry, 170 

Furopean Wood, 168 

Indian, 169 

Virginia, 169 

Yellow, 169 

Bush, 204 

Running, 204 
Strawberry-shrub, 
Smooth, 142 
Strawberry-shrub Fam- 
ily, 142 
Sugar-berry, iii 
Sundew Family, 157 

Round-leaved, 157 

Spatulate -leaved, 15 
Sundrops, Common, 223 

Long-stemmed, 223 

Narrow-leaved, 223 

Small, 223 
Sumac, Dwarf, 202 

Fragrant, 202 

Mountain, 202 

Poison, 202 

Smooth Upland, 202 

Staghorn, 202 
Sumac Family, 203 
Sunflower, Common, 332 

False, 330 

Hairy, 332 

Maximilian's, 332 

Narrow-leaved, 331 

Pale-leaved Wood, 
332 

Prairie, 332 

Rough, 332 

Saw-toothed, 332 



Sunflower, Small Wood, 
332 

Stiff-leaved, 3;^^ 

Tall, 332 

Thin-leaved, 332 

Throatwort, 332 

Woodland, 332 • 

Sun-plant, 124 
Swallow-wort, Black, 252 
Sweet Bay, 133 
Sweetbrier, 173 
Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 
229 
Woolly, 229 
Sweet Clover, White, 183 

Yellow, 183 
Sweet-fern, 102 
Sweet Flag, 73 
Sweet Gale, 102 
Sweet Gum, 162 
Sweet William, 127 

Wild, 257 
Syringa, Scentless, 161 

Tamarack, 3 
Tangle-berry, 241 
Tansy, 337 
Tansy-mustard, 156 
Tape-grass, 11 
Tape-grass Family, 10 
Tare, Common, 191 

Hairy, 191 

Smooth, 191 
Tear-thumb, Arrow- 
leaved, 117 
Halberd-leaved, 
117 
Teasel Family, 298 
Teasel, Wild, 298 
Thin-grass, 28 
Thistle, Blessed, 342 

Canada, 341 

Common Bur, 340 

Cotton, 341 

Creeping, 341 

Curled, 341 

Field, 341 

Fragrant, 341 

Milk, 341 

Musk, 341 

Our Lady's, 342 

Pasture, 341 

Plumeless, 341 

Roadside, 341 

Scotch, 341 

Spear, 340 

Star, 342 
Thistle Family, 308 

Swamp, 341 

Tall, 341 

Yellow, 341 
Thorn, Biltmore, 177 

Cockspur, 176 

Dwarf, 177 

Fvergreen, 177 

Fire, 177 

Glandular, 176 

Large-fruited, 176 



356 



INDEX 



Thorn, lyong-spined, 177 
Porter's, 176 
Pruinose, 176 
Red-fruited, 177 
Scarlet, 176 
Thin-leaved, 176 
Washington, 176 
Thorn-apple, Purple, 276 
Thorough-wax, 230 
Thoroughwort, Common, 

Hairy, 313 
Hyssop-leaved, 313 
Round-leaved, 313 
Tall, 313 
Torrey's, 313 
Vervain, 313 
White, 313 
Three-seeded Mercury, 
Hornbeam, 198 
Slender, 198 
Virginia, 198 
Thyme, Creeping, 271 

Wild, 271 
Tickseed, Garden, 333 
I^eafy-bracted, 335 
Running, 334 
Small Rose, ^t,-!, 
Tall, 334 
Whorled, 333 
Tickseed-Sunflower, 
lyong-bracted, 

335 

Tall, 335 

Tick-trefoil, Canadian, 

188 

Cream-flowered, 

187 
Dillen's, 188 
Few- flowered, 187 
Hairy Small- 
leaved, 188 
Hoary, 187 
Long-bracted, 

187 
Naked-flowered, 

187 
Panicled, 187 
Pointed-leaved, 

187 
Prostrate, 187 
Rigid, 188 
Sessile-leaved, 

187 
Showy, 188 
Smooth, 187 
Smooth Small- 
leaved, 188 
Trailing, 187 
Velvet-leaved, 
187 
Toad-flax, Bastard, 112 
Pale, 279 
Pale-blue, 279 
Round-leaved, 

279 
Sharp-pointed, 
279 



Tobacco, Indian, 301 
Long-flowered, 277 
Wild, 277, 301 
Tomato, 276 
Toothache-tree, 195 
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 
154 
Large, 154 
vSlender, 154 
Two-leaved, 154 
Touch-me-not, Pale, 206 

Spotted, 206 
Tree of Heaven, 196 
Trefoil, Bird's-foot, 185 
Trillium Family, 86 
Trumpet-flower, 287 

Tendrilled, 287 
Trumpet-creeper, 287 
Trumpet-creeper Family, 

287 
Trumpet-weed, 313 
Tulip-tree, 133 
Tulip, Wild, 83 
Tumbleweed, 122 
Tumble-weed, 19 
Tupelo, 235 
Turnip, 152 
Turtle-head, 280 
Tway-blade, Heart- 
leaved, 95 
Large, 97 
Loesel's, 97 
Small's, 95 
Southern, 95 
Twig-rush, 50 
Twin-berry, 290 
Twin-leaf, 143 
Twisted-stalk, Clasping- 
leaved, 85 
Sessile-leaved, 
85 

Umbrella-tree, 133 
Umbrella-wort, Heart- 
leaved, 123 
Pale, 123 
Unicorn-plant, 287 
Unicorn-plant Family, 
287 

Valerian Family, 297 

Garden, 297 

Greek, 257 

Large-flowered, 297 
Velvet-grass, 29 
Velvet Leaf, 210 
Venus' Comb, 229 
Venus' Looking-glass, 

300 
Vernal-grass, Sweet, 24 
Vervain, Blue, 262 

European, 262 

Hoary, 262 

Large -bracted, 262 

Mullen-leaved, 262 

Narrow-leaved, 262 

White, 262 
Vervain Family, 261 



Vetch, American, 191 

Blue, 191 

Carolina, 191 

Carolina Milk, 185 

Common, 191 

Cow, 191 

Hairy, 191 

Sensitive Joint, 186 

Slender, 191 

Smaller, Common, 
191 
Vetchling, Cream- 
colored, 192 
Vincetoxicum, Large- 
flowered, 252 
Violet, American Dog, 
218 

Arrow-leaved, 217 

Bird's-foot, 216 

Canada, 218 

Coast, 216 

Dame's, 150 

Early Blue, 216 

English, 217 

Family, 215 

Green, 219 

Hairy Yellow, 218 

Halberd-leaved 
Yellow, 218 

Kidney-leaved, 218 

Lance-leaved, 218 

Long-spurred, 218 

Marsh Blue, 217 

Meadow, 217 

Ovate-leaved, 217 

Pale, 218' 

Primrose-leaved, 218 

Round-leaved, 217 

Selkirk's, 217 

Smoothish Yellow, 
218 

Southern Wood, 217 

Striped, 218 

Sweet, 217 

Sweet White, 217 

Thin-leaved Wood, 
216 

Triangle-leaved, 217 

Upland, 217 

Woodland White, 
218 
Viper's Bugloss, 261 
Virginia Creeper, 208 
Virginia Stonecrop, 159 
Virginia Stonecrop 

Family, 159 
Virginia Willow, 162 
Virgin's Bower, Purple, 

139 . 
Virginia, 138 

Wahoo, 204 

Wake-robin, Early, 87 
Ill-scented, 87 
Large-flowered, 

87 
Nodding, 87 
Painted, 87 



INDEX 



857 



Wake-robin, Sessile- 
flowered, 87 
Wall-pepper, 159 
Walnut, Black, 102 
Walnut Family, 102 
Wart-cress, lyesser, 148 
Wartweed, 200 
Water-cress, 150 

Creeping Yellow, 

149 
Lake, 150 
Marsh, 150 
Bound-leaved, 

154 
Yellow, 150 
Water-crowfoot, Stiff 
White, 139 
White, 139 
Yellow, 140 
Water Hemlock, Bulb- 
bearing, 230 
Water-hemp, Salt-marsh, 

123 
Water Hoarhound, Cut- 
leaved, 272 
Sessile-leaved, 
272 
Water-leaf, Appendaged, 
256 
Broad-leaved, 

256 
Virginia, 256 
Water-leaf Family, 255 
Water Lily Family, 131 
Water-lily, Tuberous 

White, 132 
Water Milfoil Family, 224 
Low, 225 
Slender, 225 
Spiked, 225 
Various-leaved, 

225 
Whorled, 225 
Water Nymph, 132 
Water-parsnip, Carson's, 
231 
Hemlock, 231 
Water Pepper, 117 

Mild, 117 
Water Plantain, 9, 289 
Water Plantain Family, 9 
Water-shield, 131 
Water-Starwort, Autum- 
nal, 201 
Larger, 201 
Terrestial, 201 
Vernal, 201 
Water Starwort Family, 

200 
Water Target, 131 



Water-weed, 10 

Slender, 11 
Water Willow, Dense- 

I flowered, 288 

j Water- wort, 213 
Water-wort Family, 213 
Waxberry, 102 
Wax-weed, Blue, 221 
Wheat-grass, Awned, 41 

New England, 40 
Whin, 182 
White Alder, 235 
White Alder Family, 

235 
White-wood, 208 
Whitlow-grass, Carolina, 

153 
Vernal, 153 
Willow, Bebb's, loi 
Black, 100 
Bog, 1 01 
Brittle, 100 
Broad-leaved, 100 
Crack, ioq 
Dwarf Gray, loi 
Furry, loi 
Glaucous, 1 01 
Heart-leaved, loi 
Hoary, loi 
Osier, loi 
Prairie, lor 
Purple, 102 
Pussy, loi 
River-bank, loi 
Sage, loi 
Sand-bar, loi 
Shining, 100 
Silky, loi 
Slender, loi 
Weeping, 100 
White, 100 
Willow Family, 98 
Willow-herb, Downy, 222 
Great, 222 
Linear-leaved, 

222 
Northern, 222 
Purple-leaved, 

222 
Soft, 222 
Spiked, 222 
Swamp, 220 
Wild Ginger, Short- 

lobed, 112 
Wild Rye, Nodding, 41 
Slender, 41 
Smooth-flowered, 41 
Virginia, 41 
Wind-flower, 138 
Windle-straw, 29 I 



Winter-berry, Ever- 
green, 203 
Smooth, 203 
Virginia, 203 
Winter Cress, Early, 151 

Erect-frtiited, 151 
Wintergreen, Creeping, 
240 
Flowering, 197 
Greenish-flowered, 

236 
One-flowered, 236 
One-sided, 236 
Round-leaved, 236 
Spotted, 236 
Wintergreen Family, 235 
Witch-hazel, 162 

Family, 162 
Withe-rod, 294 

Larger, 294 
Wire-grass, 31, ■T^d 
Wolffia, Columbia, 73 

Punctate, 73 
Wood-rush, Common, 80 

Hairy, 80 
Wood-sorrel, Bush's, 195 
Great Yellow, 195 
Red, 195 
Tall Yellow, 195 
True, 195 
Upright Yellow, 

195 
Violet, 195 
White, 195 
Wood-sorrel Family, 194 
Wool-grass, 47 

Blackish, 48 
Wormseed, 120 
Wormwood, Annual, 337 
Biennial, 337 
Canada, 337 
Common, 337 
Roman, 307, 338 
Tall, 337 
Wild, 2>Z1 
Woundwort, Corn, 268 

Field, 268 
Yam Family, 89 
Yam-root, Wild, 89 
Yarrow, 336 

Yellow-cress, Hispid, 150 
Yellow-eyed Grass Caro- 
lina, 74 
Northern, 74 
Slender, 74 
Yellow-eyed Grass Fam- 
ily, 74 
Yellow-root Shrub, 135 
Yew, American, 4 
Yew Family, 4 



INDEX OF I^ATIN NAMEvS. 



Abies, 3 
Abutilon, 210 
Acalypha, 198 
Acanthaceae, 287 
Ace race ae, 204 
Acerates, 252 
Acer, 204 
Achillea, 336 
Achroantlies, 96 
Acnida, 123 
Aconitum, 137 
Acorus, 75 
Actaea, 136 
Adicia, 109 
Adlumia, 146 
Adopog-on, 302 
Aegopodium, 231 
Aesculus, 206 
Aeschynomene, 186 
Aethusa, 231 
Ag-astache, 266 
Agrimonia, 171 
Agropyron, 40 
Agrostemma, 125 
Agrostis, 28 
Ailanthus, 196 
Aira, 29 
Aizoaceae, 124 
Aletris, 89 
Alisma, 9 
Alismaceae, 9 
Alismales, 9 
Allionia, 123 
Allium, 82 
Alnus, 105 
Alopecurus, 26 
Alsine, 128 
Althaea, 209 
Alyssum, 153 
Amaranthus, 122 
Amaryllidaceae, 89 
Amaryllidales, 88 
Ambrosiaceae, 307 
Ambrosia, 307 
Amelanchier, 174 
Ammophila, 29 
Amorpha, 185 
Amsonia, 249 
Amygdalus, 179 
Anacardiaceae, 202 
Anagallis, 244 
Anaphalis, 328 
Andromeda, 239 
Andropogon, 15 
Anemone, 137 
Angrelica, 232 
Angiospermae, 4 
Anonaceae, 133 



Antennaria, 327 
Anthemis, 336 
Anthoxanthum, 24 
Anthriscus, 229 
Anychia, 123 
Apera, 29 
Apios, 190 
Apium, 230 
Aplectrum, 97 
Apocynaceae, 249 
Apocynum, 249 
Aquilegia, 136 
Arabis, 155 
Araceae, 72 
Araliaceae, 225 
Arales, 72 
Aralia, 225 
Arctium, 340 
Arctostaphylos, 240 
Arenaria, 130 
Arethusa, 96 
Arg-emone, 145 
Argentina, 169 
Arisaema, 72 
Aristida, 24 
Aristolochiaceae, 112 
Aristolochiales, 112 
Aristolochia, 113 
Arnica, 338 
Aronia, 174 
Arrhenatherum, 30 
Artemisia, 337 
Aruncus, 165 
Asarum, 112 
Asclepiadaceae, 250 
Asclepias, 250 
Ascyrum, 211 
Asparagus, 84 
Aster, 319 
Astragalus, 185 
Atheropogon, 31 
Atrag-ene, 139 
Atriplex, 121 
Avena, 30 
Azalea, 238 

Baccharis, 327 
Balsaminaceae, 206 
Baptisia, 181 
Barbarea, 151 
Bartonia, 249 
Batrachium, 139 
Bellis, 318 
Benzoin, 143 
Berberis, 143 
Berberidaceae, 143 
Berteroa, 153 
Betula, 104 

358 



Betulaceae, 104 
Bicuculla, 145 
Bidens, 334 
Bignoniaceae, 287 
Bignonia, 287 
Blephariglottis, 93 
Blephilia, 270 
Blitum, 120 
Boehmeria, 109 
Boltonia, 318 ■ 
Borago, 261 
Borraginaceae, 257 
Brachyelytrum, 26 
Bradburya, 190 
Brasenia, 131 
Brassica, 151 
Briza, 34 
Bromub, 39 
Broussonetia, 11 1 
Buchnera, 284 
Bupleurum, 230 
Bursa, 148 
Butneria, 142 
Buxaceae, 201 

Cactaceae, 219 
Caesalpiniaceae, 179 
Cakile, 152 
Calamagrostis, 29 
Calla, 72 

Callitrichaceae, 200 
Callitriche, 200 
Caltha, 134 
Calycanthaceae, 142 
Camelina, 149 
Cammarum, 135 
Campanulaceae, 299 
Campanula, 299 
Campanulales, 298 
Cannabinaceae, no 
Cannabis, no 
Capnoides, 146 
Capparidaceae, 156 
Caprifoliaceae, 292 
Capriola, 31 
Cardamine, 153 
Cardiospermum, 206 
Carduus, 340 
Carex, 51 
Carpinus, 104 
Carum, 231 
Cassia, 179 
Castanea, 106 
Castalia, 132 
Castilleja, 284 
Catalpa, 287 
Caulophyllum, 143 
Caryophyllaceae, 125 



INDEX. 



359 



Ceanothus, 207 
Celastraceae, 204 
Celastrus, 204 
Celosia, 123 
Celtis, III 
Cenchrus, 23 
Centaurea, 342 
Cephalanthus, 290 
Cerastium, 129 
Ceratophyllaceae, 132 
Ceratophyllum, 132 
Cercis, 179 
Chaerophyllutn, 229 
Chaetochloa, 22 
Chamaecyparis, 3 
Chamaedaphne, 240 
Chamaelirium, 80 
Chamaenerion, 222 
Chelidonium, 245 
Chelone, 280 
Chenopodiaceae, 118 
Chenopodium, 118 
Chimaphila, 236 
Chiogenes, 242 
Chionanthus, 246 
Choripetalae, 98 
Chrosperma, 80 
Chrysanthemum, 336 
Chrysogonum, 329 
Chrysosplenium, 161 

Chrysopsis, 314 

Cichoriaceae, 301 

Cichorium, 302 

Cicuta, 230 

Cimicifuga, 135 

Cinna, 27 

Circaea, 224 

Cistaceae, 213 

Cladium, 50 

Claytonia, 124 

Clematis, 138 

Cleome, 156 

Clethraceae, 235 

Clethra, 235 

Clinopodium, 270 

Clintonia, 84 

Clitoria, 190 

Cnicus, 342 

Coeloglossura, 92 

Collinsia, 279 

ColHnsonia, 274 

Comarum, 169 

Commandra, 112 

Commelinaceae, 75 

Commelina, 75 

Compositae. 308 

Comptonia, 102 

Conioselinum, 232 

Conium, 230 

Conobea, 281 

Conopholis, 287 

Coringia, 151 

Convallariaceae, 84 

Convallaria, 86 

Convolvulaceae, 253 

Convolvulus, 254 

Coptis, 135 



[ Corallorhiza, 97 
! Coreopsis, 2^;^ 
i Coriandrum, 230 
I Corispermum, 121 
j Cornaceae, 233 
I Cornus, 234 
I Ccronilla, 185 
I Coronopus, 148 
! Corylus, 104 
j Cotinus, 203 
I Cotoneaster, 177 
I Cracca, 185 
Crataegus, 175 
I Crassulaceae, 159 
! Crepis, 305 
i Crotalaria, 182 
Croton, 197 
Crotonopsis, 198 
Cruciferae, 146 
Cubelium, 219 
Cucurbitaceae, 299 
Cunila, 272 
Cuscutaceae, 254 
Cuscuta, 254 
Cycloloma, 121 
Cymbalaria, 278 
Cynanchum, 252 
Cynoglossum, 258 
Cyperaceae, 42 
Cyperus, 42 
Cypripedium, 91 
Cytisus, 182 

Dactylis, 34 
Dactyloctenium, 32 
Dalibarda, 168 
Danthonia, 30 
Dasiphora, 168 
Dasystoma, 283 
Datura, 276 
Daucus, 233 
Decodon, 220 
Delphinium, 136 
Dentaria, 154 
Deringa, 231 
Deschampsia, 30 
Dianthus, 127 
Dicotyledones, 98 
Diervilla, 297 
Diodia, 290 
Dioscoreaceae, 89 
Dioscorea, 89 
Diospyros, 245 
Diplotaxis, 156 
Dipsacaceae, 298 
Dipsacus, 298 
Dirca, 219 
Disporum, 85 
Dodecatheon, 245 
Doellingeria, 327 
Dondia, 121 
Draba, 153 
Droseraceae, 157 
Drosera, 157 
Drupaceae, 177 
Drymocallis, 168 
i Duchesnea, 169 



j Dulichium, 42 

Katonia, 33 
Ebenaceae, 245 
Ebenales, 245 
Echinocloa, 17 
Echium, 261 
Eclipta, 330 
Elaeagnaceae, 219 
Elaeagnus, 219 
Elatinaceae, 213 
Elatine, 213 
Eleocharis, 48 
Elephantopus, 312 
Eleusine, 31 
Elodiaceae, 10 
Elymus, 41 
Epigaea, 240 
Epilobium, 222 
Eragrostis, 32 
Erechtites, 338 
Erianthus, 15 
Ericaceae, 237 
Ericales, 235 
Erigenia, 230 
Erigeron, 326 
Eriocaulaceae, 75 
Eriocaulon, 75 
Eriophorum, 45 
Erodium, 193 
Euphorbiaceae, 197 
Euphorbia, 198 
Euonymus, 204 
Eupatorium, 312 
Euthamia, 318 
Eryngium, 229 
Erysimum, 151 
Erythraea, 247 
Erythronium, 83 , 

Fagaceae, 106 
Fagales, 103 
Fagopyrum, 114 
Fagus, 106 
Falcata, 190 
Festuca, ^y 
Ficaria, 139 
Fimbristylis, 50 
Foeniculum, 232 
Fragaria, 168 
Erase ra, 248 
Fraxinus, 245 
Fumariaceae, 145 
Fumaria, 146 

Galactia, 189 
Galeopsis, 92 
Galeorchis, 92 
Galinsoga, 335 
Galium, 290 
Gamopetalae, 235 
Gaura, 224 
Gaultheria, 240 
Gaylussacia, 241 
Gemmingia, 89 
Gentianaceae, 247 
Gentiana, 247 



360 



INDEX. 



Gentianales, 245 
Geraniaceae, 192 
Geraniales, 192 
Geranium, 192 
Gerardia, 284 
Geura, 170 
Gifola, 327 
Glauciiim, 145 
Glecoraa, 266 
Gleditsia, 180 
Gnaphaliura, 328 
Graminales, 11 
Graraineae, 11 
Gratiola, 281 
Grossulariaceae, 162 
Gymnadeniopsis, 92 
Gymnocladus, 180 
Gymnospermae, i 
Gyrostachys, 94 

Halerpestes, 139 
Halorag-idaceae, 224 
Hamamelidaceae, 162 
Hamamelis, 162 
Hedeoma, 270 
Helleborus, 135 
Helenium, 335 
Heleochloa, 26 
Helianthemum, 214 
Helianthus, 331 
Heliopsis, 330 
Heliotropium, 258 
Hemerocallis, 84 
Hemicarpha, 42 
Hepatica, 137 
Heracleum, 233 
Hesperis, 150 
Heteranthera, 76 
Heuchera, 160 
Hibiscus, 210 
Hicoria, 103 
Hieracium, 305 
Hippocastanaceae, 206 
Holcus, 29 
Holosteum, 130 
Homalocenchrus, 23 
Hordeutn, 41 
Houstotiia, 290 
Humulus, no 
Hydrangeaceae, 161 
Hydrangea, 161 
Hydra'itis, 134 
Hydrocotyle, 228 
Hydrocharitales, 10 
Hydrophyllaceae, 255 
Hydrophyllum, 255 
Hypericaceae, 211 
Hypericum, 211 
Hyoscyamus, 276 
Hypopitys, 237 
Hypoxis, 89 
Hyssopus, 270 
Hystrix, 41 

Ilex, 203 
Ilicaceae. 203 
Ilicioides, 204 



Illecebraceae, 123 
Ilysatithes, 281 
Inipaticns, 206 
Imperatoria, 233 
Inula, 329 
lodanthus, 150 
lonactis, 327 
Ipomoea, 253 
Iridaceae, 89 
Iris, 90 
Isanthus, 264 
Isnardia, 221 
Isotria, 96 
Iteaceae, 162 
Itea, 162 

Jeffersonia, 143 
Juglandaceae, 102 
Juglandales, 102 
Juglans, 102 
Juncaceae, 77 
Juncoides, 80 
Juncus, 77 
Juniperus, 3 

Kalmia, 239 
Kickxia, 279 
Kneiffia, 223 
Kochia, 120 
Koeleria, 34 
Koellia, 271 
Koniga, 153 
Kosteletzkya, 210 
Kuhnia, 314 

I,abiatae, 262 
Laciniaria, 314 
Lactuca, 304 
L,amium, 267 
Lappula, 259 
Ivapsana, 302 
lyarix, 3 
L,athyrus, 191 
L,auraceae, 143 
Lechea, 214 
Ledum, 238 
Lemnaceae, ']2i 
lyemna, 73 

Lentibulariaceae, 285 
Leontodon, 302 
Ivconurus, 267 
Lepidium, 148 
I,eptamnium, 287 
Leptandra, 283 
Leptilon, 326 
Leptorchis, 97 
Lepturus, 40 
Lespedeza, 188 
Leucothoe, 239 
Levisticum, 233 
Ligusticum, 232 
Ligustrum, 246 
Liiiaceae, 81 
Liliales, 76 
Lilium, 82 
Lrimnanthaceae, 202 
lyimnanthemum, 249 



Limnorchis, 93 
Limodorum, 95 
Limosella, 281 
Linaceae, 193 
Linaria, 279 
L,innaea, 295 
Linum, 193 
Lippia, 262 
Liquidambar, 162 
Liriodendron, 133 
lyistera, 95 
Lilhospermum, 260 
LrObelia, 300 
Loganiaceae, 246 
Lolium, 40 
lyOnicera, 295 
Loranthaceae, in 
lyOtus,^ 185 
Ludwigia, 222 
Ivunaria, 156 
lyupinus, 182 
Lychnis, 125 
Lycium, 276 
Lycopersicon, 276 
Lycopsis. 261 
Lycopus, 272 
Lythrum, 221 
L,ysias, 93 
Lysimachia, 243 
lyythraceae, 220 

Macrocalyx, 256 
Magnoliaceae, 132 
Magnolia, 133 
Malus, 174 
Malvaceae, 208 
Malva, 209 
Malvales, 208 
Mariana, 341 
Marrubium, 266 
Marshallia, 336 
Matricaria, 336 
Martyniaceae, 287 
Martynia, 287 
Medicago, 182 
Mediola, 86 
Meehania, 266 
Meibomia, 186 
Melampyrum, 285 
Melanthaceae, 80 
Melanthium, 81 
Melastomaceae, 220 
Melica, 34 
Melilotus, 183 
Melissa, 270 
Melothria, 299 
Menispermaceae, 142 
Menisperraum, 142 
Mentha, 272 
Menyanthaceae, 249 
Menyanthes, 249 
Menziesia, 239 
Mertensia, 259 
Mesadenia, 338 
Micrampelis, 299 
Micranthemum, 281 
Milium, 25 



INDEX. 



361 



Mimulus, 280 
Mitchella, 290 
Mitella, 161 
Moehringia, 130 
Mollugo, 124 
Monarda, 269 
Moneses, 236 
Monocotyledones, 4 
Monotropaceae, 237 
Monotropa, 237 
Moraceae, no 
Morus, no 
Muhlenbergia, 25 
Muscari, 83 
Myosotis, 259 
Myrica, 102 
Myricaceae, 102 
Myriophyllum, 224 
Myricales, 102 
Myrtales, 220 

Nabalus, 306 
Naiadaceae, 8 
Naiadales, 5 
Naias, 8 
Narcissus, 89 
Naumburgia, 244 
Nazia, 16 
Nepeta, 266 
Neslia, 152 
Nicotiana, 276 
Nyctag-inaceae, 123 
Nymphaeaceae, 131 
Nymphaea, 132 
Nyssa, 235 

Obolaria, 248 
Oenothera, 223 
Oleaceae, 245^ 
Onagraceae, 221 
Onagra, 223 
Onopordon, 341 
Onosmodiutn, 261 
Opulaster, 164 
Opuntiales, 219 
Opuntia, 219 
Orchidaceae, 90 
Orchidales, 90 
Origanum, 270 
Ornithogalum, 83 
Orobanchaceae, 286 
Orobanche, 286 
Orontium, 73 
Oryzopsis, 24 
Ostrya, 104 
Oxalidaceae, 194 
Oxalis, 194 
Oxycoccus, 242 
Oxydendrum, 240 
Oxypolis, 233 

Pachysandra, 201 
Panax, 226 
Pandanales, 4 
Panicum, 17 
Panicularia, 36 
Papaveraceae, 144 



Papaver, 144 
Papaverales, 144 
Papilionaceae, 180 
Parietales, 210 
Parietaria, no 
Parnassiaceae, 160 
Parnassia, 160 
Parsonsia, 221 
Parthenocissus, 208 
Paspalum, 16 
Passifloraceae, 219 
Passiflora, 219 
Pastinaca, 233 
Paulownia, 280 
Pedicellaria, 156 
Pedicularis, 285 
Peltandra, 72 
Penthoraceae, 159 
Penthorum, 159 
Pentstemon, 280 
Peramium, 95 
Perilla, 274 
Periploca, 252 
Perularia, 92 
Petasites, 338 
Petunia, 277 
Phacelia, 256 
Phalaris, 23 
Phaseolus, 190 
Philadelphus, 161 
Philotria, 10 
Phleum, 26 
Phlox, 256 
Phoradendron, 112 
Phragmites, 32 
Phrymaceae, 262 
Phryma, 262 
Phyllanthus, 197 
Physalis, 274 
Physalodes, 274 
Physostegia, 267 
Phytolaccaceae, 123 
Phytolacca, 123 
Picea, 2 
Picris, 302 
Pieris, 240 
Pimpinella, 231 
Pinaceae, i 
Pinales, i 
Pinus, I 
Piperales, 98 
Plantaginaceae, 288 
Plantaginales, 288 
Platanaceae, 163 
Platanus, 163 
Plantago, 288 
Pluchea, 327 
Poa, 35 

Podophyllum, 143 
Podostemaceae, 158 
Podostemon, 158 
Pogonia, 96 
Polanisia, 156 
Polemonium, 257 
Polemoniaceae, 256 
Polemoniales, 252 
Polycodium, 242 



Poly gal ace ae, 196 
Poly gala, 196 
Polygonaceae, 113 
Polygonales, 113 
Polygonum, 114 
Polymnia, 329 
Polypogon, 27 
Polypremum, 246 
Pomaceae, 173 
Pontederiaceae, 76 
Pontederia. 76 
Populus, 98 
Porteranthus, 165 
Portulacaceae, 124 
Portulaca, 124 
Potamogeton, 5 
Potentilla, 169 
Primulaceae, 243 
Primulales, 243 
Proserpinaca, 224 
Prunella, 267 
Prunus, 177 
Ptelea, 195 
Pterospora, 237 
Ptilimnium, 231 
Puccinellia, 37 
Pyrolaceae, 235 
Pyrola, 235 
Pyrularia, 112 
Pyrus, 174 

Quamasia, 83 
Quamoclit, 253 
Quercus, 106 

Ranales, 131 
Ranunculaceae, 133 
Ranunculus, 139 
Raphanus, 152 
Rapistrum, 152 
Razoumofskya, 112 
Resedaceae, 156 
Rhamnaceae, 206 
Rhamnales, 206 
Rhamnus, 207 
Rhexia, 220 
Rhododendron, 239 
Rhodora, 238 
Rhus, 202 
Ribes, 162 
Ricinus, 198 
Robinia, 185 
Roripa, 149 
Rosaceae, 163 
Rosa, 172 
Rosales, 157 
Rotala, 220 
Roubieva, 120 
Rubiaceae, 289 
Rubiales, 289 
Rubus, 166 
Rudbeckia, 330 
Ruellia, 288 
Rumex, 113 
Rutaceae, 195 
Rynchospora, 50 



362 



INDEX. 



Sabbatia, 247 
Sagina, 129 
Sagittaria, 9 
Salicaceae, 98 
Salicales, 98 
Salix, 99 
Salomonia, 86 
Salsola, 121 
Salvia, 269 
Sambucus, 293 
Samolus, 243 
Sanguinaria, 145 
Sanguisorba, 172 
Sanicula, 228 
Santalaceae, 112 
Santalales, m 
Sapindaceae, 206 
Sapindales, 201 
Saponaria, 127 
Sarothra, 213 
Sarracenia, 157 
Sarraceniaceae, 157 
Sarraceniales, 157 
Sassafras, 143 
Satureia, 270 
Saururaceae, 98 
Saururus, 98 
Saxifragaceae, 160 
Saxifraga, 160 
Scandix, 229 
Scheuchzeriaceae, 9 
Scheuchzeria, 9 
Scirpus, 45 
Scleranthaceae, 121 
Scleranthus, 121 
Scleria, 51 

Scrophulariaceae, 277 
Scrophularia, 279 
Scutellaria, 265 
Sedum, 159 
Senecio, 339 
Sericocarpus, 318 
Sesban, 185 
Sherardia, 292 
Sibbaldiopsis, 168 
Sicyos, 299 
Sida, 209 
Silene, 126 
Silphium, 329 
Simarubaceae, 196 
Sinapis, 151 
Sisymbrium, 150 
Sisyrinchium, 89 
Sium, 231 
Smilax, S7 
Smilacaceae, 87 
Solanaceae, 274 
Solanum, 275 
Solidago, 315 
Sonchus, 303 
Sophia, 156 
Sorbaria, 165 
Sorbus, 173 
Sorghastrum, 16 
Sorghum, 16 
Sparganiaceae, 4 
Sparganium, 4 



Spartina, 31 
Spathyenia, 73 
Specularia, 300 
Spergula, 130 
vSpermolepis, 233 
Spiraea, 164 
Spirodela, 74 
Sporobolus, 26 
Stachys, 268 
Staphyleaceae, 205 
Staphylea, 205 
Steironema, 244 
Stenanthium, 81 
Stenophragma, 151 
Stenophyllus, 50 
Stipa, 24 
Streptopus, 85 
Strophostyles, 190 
Stylosanthes, 186 
Stylophorum, 145 
Symphoricarpos, 295 
Symphytum, 261 
Syndesmon, 138 
Synosma, 339 
Syntherisma, 17 
Syringa, 245 

Taenidia, 231 
Talinum, 124 
Tanacetum, 337 
Taraxacum, 303 
Taxaceae, 4 
Taxus, 4 
Tecoma, 287 
Teucrium, 264 
Thalesia, 286 
Thalictrum, 142 
Thaspium, 232 
Thlaspi, 149 
Thuja, 3 

Thymeleaceae, 219 
Thymeleales, 219 
Thymus, 271 
Tiarella, 160 
Tilia, 208 
Tiliaceae, 208 
Tillaea, 159 
Tipularia, 98 
Tissa, 130 
Torilis, 229 
Toxylon, no 
Tradescantia, 75 
Tragopogon, 303 
Trautvetteria, 139 
Triadenum, 213 
Trichostema, 264 
Tridens, 32 
Trientalis, 244 
Trifolium, 183 
Triglochin, 9 
Trilliaceae, 86 
Trillium, 87 
Triosteum, 294 
Triphora, 96 
Triplasis, 32 
Tripsacum, 15 
Trisetum, 30 



TroUius, 135 
Tsuga, 3 
Tulipa, 83 
Tussilago, 338 
Typhaceae, 4 
Typha, 4 

Ulex, 182 
Ulmaceae, in 
Ulmaria, 171 
Ulmus, in 
Umbellales, 225 
Umbelliferae, 226 
Unifolium, 85 
Uniola, 34 
Urticaceae, 109 
Urticales, 108 
Urtica, 109 
Urticastrum, 109 
Utricularia, 285 
Uvularia, 86 

Vaccaria, 127 
Vacciniaceae, 240 
Vaccinium, 241 
Vagnera, 85 
Valeriana, 297 
Valerianaceae, 297 
Valerianales, 297 
Valerianella, 297 
Vallisneria, 11 
Veratrum, 81 
Verbascum, 278 
Verbenaceae, 261 
Verbena, 261 
Verbesina, ^33 
Vernonia, 311 
Veronica, 281 
Viburnum, 293 
Vicia, 190 
Vinca, 249 
Vincetoxicum, 252 
Violaceae, 215 
Viola, 215 
Vitaceae, 207 
Vitis, 207 

Waldsteinia, 170 
Washingtonia. 229 
Willugbaeya, 314 
Wolffia, 73 

Xanthium, 307 
Xanthorrhiza, 135 
Xanthoxylum, 195 
Xolisma, 240 
Xyridaceae, 74 
Xyridales, 74 
Xyris, 74 

Yucca, 84 

Zannichellia, 5 
Zannichelliaceae, 5 
Zizania, 23 
Zizia, 230 



. 1903 



